The political economy of land acquisition and redistribution in Zimbabwe, 1990-1999

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 5-28

  Moyo, Sam ^a,b  

^a SARIPS   (Zimbabwe)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE   (Zimbabwe)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LAND MARKET; LAND REFORM; POLITICAL ECONOMY;

ZIMBABWE;

EID: 0034097774     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570700108351     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. See The Herald, 27 November 1997; BBC World News, 12 January 1998, on a speech by the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, announcing the intention to acquire land for redistribution.
2. See The Herald, 27 November 1997; BBC World News, 12 January 1998, on a speech by the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, announcing the intention to acquire land for redistribution.
3. The government has made several policy statements on land acquisition which have not been matched by practical implementation since the 1980s. See S. Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1995) and L. Tshuma, A Matter of (In)Justice: The State, Law and Agrarian Question in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1997).
4. The government has made several policy statements on land acquisition which have not been matched by practical implementation since the 1980s. See S. Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1995) and L. Tshuma, A Matter of (In)Justice: The State, Law and Agrarian Question in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1997).
5. Government of Zimbabwe, Land Acquisition Act (Harare, 1992).
6. The actual number of farms identified for acquisition has changed as discussed below.
7. S. Moyo, The Land Acquisition Process in Zimbabwe - 1997/8: Socio-Economic and Political Impacts (Harare, 1998).
8. Government of Zimbabwe, Poverty Assessment Study (Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, Harare, 1995).
9. The term 'indigenous' in Zimbabwe generally refers to black Africans born in Zimbabwe. It thus differs from the usual use of the term to mean, e.g. aborigines or Khoisan. It also excludes whites born in Zimbabwe as they are regarded as descendants of illegal settlers who gained land through conquest.
10. See my review of the US congress foreign policy debate on Zimbabwe in The Land Question, and S. Moyo, 'The Land Acquisition Experiences in Southern Africa', in S. Moyo and D. Tevera (eds), Environmental Security in Southern Africa (Harare, 1999).
11. See my review of the US congress foreign policy debate on Zimbabwe in The Land Question, and S. Moyo, 'The Land Acquisition Experiences in Southern Africa', in S. Moyo and D. Tevera (eds), Environmental Security in Southern Africa (Harare, 1999).
12. See discussion in Moyo, The Land Question.
13. Various authors such as T. Ranger, Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe (London, 1985); N. Kriger, 'The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggle within the Struggle', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2, 1 (1992); Moyo, The Land Question; R. L. Abel, Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle Against Apartheid, 1980-1994 (New York and London, 1995), cite the lack of research on this topic.
14. Various authors such as T. Ranger, Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe (London, 1985); N. Kriger, 'The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggle within the Struggle', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2, 1 (1992); Moyo, The Land Question; R. L. Abel, Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle Against Apartheid, 1980-1994 (New York and London, 1995), cite the lack of research on this topic.
15. Various authors such as T. Ranger, Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe (London, 1985); N. Kriger, 'The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggle within the Struggle', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2, 1 (1992); Moyo, The Land Question; R. L. Abel, Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle Against Apartheid, 1980-1994 (New York and London, 1995), cite the lack of research on this topic.
16. Various authors such as T. Ranger, Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe (London, 1985); N. Kriger, 'The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggle within the Struggle', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2, 1 (1992); Moyo, The Land Question; R. L. Abel, Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle Against Apartheid, 1980-1994 (New York and London, 1995), cite the lack of research on this topic.
17. For instance, see my Land and Democracy in Zimbabwe (SAFES Monographs Series No. 7, 1999) and J. Van Zyl, J. Kirsten and H. P. Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa (Cape Town, 1996).
18. For instance, see my Land and Democracy in Zimbabwe (SAFES Monographs Series No. 7, 1999) and J. Van Zyl, J. Kirsten and H. P. Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa (Cape Town, 1996).
19. Moyo, The Land Question; Sam Moyo, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Land Uses in Zimbabwe (Uppsala, forthcoming).
20. Moyo, The Land Question; Sam Moyo, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Land Uses in Zimbabwe (Uppsala, forthcoming).
