Therapeutic relevance of pharmacogenetic factors in cardiovascular medicine

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 86, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-28

  Nakagawa, Kazuko ^a   Ishizaki, Takashi ^a  

^a KUMAMOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular drugs; Cytochromes P 450 (CYPs); Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CYTOCHROME P450; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; CYTOCHROME P450 3A; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; DEBRISOQUINE; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE DEMETHYLASE; DISOPYRAMIDE; FLECAINIDE; ION CHANNEL; IRBESARTAN; MIBEFRADIL; MINOXIDIL; NIFEDIPINE; PINDOLOL; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; QUINIDINE; SIMVASTATIN; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; SOTALOL; SPARTEINE; TIMOLOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ALLELE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUCASIAN; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESPONSE; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; HYPERTENSION; LIDDLE SYNDROME; PHARMACOGENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; HUMANS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PHARMACOGENETICS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; VARIATION (GENETICS); VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 0034097506     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00066-2     Document Type: Review

References (360)

1. Ackerman M.J. The long QT syndrome. Pediatr Rev. 19:1998;232-238.
2. Ackerman M.J., Clapham D.E. Ion channels - basic science and clinical disease. N Engl J Med. 336:1997;1575-1586.
3. Agerholm-Larsen B., Nordestgaard B.G., Steffensen R., Sorensen T.I., Jensen G., Tybjaerg-Hansen A. ACE gene polymorphism. ischemic heart disease and longevity in 10,150 individuals. A case-referent and retrospective cohort study based on the Copenhagen City Heart Study Circulation. 95:1997;2358-2367.
4. Aithal G.P., Day C.P., Kesteven P.J.L., Daly A.N. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirements and risk of bleeding complications. Lancet. 353:1999;717-719.
5. Alván G., von Bahr C., Seidemann P., Sjöqvist F. High plasma concentrations of beta-receptor blocking drugs and deficient debrisoquine hydroxylation. Lancet i. 333:1982.
6. Anderson J.L., Platia E.V., Hallstrom A., Henthorn R.W., Buckingham T.A., Carlson M.D., Carson P.E. Interaction of baseline characteristics with the hazard of encainide, flecainide, and moricizine therapy in patients with myocardial infarction. A possible explanation for increased mortality in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Circulation. 90:1994;2843-2852.
7. Anderson R.J., Kudlacek P.E., Clemens D.L. Sulfation of minoxidil by multiple human cytosolic sulfotransferases. Chem Biol Interact. 109:1998;53-67.
8. Andresen B.S., Bross P., Jensen T.G., Knudsen I., Winter V., Kølvraa S., Bolund L., Gregersen N. Molecular diagnosis and characterization of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 220(suppl.):1995;9-26.
9. Anonymous Preliminary report. Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators N Engl J Med. 321:1989;406-412.
10. Anonymous Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Lancet. 349:1997;375-380.
11. Anthony L., Koshakji R., Wood A.J. Multiple pathways of propranolol's metabolism are inhibited by debrisoquin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 46:1989;297-300.
12. Antozzi C., Zeviani M. Cardiomyopathies in disorders of oxidative metabolism. Cardiovasc Res. 35:1997;184-199.
13. Arcavi L., Benowitz N.L. Clinical significance of genetic influences on cardiovascular drug metabolism. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 7:1993;311-324.
14. Atwood L.D., Kammerer C.M., Samollow P.B., Hixson J.E., Shade R.E., MacCluer J.W. Linkage of essential hypertension to the angiotensinogen locus in Mexican Americans. Hypertension. 30:1997;326-330.
15. Bailey D.G., Bend J.R., Arnold J.M., Tran L.T., Spence J.D. Erythromycin-felodipine interaction. magnitude, mechanism, and comparison with grapefruit juice Clin Pharmacol Ther. 60:1996;25-33.
16. Balian J.D., Sukhova N., Harris J.W., Hewett J., Pickle L., Goldstein J.A., Woosley R.L., Flockhart D.A. The hydroxylation of omeprazole correlates with S-mephenytoin metabolism. a population study Clin Pharmacol Ther. 57:1995;662-669.
17. Ball S., Borman N. Pharmacogenetics and drug metabolism. Nat Biotechnol. 15:1997;925-926.
18. Barinaga M. Tracking down mutations that can stop the heart. Science. 281:1998;32-34.
19. Benetos A., Cambien F., Gautier S., Ricard S., Safar M., Laurent S., Lacolley P., Poirier O., Topouchian J., Asmar R. Influence of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism on the effects of perindopril and nitrendipine on arterial stiffness in hypertensive individuals. Hypertension. 28:1996;1081-1084.