21. This issue is explored in detail in W. A. Master, Government and Agriculture (London, 1994); S. Moyo, 'Land Reform Experiences in Southern Africa', in S. Moyo and D. Tevera (eds), Environmental Security in Southern Africa (Harare, 1999).
22. This issue is explored in detail in W. A. Master, Government and Agriculture (London, 1994); S. Moyo, 'Land Reform Experiences in Southern Africa', in S. Moyo and D. Tevera (eds), Environmental Security in Southern Africa (Harare, 1999).
23. D. Weiner, S. Moyo, B. Munslow and P. O'Keefe, 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe', Journal of Modern African Studies, 23, 2 (1985); S. Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in I. Mandaza (ed), Zimbabwe: The Political Economy of Transition (Dakar, 1987).
24. D. Weiner, S. Moyo, B. Munslow and P. O'Keefe, 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe', Journal of Modern African Studies, 23, 2 (1985); S. Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in I. Mandaza (ed), Zimbabwe: The Political Economy of Transition (Dakar, 1987).
25. Moyo, The Land Question.
26. P. von Blackenburg, Large Commercial Fanners and Land Reform in Africa (London, 1994); L. Cliffe, 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Success and Food Security', Review of African Political Economy, 43 (1988); Moyo, 'Land Reform Experiences in Southern Africa'; T. Mkandawire, 'The State and Agriculture in Africa: Introductory Remarks', in T. Mkandawire and N. Bourename (eds), The State and Agriculture in Africa (London, 1987), all discuss the problems with the notion of large farms as more efficient than small holdings.
27. P. von Blackenburg, Large Commercial Fanners and Land Reform in Africa (London, 1994); L. Cliffe, 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Success and Food Security', Review of African Political Economy, 43 (1988); Moyo, 'Land Reform Experiences in Southern Africa'; T. Mkandawire, 'The State and Agriculture in Africa: Introductory Remarks', in T. Mkandawire and N. Bourename (eds), The State and Agriculture in Africa (London, 1987), all discuss the problems with the notion of large farms as more efficient than small holdings.
28. P. von Blackenburg, Large Commercial Fanners and Land Reform in Africa (London, 1994); L. Cliffe, 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Success and Food Security', Review of African Political Economy, 43 (1988); Moyo, 'Land Reform Experiences in Southern Africa'; T. Mkandawire, 'The State and Agriculture in Africa: Introductory Remarks', in T. Mkandawire and N. Bourename (eds), The State and Agriculture in Africa (London, 1987), all discuss the problems with the notion of large farms as more efficient than small holdings.
29. P. von Blackenburg, Large Commercial Fanners and Land Reform in Africa (London, 1994); L. Cliffe, 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Success and Food Security', Review of African Political Economy, 43 (1988); Moyo, 'Land Reform Experiences in Southern Africa'; T. Mkandawire, 'The State and Agriculture in Africa: Introductory Remarks', in T. Mkandawire and N. Bourename (eds), The State and Agriculture in Africa (London, 1987), all discuss the problems with the notion of large farms as more efficient than small holdings.
30. T. Mkandawire, 'Fiscal Structure, State Contraction and Political Responses in Africa', in T. Mkandawire and A. Olukoshi (eds), Between Liberalisation and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa (Dakar, 1995).
31. S. Moyo, Zimbabwe's New Land Reform Debate: ESAP, Land Policy and Land Markets (Uppsala, forthcoming).
32. See Moyo, The Land Acquisition Process in Zimbabwe and my articles in The Mirror referred to in the first footnote.
33. See Moyo, The Land Acquisition Process in Zimbabwe and my articles in The Mirror referred to in the first footnote.
34. World Bank, Zimbabwe: Agriculture Sector Memorandum, Vol. 1 and 2, No. 9429-Zim (Washington, DC, 1991); World Bank, Zimbabwe Achieving Shared Growth: Country Economic Memorandum, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC, 1995), further argued for this position in the ESAP framework.
35. World Bank, Zimbabwe: Agriculture Sector Memorandum, Vol. 1 and 2, No. 9429-Zim (Washington, DC, 1991); World Bank, Zimbabwe Achieving Shared Growth: Country Economic Memorandum, Vol. 2 (Washington, DC, 1995), further argued for this position in the ESAP framework.
36. The South African Land Policy received technical support from the World Bank, and its approach is now being promoted elsewhere in the region. See Van Zyl, Kirsten and Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa.
37. Ibid.
38. H. P. Binswanger, 'The Political Implications of Alternative Models of Land Reform and Compensation', in Van Zyl, Kirsten and Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa; J. W. Bruce and S. E. Mighot-Adholla (eds), Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa (Dubuque, IA, 1994).
39. H. P. Binswanger, 'The Political Implications of Alternative Models of Land Reform and Compensation', in Van Zyl, Kirsten and Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa; J. W. Bruce and S. E. Mighot-Adholla (eds), Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa (Dubuque, IA, 1994).
40. I. Cherrett and A. Heidenreich, Assessment of Environmental NCOs in East and Southern Africa (London, 1993); S. Moyo, B. Raftopolous and J. Makumbe, NGOs and Development in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1999).
41. I. Cherrett and A. Heidenreich, Assessment of Environmental NCOs in East and Southern Africa (London, 1993); S. Moyo, B. Raftopolous and J. Makumbe, NGOs and Development in Zimbabwe (Harare, 1999).
42. M. Adams, S. Sibanda and S. Turner, Land Tenure Reform and Rural Livelihoods in Southern Africa (ODI Natural Resources Perspective, No. 39, February 1999); M. Adams, Land Reform: New Seeds on Old Ground? (ODI Natural Resources Perspectives, No. 6, October 1995).
43. M. Adams, S. Sibanda and S. Turner, Land Tenure Reform and Rural Livelihoods in Southern Africa (ODI Natural Resources Perspective, No. 39, February 1999); M. Adams, Land Reform: New Seeds on Old Ground? (ODI Natural Resources Perspectives, No. 6, October 1995).
44. Government of Zimbabwe, 'The Inception Phase Framework Plan of the Land Reform and Resettlement Programme Phase 2', Draft (Harare, 1999).
45. See the annual report of the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights, Problems and Obstacles Faced in the Field (Republic of South Africa, 1997), p. 23, and the affiliate report of the National Land Committee, Surplus People Project (Republic of South Africa, 1997), p. 31.
46. See the annual report of the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights, Problems and Obstacles Faced in the Field (Republic of South Africa, 1997), p. 23, and the affiliate report of the National Land Committee, Surplus People Project (Republic of South Africa, 1997), p. 31.
47. See Moyo, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Land Uses in Zimbabwe.
48. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
49. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
50. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
51. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
52. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
53. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
54. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
55. See: 'Villagers Descend on Commercial Farms by Force', The Herald, 19 June 1998; M. Sayagues, 'Zim Peasants Take Back Land', Mail and Guardian, 26 June to 2 July 1998; W. Chuma, 'Svosve Villagers Threaten to Invade Nearby Farms Again', Daily News, 28 April 1999; 'Svosve Villagers Remain Defiant', The Herald, 29 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers Return Home', The Herald, 30 June 1998; 'Svosve Villagers' Land Grievances Upheld: President Rules Out Use of Force', The Herald, 25 June 1998; E. Zindi, 'Villagers Vow there is no Going Back on Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 21 June 1998; R. Imbayago, 'Land Hunger Unleashes Mass Exodus: Svosve Villagers Continue Flooding Commercial Farms', The Herald, 20 June 1998.
56. It was only after the 1992 drought that government policy shifted towards building dams in communal areas, increasing small farmers' share of water rights, and encouraging private dam development.
57. Moyo, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Land Uses in Zimbabwe.
58. Details in Moyo, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Land Uses In Zimbabwe.
59. The report, while acknowledging that LSCF lands were underused, suggested that freeing LSCF land markets by relaxing land subdivision regulations and implementing a land tax could lead to the availability of more land for redistribution and more efficient LSCF land use. See World Bank, Zimbabwe: Agriculture Sector Memorandum.