20. Bertilsson L. Geographical/interracial differences in polymorphic drug oxidation. Current state of knowledge of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19. Clin Pharmacokinet. 29:1995;192-209.
21. Bhasker C.R., Miners J.O., Coulter S., Birkett D.J. Allelic and functional variability of cytochrome P4502C9. Pharmacogenetics. 7:1997;51-58.
22. Bianchi G., Ferrari P. A genetic approach to the pathogenesis of primary hypertension and to its treatment. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 22(suppl.):1995;399-405.
23. Bianchi G., Tripodi G., Casari G., Salardi S., Barber B.R., Garcia R., Leoni P., Torielli L., Cusi D., Ferrandi M., Pinna L.A., Baralle F.E., Ferrari P. Two point mutations within the adducin genes are involved in blood pressure variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;3999-4003.
24. Bione S., D'Adamo P., Maestrini E., Gedeon A.K., Bolhuis P.A., Toniolo D. A novel X-linked gene, G4.5. is responsible for Barth syndrome. Nat Genet. 12:1996;385-389.
25. Bonnardeaux A., Davies E., Jeunemaitre X., Fery I., Charru A., Clauser E., Tiret L., Cambien F., Corvol P., Soubrier F. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension. 24:1994;63-69.
26. Bonne G., Carrier L., Richard P., Hainque B., Schwartz K. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. from mutations to functional defects Circ Res. 83:1998;580-593.
27. Bozkurt A., Basci N.E., Isimer A., Sayal A., Kayaalp S.O. Metabolic ratios of four probes of CYP2D6 in Turkish subjects. a cross-over study Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 21:1996;309-314.
28. Brand E., Chatelain N., Keavney B., Caulfield M., Citterio L., Connell J., Grobbee D., Schmidt S., Schunkert H., Schuster H., Sharma A.M., Soubrier F. Evaluation of the angiotensinogen locus in human essential hypertension. a European study Hypertension. 31:1998;725-729.
29. Brockmöller J., Roots I. Assessment of liver metabolic function. Clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 27:1994;216-248.
30. Broly F., Vandamme N., Libersa C., Lhermitte M. The metabolism of mexiletine in relation to the debrisoquine/sparteine-type polymorphism of drug oxidation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 32:1991;459-466.
31. Burchell B., Coughtrie M.W. Genetic and environmental factors associated with variation of human xenobiotic glucuronidation and sulfation. Environ Health Perspect. 105(suppl. 4):1997;739-747.
32. Busse D., Cosme J., Beaune P., Kroemer H.K., Eichelbaum M. Cytochromes of the P450 2C subfamily are the major enzymes involved in the O-demethylation of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 353:1995;116-121.
33. Butler M.A., Lang N.P., Young J.F., Caporaso N.E., Vineis P., Hayes R.B., Teitel C.H., Massengill J.P., Lawsen M.F., Kadlubar F.F. Determination of CYP1A2 and NAT2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics. 2:1992;116-127.
34. Cambien F., Poirier O., Lecerf L., Evans A., Cambou J.P., Arveiler D., Luc G., Bard J., Bara L., Ricard S., Tiret L., Amouyel P., Alhenc-Gelas F., Soubrier F. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature. 359:1992;641-644.
35. Capucci A., Aschieri D., Villani G.Q. Clinical pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs. Drugs Aging. 13:1998;51-70.
36. Carlsson J., Tebbe U., Rox J., Harmjanz D., Haerten K., Neuhaus K.L., Seidel F., Niederer W., Miketic S. Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in the elderly. ALKK-Study Group. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausaerzte. Am J Cardiol. 78:1996;1380-1384.
37. Carriére V., Berthou F., Baird S., Belloc C., Beaune P., de Waziers I. Human cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). from genotype to phenotype Pharmacogenetics. 6:1996;203-211.
38. Casari G., Barlassina C., Cusi D., Zagato L., Muirhead R., Righetti M., Nembri P., Amar K., Gatti M., Macciardi F., Binelli G., Bianchi G. Association of the alpha-adducin locus with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 25:1995;320-326.
39. Cashman J.R., Perotti B.Y., Berkman C.E., Lin J. Pharmacokinetics and molecular detoxication. Environ Health Perspect. 104(suppl. 1):1996;23-40.
40. Chalon S., Moreno H. Jr., Hoffman B.B., Blaschke T.F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves venous endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 65:1999;295-303.