60. Land Tenure Commission, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Appropriate Land Tenure Systems (Harare, 1994).
61. S. Moyo, Economic Nationalism and Land Reform (Harare, October 1993); Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe.
62. S. Moyo, Economic Nationalism and Land Reform (Harare, October 1993); Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe.
63. See P. Chigaru, 'Issues of Land and Poverty Alleviation Cannot be Ignored', The Financial Gazette, 24 September 1998; P. Chigaru, 'Confusion Surrounds Govt's Land Designation Exercise: Viability of Agriculture Sector Threatened', Financial Gazette, 26 November 1998; E. Bloch in the Zimbabwe Independent, 5 December 1997; articles in The Herald, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 29 December 1997; articles in The Sunday Mail, 21 December 1997.
64. See P. Chigaru, 'Issues of Land and Poverty Alleviation Cannot be Ignored', The Financial Gazette, 24 September 1998; P. Chigaru, 'Confusion Surrounds Govt's Land Designation Exercise: Viability of Agriculture Sector Threatened', Financial Gazette, 26 November 1998; E. Bloch in the Zimbabwe Independent, 5 December 1997; articles in The Herald, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 29 December 1997; articles in The Sunday Mail, 21 December 1997.
65. See P. Chigaru, 'Issues of Land and Poverty Alleviation Cannot be Ignored', The Financial Gazette, 24 September 1998; P. Chigaru, 'Confusion Surrounds Govt's Land Designation Exercise: Viability of Agriculture Sector Threatened', Financial Gazette, 26 November 1998; E. Bloch in the Zimbabwe Independent, 5 December 1997; articles in The Herald, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 29 December 1997; articles in The Sunday Mail, 21 December 1997.
66. See P. Chigaru, 'Issues of Land and Poverty Alleviation Cannot be Ignored', The Financial Gazette, 24 September 1998; P. Chigaru, 'Confusion Surrounds Govt's Land Designation Exercise: Viability of Agriculture Sector Threatened', Financial Gazette, 26 November 1998; E. Bloch in the Zimbabwe Independent, 5 December 1997; articles in The Herald, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 29 December 1997; articles in The Sunday Mail, 21 December 1997.
67. See P. Chigaru, 'Issues of Land and Poverty Alleviation Cannot be Ignored', The Financial Gazette, 24 September 1998; P. Chigaru, 'Confusion Surrounds Govt's Land Designation Exercise: Viability of Agriculture Sector Threatened', Financial Gazette, 26 November 1998; E. Bloch in the Zimbabwe Independent, 5 December 1997; articles in The Herald, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 29 December 1997; articles in The Sunday Mail, 21 December 1997.
68. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
69. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
70. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
71. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
72. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
73. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
74. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
75. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
76. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
77. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
78. 'Farm Designation Upsets Top Tobacco Grower', The Herald, 24 December 1997; 'Tobacco Industry Set To Grow Despite Land Issue', The Sunday Mail, 18 January 1998; 'ZTA in Plot Against Land Designation?: SA Consultants to be Hired', The Sunday Mail, 8 February 1998; 'Land Acquisition 'Anomalies' Worry ZTA', The Herald, 5 December 1997; R. Tyson, 'Grounds of Contention: A Land Grab and Extra Taxes are Causing an Up-Roar on the Financial Markets and Streets of Zimbabwe', Time, 150, 25 (22 December 1997); A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, The Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; 'Land Redistribution Could Lead to a New Revolution in Agriculture', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; S. Chamunorwa, 'Land Footnote 37 continued Policy Spells Disaster', Zimbabwe Independent, 28 November 1997; B. Peta, 'Zim Land Acquisition Contravenes Accord: UK', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; T. Nyakunu, 'Farm Designation to Cost Foreign Currency', Zimbabwe Independent, 9 January 1998; 'Economic Impact of Land Acquisition will be Minimal', Financial Gazette, 5 March 1998.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. L. Machipisa, 'Zim Soothes Investors on Land Grab', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 14 November 1997; L. Machipisa, 'Land Row Rocks Zimbabwe's Exchange', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 8 December 1997; CFU, 'Summary of the Meeting Held at the State House Offices with President on the 26th of November 1997', on www.cfu.samara.co.zw; 'Farmers Blast CFU', Zimbabwe Standard, 30 November 1997.
82. L. Machipisa, 'Zim Soothes Investors on Land Grab', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 14 November 1997; L. Machipisa, 'Land Row Rocks Zimbabwe's Exchange', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 8 December 1997; CFU, 'Summary of the Meeting Held at the State House Offices with President on the 26th of November 1997', on www.cfu.samara.co.zw; 'Farmers Blast CFU', Zimbabwe Standard, 30 November 1997.
83. L. Machipisa, 'Zim Soothes Investors on Land Grab', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 14 November 1997; L. Machipisa, 'Land Row Rocks Zimbabwe's Exchange', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 8 December 1997; CFU, 'Summary of the Meeting Held at the State House Offices with President on the 26th of November 1997', on www.cfu.samara.co.zw; 'Farmers Blast CFU', Zimbabwe Standard, 30 November 1997.
84. L. Machipisa, 'Zim Soothes Investors on Land Grab', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 14 November 1997; L. Machipisa, 'Land Row Rocks Zimbabwe's Exchange', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 8 December 1997; CFU, 'Summary of the Meeting Held at the State House Offices with President on the 26th of November 1997', on www.cfu.samara.co.zw; 'Farmers Blast CFU', Zimbabwe Standard, 30 November 1997.
85. Edmore Tobaiwa, 'Land Acquisition Should Have Economic Focus', Financial Gazette, 2 April 1998.
86. A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; E. Tobaiwa, 'Is Land Redistribution the Way Forward?', Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; N. Swanepoel (CFU), Financial Gazette, 4 December 1997; P. Deketeke, 'Acquisition of Farms by State', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; J. Raath, 'In Zimbabwe, the Dream of Land has Turned into Poverty and Confusion', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 28 November 1997; J. Raath, 'The People Don't Even Want Mugabe's Land', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 1 December 1997.
87. A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; E. Tobaiwa, 'Is Land Redistribution the Way Forward?', Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; N. Swanepoel (CFU), Financial Gazette, 4 December 1997; P. Deketeke, 'Acquisition of Farms by State', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; J. Raath, 'In Zimbabwe, the Dream of Land has Turned into Poverty and Confusion', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 28 November 1997; J. Raath, 'The People Don't Even Want Mugabe's Land', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 1 December 1997.
88. A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; E. Tobaiwa, 'Is Land Redistribution the Way Forward?', Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; N. Swanepoel (CFU), Financial Gazette, 4 December 1997; P. Deketeke, 'Acquisition of Farms by State', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; J. Raath, 'In Zimbabwe, the Dream of Land has Turned into Poverty and Confusion', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 28 November 1997; J. Raath, 'The People Don't Even Want Mugabe's Land', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 1 December 1997.
89. A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; E. Tobaiwa, 'Is Land Redistribution the Way Forward?', Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; N. Swanepoel (CFU), Financial Gazette, 4 December 1997; P. Deketeke, 'Acquisition of Farms by State', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; J. Raath, 'In Zimbabwe, the Dream of Land has Turned into Poverty and Confusion', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 28 November 1997; J. Raath, 'The People Don't Even Want Mugabe's Land', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 1 December 1997.
90. A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; E. Tobaiwa, 'Is Land Redistribution the Way Forward?', Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; N. Swanepoel (CFU), Financial Gazette, 4 December 1997; P. Deketeke, 'Acquisition of Farms by State', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; J. Raath, 'In Zimbabwe, the Dream of Land has Turned into Poverty and Confusion', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 28 November 1997; J. Raath, 'The People Don't Even Want Mugabe's Land', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 1 December 1997.
91. A. McCormick, 'Seizing Farms is Economic Suicide', Readers Forum, Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; E. Tobaiwa, 'Is Land Redistribution the Way Forward?', Financial Gazette, 27 November 1997; N. Swanepoel (CFU), Financial Gazette, 4 December 1997; P. Deketeke, 'Acquisition of Farms by State', The Sunday Mail, 23 November 1997; J. Raath, 'In Zimbabwe, the Dream of Land has Turned into Poverty and Confusion', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 28 November 1997; J. Raath, 'The People Don't Even Want Mugabe's Land', Electronic Mail and Guardian, 1 December 1997.