41. Chang S.S., Grunder S., Hanukoglu A., Rosler A., Mathew P.M., Hanukoglu I., Schild L., Lu Y., Shimkets R.A., Nelson-Williams C., Rossier B.C., Lifton R.P. Mutations in subunits of the epithelial sodium channel cause salt wasting with hyperkalaemic acidosis, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Nat Genet. 12:1996;248-253.
42. Chiang F.T., Hsu K.L., Tseng C.D., Lo H.M., Chern T.H., Tseng Y.Z. Association of the renin gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. Clin Genet. 51:1997;370-374.
43. Child A.H. Marfan syndrome - current medical and genetic knowledge. how to treat and when J Card Surg. 12:1997;131-135.
44. Christians U., Jacobsen W., Floren L.C. Metabolism and drug interactions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in transplant patients. are the statins mechanistically similar? Pharmacol Ther. 80:1998;1-34.
45. Chung I., Bresnick E. Identification of positive and negative regulatory elements of the human cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) gene. Arch Biochem Biophys. 338:1997;220-226.
46. Cleland J.G., McGowan J., Cowburn P.J. Beta-blockers for chronic heart failure. from prejudice to enlightenment J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 32(suppl. 1):1998;52-60.
47. Cohn J.N. The management of chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;490-498.
48. Compton S.J., Lux R.L., Ramsey M.R., Strelich K.R., Sanguinetti M.C., Green L.S., Keating M.T., Mason J.W. Genetically defined therapy of inherited long-QT syndrome. Correction of abnormal repolarization by potassium. Circulation. 94:1996;1018-1022.
49. Cooper R.G., Evans D.A., Whibley E.J. Polymorphic hydroxylation of perhexiline maleate in man. J Med Genet. 21:1984;27-33.
50. Cusi D., Barlassina C., Azzani T., Casari G., Citterio L., Devoto M., Glorioso N., Lanzani C., Manunta P., Righetti M., Rivera R., Stella P., Troffa C., Zagato L., Bianchi G. Polymorphisms of alpha-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet. 349:1997;1353-1357.
51. Dahl M.L., Johansson I., Bertilsson L., Ingelman-Sundberg M., Sjöqvist F. Ultrarapid hydroxylation of debrisoquine in a Swedish population. Analysis of the molecular genetic basis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 274:1995;516-520.
52. Daly A.K. Molecular basis of polymorphic drug metabolism. J Mol Med. 73:1995;539-553.
53. Daly A.K., Salh B.S., Bilton D., Allen J., Knight A.D., Webb A.K., Braganza J.M., Idle J.R. Deficient nifedipine oxidation. a rare inherited trait associated with cystic fibrosis kindreds Pharmacogenetics. 2:1992;19-24.
54. Daly A.K., Cholerton S., Armstrong M., Idle J.R. Genotyping for polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism as a predictor of disease susceptibility. Environ Health Perspect. 102(suppl. 9):1994;55-61.
55. Dammerman M., Breslow J.L. Genetic basis of lipoprotein disorders. Circulation. 91:1995;505-512.
56. Davis G.K., Roberts D.H. Molecular genetics of the renin-angiotensin system. implications for angiotensin II receptor blockade Pharmacol Ther. 75:1997;43-50.
57. Dayer P., Kubli A., Kupfer A., Courvoisier F., Balant L., Fabre J. Defective hydroxylation of bufuralol associated with side-effects of the drug in poor metabolisers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 13:1982;750-752.
58. de Gasparo M., Levens N. Does blockade of angiotensin II receptors offer clinical benefits over inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme? Pharmacol Toxicol. 82:1998;257-271.
59. de Morais S.M., Wilkinson G.R., Blaisdell J., Meyer U.A., Nakamura K., Goldstein J.A. Identification of a new genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin metabolism in Japanese. Mol Pharmacol. 46:1994;594-598. a.
60. de Morais S.M., Wilkinson G.R., Blaisdell J., Nakamura K., Meyer U.A., Goldstein J.A. The major genetic defect responsible for the polymorphism of S-mephenytoin metabolism in humans. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;15419-15422. b.
61. Deng L.Y., Schiffrin E.L. Endothelin-1 gene expression in blood vessels and kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), L-NAME-treated SHR, and renovascular hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 31(suppl.):1998;380-383.
62. Denton D., Weisinger R., Mundy N.I., Wickings E.J., Dixson A., Moisson P., Pingard A.M., Shade R., Carey D., Ardaillou R., Paillard F., Chapman J., Thillet J., Michel J.B. The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nat Med. 1:1995;1009-1016.
63. Diasio R.B., Beavers T.L., Carpenter J.T. Familial deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Biochemical basis for familial pyrimidinemia and severe 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity. J Clin Invest. 81:1988;47-51.
64. Dieguez-Lucena J.L., Aranda-Lara P., Ruiz-Galdon M., Garcia-Villanova J., Morell-Ocana M., Reyes-Engel A. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme genotypes and angiotensin II receptors. Response to therapy. Hypertension. 28:1996;98-103.
65. Dillon M.J., Leonard J.V., Buckler J.M., Ogilvie D., Lillystone D., Honour J.W., Shackleton C.H. Pseudohypoaldosteronism. Arch Dis Child. 55:1980;427-434.
66. Dirven H.A., van Ommen B., van Bladeren P.J. Glutathione conjugation of alkylating cytostatic drugs with a nitrogen mustard group and the role of glutathione S-transferases. Chem Res Toxicol. 9:1996;351-360.
67. Drayer D.E., Reidenberg M.M. Clinical consequences of polymorphic acetylation of basic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 22:1977;251-258.
68. Dudley C., Keavney B., Casadei B., Conway J., Bird R., Ratcliffe P. Prediction of patient responses to antihypertensive drugs using genetic polymorphisms. investigation of renin-angiotensin system genes J Hypertens. 14:1996;259-262.
69. Dunn C.J., Lea A.P., Wagstaff A.J. Carvedilol. A reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disorders. Drugs. 54:1997;161-185.
70. Dzau V.J., Gibbons G.H. Autocrine-paracrine mechanisms of vascular myocytes in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 60:1987;99I-103I.
71. Echizen H., Kawasaki H., Chiba K., Tani M., Ishizaki T. A potent inhibitory effect of erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics on the mono-N-dealkylation metabolism of disopyramide with human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 264:1993;1425-1431.
72. Edeki T.I., He H., Wood A.J. Pharmacogenetic explanation for excessive beta-blockade following timolol eye drops. Potential for oral-ophthalmic drug interaction. JAMA. 274:1995;1611-1613.
73. Eichelbaum M., Spannbrucker N., Steincke B., Dengler H.J. Defective N-oxidation of sparteine in man. a new pharmacogenetic defect Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 16:1979;183-187.
74. Ertel S.I., Ertel E.A., Clozel J.P. T-type Ca2+ channels and pharmacological blockade. potential pathophysiological relevance Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 11:1997;723-739.
75. Evans D.A. N-Acetyltransferase. Pharmacol Ther. 42:1989;157-234.
76. Ewart A.K., Morris C.A., Ensing G.J., Loker J., Moore C., Leppert M., Keating M. A human vascular disorder, supravalvular aortic stenosis, maps to chromosome 7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;3226-3230.
77. Faber T.S., Zehender M., Just H. Drug-induced torsade de pointes. Incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf. 11:1994;463-476.
78. Felix C.A., Walker A.H., Lange B.J., Williams T.M., Winick N.J., Cheung N.K., Lovett B.D., Nowell P.C., Blair I.A., Rebbeck T.R. Association of CYP3A4 genotype with treatment-related leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;13176-13181.
79. Ferguson R.J., De Morais S.M., Benhamou S., Bouchardy C., Blaisdell J., Ibeanu G., Wilkinson G.R., Sarich T.C., Wright J.M., Dayer P., Goldstein J.A. A new genetic defect in human CYP2C19. mutation of the initiation codon is responsible for poor metabolism of S-mephenytoin J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 284:1998;356-361.
80. Fernandez-Salguero P., Gonzalez F.J. The CYP2A gene subfamily. species differences, regulation, catalytic activities and role in chemical carcinogenesis Pharmacogenetics. 5(suppl.):1995;123-128.
81. Fernandez-Salguero P., Hoffman S.M., Cholerton S., Mohrenweiser H., Raunio H., Rautio A., Pelkonen O., Huang J.D., Evans W.E., Idle J.R., Gonzalez F.J. A genetic polymorphism in coumarin 7-hydroxylation. sequence of the human CYP2A genes and identification of variant CYP2A6 alleles Am J Hum Genet. 57:1995;651-660.
82. Ferrari P. Pharmacogenomics. a new approach to individual therapy of hypertension? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 7:1998;217-222.
83. Feuerstein G.Z., Ruffolo R.R. Jr. Congestive heart failure and genomic medicine. a look into the 21st century Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 11:1997;713-717.
84. Fornage M., Amos C.I., Kardia S., Sing C.F., Turner S.T., Boerwinkle E. Variation in the region of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene influences interindividual differences in blood pressure levels in young white males. Circulation. 97:1998;1773-1779.