92. S. Moyo, 'Land Acquisition will not Lower Productivity', The Mirror, 1, 7, 19-25 January 1998.
93. According to von Blackcnburg, Large Commercial Fanners and Land Reform in Africa, the LSCF sector has been the most successful sector in adapting to shocks of weather and shifting land uses.
94. Zimbabwe is divided into five agro-ecological zones, called Natural Regions, on the basis of climate, soils, rainfall, vegetation, temperature, geology and vegetation. Land use planning in Zimbabwe has, since colonial times, been based on such land classifications, although the availability of infrastructure (roads, towns, dams and energy) across Zimbabwe and other factors remain influential in actual land use patterns.
95. FAO, The State of Irrigation in Africa (Rome, 1990).
96. Moyo, The Land Acquisition Process in Zimbabwe - 1997/8.
97. Moyo, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Land Uses in Zimbabwe.
98. Ibid.
99. We know that only about 30 per cent of arable land (700,000 hectares) is cropped on average each year and that most of this is in Natural Regions I to III. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed); Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; M. Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land Use Patterns in Zimbabwe. A Background Paper for the Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum for the World Bank (Madison, Wisconsin, 1992).
100. We know that only about 30 per cent of arable land (700,000 hectares) is cropped on average each year and that most of this is in Natural Regions I to III. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed); Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; M. Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land Use Patterns in Zimbabwe. A Background Paper for the Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum for the World Bank (Madison, Wisconsin, 1992).
101. We know that only about 30 per cent of arable land (700,000 hectares) is cropped on average each year and that most of this is in Natural Regions I to III. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed); Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; M. Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land Use Patterns in Zimbabwe. A Background Paper for the Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum for the World Bank (Madison, Wisconsin, 1992).
102. We know that only about 30 per cent of arable land (700,000 hectares) is cropped on average each year and that most of this is in Natural Regions I to III. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed); Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; M. Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land Use Patterns in Zimbabwe. A Background Paper for the Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum for the World Bank (Madison, Wisconsin, 1992).
103. Moyo, The Land Acquisition Process in Zimbabwe - 1997/8; Interview with officials in the Ministry of Land and Agriculture, Harare, 16 February 1998.
104. Interview of Mr Tawonezvi, an Agritex official in the Ministry of Lands and Agriculture, Harare, March 1998. Many cases of multiply-owned farms under livestock were observed during fieldwork by the author, yet such land was deemed suitable for intensive cropping. These trends were also observed in the analysis of statistics from the Central Statistical Office, Agricultural Production Survey (Harare, 1994). Most of the multiply-owned farms were checked against the Intensive Conservation Area (ICA) output data. In addition, some of the farms were owned as mining claims, yet they were said by officials from the Ministry of Lands and Agriculture to be suitable for intensive crop production.
105. We identified the three biggest Iandholdings, then traced back the title holders to the other multiply held farms on the gazetted list.
106. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed.) and Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land use Patterns in Zimbabwe: Moyo 'Land Acquisition: The Social and Political Context', The Mirror, 1, 8, 26 January-1 February 1998.
107. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed.) and Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land use Patterns in Zimbabwe: Moyo 'Land Acquisition: The Social and Political Context', The Mirror, 1, 8, 26 January-1 February 1998.
108. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed.) and Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land use Patterns in Zimbabwe: Moyo 'Land Acquisition: The Social and Political Context', The Mirror, 1, 8, 26 January-1 February 1998.
109. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed.) and Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land use Patterns in Zimbabwe: Moyo 'Land Acquisition: The Social and Political Context', The Mirror, 1, 8, 26 January-1 February 1998.
110. See Weiner et al., 'Land Use and Agricultural Productivity in Zimbabwe'; Moyo, 'The Land Question in Zimbabwe', in Mandaza (ed.) and Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe; Roth, Analysis of Agrarian Structure and Land use Patterns in Zimbabwe: Moyo 'Land Acquisition: The Social and Political Context', The Mirror, 1, 8, 26 January-1 February 1998.