85. Foy C.A., Grant P.J. Genes and the development of vascular disease. Postgrad Med J. 73:1997;271-278.
86. Frishman W.H. Carvedilol. N Engl J Med. 339:1998;1759-1765.
87. Fromm M.F., Dilger K., Busse D., Kroemer H.K., Eichelbaum M., Klotz U. Gut wall metabolism of verapamil in older people. effects of rifampicin-mediated enzyme induction Br J Clin Pharmacol. 45:1998;247-255.
88. Fuhr U. Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Extent, probable mechanism and clinical relevance. Drug Saf. 18:1998;251-272.
89. Funck-Brentano C., Kroemer H.K., Lee J.T., Roden D.M. Propafenone. N Engl J Med. 322:1990;518-525.
90. Funder J.W. Mineralocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors. Clin Endocrinol. 45:1996;651-656.
91. Funder J.W., Pearce P.T., Smith R., Smith A.I. Mineralocorticoid action. target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated Science. 242:1988;583-585.
92. Furuta T., Ohashi K., Kamata T., Takashima M., Kosuge K., Kawasaki T., Hanai H., Kubota T., Ishizaki T., Kaneko E. Effect of genetic differences in omeprazole metabolism on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer. Ann Intern Med. 129:1998;1027-1030.
93. Gibbons G.H., Dzau V.J. Molecular therapies for vascular diseases. Science. 272:1996;689-693.
94. Gitelman H.J., Graham J.B., Welt L.G. A new familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Trans Assoc Am Phys. 79:1966;221-235.
95. Goldstein J.A., de Morais S.M.F. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily. Pharmacogenetics. 4:1994;285-299.
96. Goldstein J.A., Faletto M.B., Romkes-Sparks M., Sullivan T., Kitareewan S., Raucy J.L., Lasker J.M., Ghanayem B.I. Evidence that CYP2C19 is the major (S)-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylase in humans. Biochemistry. 33:1994;1743-1752.
97. Goldstein J.A., Ishizaki T., Chiba K., de Morais S.M.F., Bell D., Krahn P.M., Evans D.A. Frequencies of the defective CYP2C19 alleles responsible for the mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in various Oriental, Caucasian, Saudi Arabian and American black populations. Pharmacogenetics. 7:1997;59-64.
98. Gonzalez F.J. The molecular biology of cytochrome P450s. Pharmacol Rev. 40:1988;243-288.
99. Gonzalez F.J. The CYP2D subfamily. Ioannides C. Cytochrome P450, Metabolic and Toxicological Aspects. 1996;183-210 CRC Press, New York.
100. Gonzalez F.J., Idle J.R. Pharmacogenetic phenotyping and genotyping. Present status and future potential. Clin Pharmacokinet. 26:1994;59-70.
101. Gordon R.D., Geddes R.A., Pawsey C.G., O'Halloran M.W. Hypertension and severe hyperkalaemia associated with suppression of renin and aldosterone and completely reversed by dietary sodium restriction. Aust Ann Med. 19:1970;287-294.
102. Gotoh O. Substrate recognition sites in cytochrome P450 family 2 (CYP2) proteins inferred from comparative analyses of amino acid and coding nucleotide sequences. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;83-90.
103. Gotto A.M. Jr. Lipid lowering, regression, and coronary events. A review of the Interdisciplinary Council on Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk Intervention, Seventh Council meeting. Circulation. 92:1995;646-656.
104. Gram T.E. Chemically reactive intermediates and pulmonary xenobiotic toxicity. Pharmacol Rev. 49:1997;297-341.
105. Greene H.L., Roden D.M., Katz R.J., Woosley R.L., Salerno D.M., Henthorn R.W. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. First CAST … then CAST-II J Am Coll Cardiol. 19:1992;894-898.
106. Griese E.U., Zanger U.M., Brudermanns U., Gaedigk A., Mikus G., Morike K., Stuven T., Eichelbaum M. Assessment of the predictive power of genotypes for the in-vivo catalytic function of CYP2D6 in a German population. Pharmacogenetics. 8:1998;15-26.
107. Groenink M., de Roos A., Mulder B.J., Spaan J.A., van der Wall E.E. Changes in aortic distensibility and pulse wave velocity assessed with magnetic resonance imaging following beta-blocker therapy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 82:1998;203-208.
108. Guengerich F.P., Martin M.V., Beaune P.H., Kremers P., Wolff T., Waxman D.J. Characterization of rat and human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 forms involved in nifedipine oxidation, a prototype for genetic polymorphism in oxidative drug metabolism. J Biol Chem. 261:1986;5051-5060. a.
109. Guengerich F.P., Müller-Enoch D., Blair I.A. Oxidation of quinidine by human liver cytochrome P-450. Mol Pharmacol. 30:1986;287-295. b.
110. Guengerich F.P., Kim D.H., Iwasaki M. Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects. Chem Res Toxicol. 4:1991;168-179.
111. Haas M., Yilmaz N., Schmidt A., Neyer U., Arneitz K., Stummvoll H.K., Wallner M., Auinger M., Arias I., Schneider B., Mayer G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism determines the antiproteinuric and systemic hemodynamic effect of enalapril in patients with proteinuric renal disease. Austrian Study Group of the Effects of Enalapril Treatment in Proteinuric Renal Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res. 21:1998;66-69.
112. Hadidi A.H., Coulter C.E., Idle J.R. Phenotypically deficient urinary elimination of carboxyphosphamide after cyclophosphamide administration to cancer patients. Cancer Res. 48:1988;5167-5171.
113. Haefeli W.E., Bargetzi M.J., Follath F., Meyer U.A. Potent inhibition of cytochrome P450IID6 (debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase) by flecainide in vitro and in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 15:1990;776-779.
114. Hakkola J., Tanaka E., Pelkonen O. Developmental expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver. Pharmacol Toxicol. 82:1998;209-217.
115. Hamilton R.A., Kowalsky S.F., Wright E.M., Cernak P., Benziger D.P., Stroshane R.M., Edelson J. Effect of the acetylator phenotype on amrinone pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 40:1986;615-619.
116. Hash T.W. 2nd, Prisant L.M. Beta-blocker use in systolic heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Pharmacol. 37:1997;7-19.
117. Hayashi S., Watanabe J., Kawajiri K. Genetic polymorphisms in the 5′-flanking region change transcriptional regulation of the human cytochrome P450IIE1 gene. J Biochem. 110:1991;559-565.
118. Hayashi S., Watanabe J., Kawajiri K. High susceptibility to lung cancer analyzed in terms of combined genotypes of P450IA1 and Mu-class glutathione S-transferase genes. Jpn J Cancer Res. 83:1992;866-870.
119. Hietanen E., Husgafvel-Pursiainen K., Vainio H. Interaction between dose and susceptibility to environmental cancer. a short review Environ Health Perspect. 105(suppl. 4):1997;749-754.
120. Hingorani A.D., Jia H., Stevens P.A., Hopper R., Dickerson J.E., Brown M.J. Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms influence blood pressure and the response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Hypertens. 13:1995;1602-1609.
121. Hodgson J., Marshall A. Pharmacogenomics. will the regulators approve? Nat Biotechnol. 16:1998;243-246.
122. Holownia A., Mapoles J., Menez J.F., Braszko J.J. Acetaminophen metabolism and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells transfected with cytochrome P4502E1. J Mol Med. 75:1997;522-527.
123. Honig P.K., Wortham D.C., Zamani K., Conner D.P., Mullin J.C., Cantilena L.R. Terfenadine-ketoconazole interaction. Pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic consequences. JAMA. 269:1993;1513-1518.
124. Horai Y., Ishizaki T. N-acetylation polymorphism of dapsone in a Japanese population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 25:1988;487-494.
125. Horai Y., Zhou H.H., Zhang L.M., Ishizaki T. N-Acetylation phenotyping with dapsone in a mainland Chinese population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 25:1988;81-87.
126. Horai Y., Nakano M., Ishizaki T., Ishikawa K., Zhou H.H., Zhou B.I., Liao C.L., Zhang L.M. Metoprolol and mephenytoin oxidation polymorphisms in Far Eastern Oriental subjects. Japanese versus mainland Chinese Clin Pharmacol Ther. 46:1989;198-207.
127. Hu Y., Oscarson M., Johansson I., Yue Q.Y., Dahl M.L., Tabone M., Arinco S., Albano E., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genetic polymorphism of human CYP2E1. characterization of two variant alleles Mol Pharmacol. 51:1997;370-376.
128. Hunt B.A., Self T.H., Lalonde R.L., Bottorff M.B. Calcium channel blockers as inhibitors of drug metabolism. Chest. 96:1989;393-399.
129. Iafolla K., Thompson R.J. Jr., Roe C.R. Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. clinical course in 120 affected children J Pediatr. 124:1994;409-415.
130. Ibeanu G.C., Blaisdell J., Ghanayem B.I., Beyeler C., Benhamou S., Bouchardy C., Wilkinson G.R., Dayer P., Daly A.K., Goldstein J.A. An additional defective allele, CYP2C19*5, contributes to the S-mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics. 8:1998;129-135. a.