111. According to L. Cliffe, 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Success and Food Security', Review of African Political Economy, 43 (1988), originally this criterion was intended to reduce the costs of moving settlers, to expand the land available to local communities or provide 'elbow room', and avoid bringing in 'strangers'.
112. Indeed, through dual citizenship, it is estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 white Zimbabweans are British. See Moyo, The Land Question in Zimbabwe.
113. Government of Zimbabwe, National Man Power Survey (Ministry of Man Power Planning and Development, Harare, 1981).
114. Many white Zimbabweans have dual citizenship, mainly British and Zimbabwean. This is however not constitutionally permissable. In addition many absentees live in England and South Africa, and some face problems with immigration. The problem then is how to justify such white owners having perpetual rights to the most productive land when the majority of people are jammed in infertile communal lands.
115. H. Binswanger, 'The Political Implications of Alternative Models of Land Reform and Compensation', in J. Van Zyl, J. Kirsten and H. P. Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa (Cape Town, 1996), suggests that owner-operated farms were more productive. Also see L. Sachikonye, 'State and Agribusiness in Zimbabwe: Structures and Procedures on Integration', ZIDS Discussion Paper No. 13 (Harare, 1991).
116. H. Binswanger, 'The Political Implications of Alternative Models of Land Reform and Compensation', in J. Van Zyl, J. Kirsten and H. P. Binswanger (eds), Agricultural Land Reform in South Africa (Cape Town, 1996), suggests that owner-operated farms were more productive. Also see L. Sachikonye, 'State and Agribusiness in Zimbabwe: Structures and Procedures on Integration', ZIDS Discussion Paper No. 13 (Harare, 1991).
117. Ibid.
118. 'Ten Under-used Farms Repossessed in Mt Darwin', The Herald, 1 February 1999.N.Moyo and D. Mugabe agreed that some indigenous farms were underused, but this has to be understood in the context of neglect of the indigenous commercial farming sector by government. See 'Don't Designate Farms Belonging to Blacks', The Herald, 19 December 1997. The author notes that a few of the blacks who own multiple farms were spared from acquisition, but the reasons for this are not formally known.
119. 'Ten Under-used Farms Repossessed in Mt Darwin', The Herald, 1 February 1999.N.Moyo and D. Mugabe agreed that some indigenous farms were underused, but this has to be understood in the context of neglect of the indigenous commercial farming sector by government. See 'Don't Designate Farms Belonging to Blacks', The Herald, 19 December 1997. The author notes that a few of the blacks who own multiple farms were spared from acquisition, but the reasons for this are not formally known.
120. Interviews with various government officials and politicians in Harare, February to June 1998.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.
123. Interviews with Inter-Ministerial Committee on Resettlement and Development (IMCRD) officials and other government officials, Harare, October 1998.
124. The NECF is a non-statutory body composed of civil society, academics, government and other stakeholders set up to solve the macro-economic problems of Zimbabwe. It has various task forces on, for example, Price and Incomes, Indigenization, Land Reform and Resettlement, Year 2000 Compliance and so forth. Task forces are established to work with key ministries and stakeholders on a technical basis. These include the Land Task Force which is currently looking at the Inception Phase of the LRRP-2 in close liaison with the Ministry of Lands and Agriculture, and other non-state actors.
125. See Government of Zimbabwe, Draft Inception Phase Framework Plan of the Land Reform and Resettlement Phase 2.
126. Government of Zimbabwe, Land Reform and Resettlement Programme Phase II: A Policy Framework and Project Document (Harare, September 1998).
127. Interviews with government officials, farmers, and NGO personnel in Harare, Mashonaland, Bulawayo and Beitbridge, December 1997 to February 1998.
128. Ibid.
129. Interviews of government officials and World Bank officials, Harare, October 1998.
130. Ibid, and interviews with CFU Officials, Harare, October 1998.
131. CFU, Land Reform Proposal (Harare, 1998).