131. Ibeanu G.C., Goldstein J.A., Meyer U., Benhamou S., Bouchardy C., Dayer P., Ghanayem B.I., Blaisdell J. Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 286:1998;1490-1495. b.
132. Imaoka S., Enomoto K., Oda Y., Asada A., Fujimori M., Shimada T., Fujita S., Guengerich F.P., Funae Y. Lidocaine metabolism by human cytochrome P-450s purified from hepatic microsomes. comparison of those with rat hepatic cytochrome P-450s J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 255:1990;1385-1391.
133. Inoue I., Nakajima T., Williams C.S., Quackenbush J., Puryear R., Powers M., Cheng T., Ludwig E.H., Sharma A.M., Hata A., Jeunemaitre X., Lalouel J.M. A nucleotide substitution in the promoter of human angiotensinogen is associated with essential hypertension and affects basal transcription in vitro. J Clin Invest. 99:1997;1786-1797.
134. Ireland H., Kunz G., Kyriakoulis K., Stubbs P.J., Lane D.A. Thrombomodulin gene mutations associated with myocardial infarction. Circulation. 96:1997;15-18.
135. Ishigami T., Umemura S., Tamura K., Hibi K., Nyui N., Kihara M., Yabana M., Watanabe Y., Sumida Y., Nagahara T., Ochiai H., Ishii M. Essential hypertension and 5′ upstream core promoter region of human angiotensinogen gene. Hypertension. 30:1997;1325-1330.
136. Ishikawa K., Katsuya T., Sato N., Nakata Y., Takami S., Takiuchi S., Fu Y., Higaki J., Ogihara T. No association between alpha-adducin 460 polymorphism and essential hypertension in a Japanese population. Am J Hypertens. 11:1998;502-506.
137. Islam S.A., Wolf C.R., Lennard M.S., Sternberg M.J. A three-dimensional molecular template for substrates of human cytochrome P450 involved in debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. Carcinogenesis. 12:1991;2211-2219.
138. Iwatsubo T., Hirota N., Ooie T., Suzuki H., Shimada N., Chiba K., Ishizaki T., Green C.E., Tyson C.A., Sugiyama Y. Prediction of in vivo drug metabolism in the human liver from in vitro metabolism data. Pharmacol Ther. 73:1997;147-171.
139. Jacobsen P., Rossing K., Rossing P., Tarnow L., Mallet C., Poirier O., Cambien F., Parving H.H. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and ACE inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 53:1998;1002-1006.
140. Jaillon P., Ferry A. How do kinetics relate to toxicity of antiarrhythmic drugs? Eur Heart J. 9(suppl. B):1988;45-50.
141. Jensen F.S., Skovgaard L.T., Viby-Mogensen J. Identification of human plasma cholinesterase variants in 6,688 individual using biochemical analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 39:1995;157-162.
142. Jeunemaitre X., Soubrier F., Kotelevtsev Y.V., Lifton R.P., Williams C.S., Charru A., Hunt S.C., Hopkins P.N., Williams R.R., Lalouel J.M., Corvol P. Molecular basis of human hypertension. role of angiotensinogen Cell. 71:1992;169-180.
143. Jeunemaitre X., Inoue I., Williams C., Charru A., Tichet J., Powers M., Sharma A.M., Gimenez-Roqueplo A.P., Hata A., Corvol P., Lalouel J.M. Haplotypes of angiotensinogen in essential hypertension. Am J Hum Genet. 60:1997;1448-1460.
144. Johansson I., Lundqvist E., Bertilsson L., Dahl M.L., Sjoqvist F., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Inherited amplification of an active gene in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus as a cause of ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;11825-11829.
145. Julier C., Delepine M., Keavney B., Terwilliger J., Davis S., Weeks D.E., Bui T., Jeunemaitre X., Velho G., Froguel P., Ratcliffe P., Corvol P., Soubrier F., Lathrop G.M. Genetic susceptibility for human familial essential hypertension in a region of homology with blood pressure linkage on rat chromosome 10. Hum Mol Genet. 6:1997;2077-2085.
146. Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics in biological perspective. Pharmacol Rev. 49:1997;369-379.
147. Kaminsky L.S., Zhang Z.Y. Human P450 metabolism of warfarin. Pharmacol Ther. 73:1997;67-74.
148. Kaplan N.M., Ram C.V.S. Hypertension in ethnic subgoups. Swales J.D. Textbook of Hypertension. 1994;811-828 Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Boston.
149. Karl M., Lamberts S.W., Detera-Wadleigh S.D., Encio I.J., Stratakis C.A., Hurley D.M., Accili D., Chrousos G.P. Familial glucocorticoid resistance caused by a splice site deletion in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 76:1993;683-689.
150. Kater C.E., Biglieri E.G. Disorders of steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 23:1994;341-357.
151. Kato N., Sugiyama T., Nabika T., Morita H., Kurihara H., Yazaki Y., Yamori Y. Lack of association between the alpha-adducin locus and essential hypertension in the Japanese population. Hypertension. 31:1998;730-733.
152. Katz A.M. Selectivity and toxicity of antiarrhythmic drugs. molecular interactions with ion channels Am J Med. 104:1998;179-195.
153. Kaukonen K.M., Olkkola K.T., Neuvonen P.J. Fluconazole but not itraconazole decreases the metabolism of losartan to E-3174. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 53:1998;445-449.
154. Kawano Y., Fukiyama K., Takeya Y., Abe I., Omae T. Elevated plasma catecholamines without alteration in cardiovascular responsiveness in young men with borderline hypertension. Am Heart J. 104:1982;1351-1356.
155. Keating M.T., Sanguinetti M.C. Molecular genetic insights into cardiovascular disease. Science. 272:1996;681-685.
156. Kellermann G., Shaw C.R. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and smoking. N Engl J Med. 290:1974;411.
157. Kelly J.G., O'Malley K. Clinical pharmacokinetics of calcium antagonists. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 22:1992;416-433.
158. Kendall M., Louis W.J., McAinsh H. Pharmacokinetics. Cruickshank J.M., Princhard B.N.C. Beta Blockers in Clinical Practice. 1988;177-273 Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
159. Kharasch E.D., Thummel K.E. Identification of cytochrome P450 2E1 as the predominant enzyme catalyzing human liver microsomal defluorination of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and methoxyflurane. Anesthesiology. 79:1993;795-807.
160. Kharasch E.D., Hankins D., Mautz D., Thummel K.E. Identification of the enzyme responsible for oxidative halothane metabolism. implications for prevention of halothane hepatitis Lancet. 347:1996;1367-1371.
161. Kim R.B., Yamazaki H., Chiba K., O'Shea D., Mimura M., Guengerich F.P., Ishizaki T., Shimada T., Wilkinson G.R. In vivo and in vitro characterization of CYP2E1 activity in Japanese and Caucasians. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 279:1996;4-11.
162. Kirsten R., Nelson K., Kirsten D., Heintz B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part I. Clin Pharmacokinet. 34:1998;457-482. a.
163. Kirsten R., Nelson K., Kirsten D., Heintz B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part II. Clin Pharmacokinet. 35:1998;9-36. b.
164. Kitchiner D., Jackson M., Walsh K., Peart I., Arnold R. Prognosis of supravalve aortic stenosis in 81 patients in Liverpool (1960-1993). Heart. 75:1996;396-402.
165. Knodell R.G., Browne D.G., Gwozdz G.P., Brian W.R., Guengerich F.P. Differential inhibition of individual human liver cytochromes P-450 by cimetidine. Gastroenterology. 101:1991;1680-1691.
166. Kobayashi K., Nakajima M., Chiba K., Yamamoto T., Tani M., Ishizaki T., Kuroiwa Y. Inhibitory effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on phenacetin O-deethylation catalysed by human CYP1A2. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 45:1998;361-368.
167. Kolars J.C., Awni W.M., Merion R.M., Watkins P.B. First-pass metabolism of cyclosporin by the gut. Lancet. 338:1991;1488-1490.
168. Kolars J.C., Schmiedlin-Ren P., Schuetz J.D., Fang C., Watkins P.B. Identification of rifampin-inducible P450IIIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;1871-1878.
169. Kowey P.R. Pharmacological effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. Review and update. Arch Intern Med. 158:1998;325-332.
170. Kroemer, H. K., Gautier, J. C., Beaune, P., Henderson, C., Wolf, C. R., & Eichelbaum, M. (1993). Identification of P450 enzymes involved in metabolism of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 348, 332-327.
171. Kubota T., Chiba K., Ishizaki T. Genotyping of S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation in an extended Japanese population. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 60:1996;661-666.
172. Kuchel O., Buu N.T., Fontaine A., Hamet P., Beroniade V., Larochelle P., Genest J. Free and conjugated plasma catecholamines in hypertensive patients with and without pheochromocytoma. Hypertension. 2:1980;177-186.
173. Küpfer A., Preisig R. Pharmacogenetics of mephenytoin. a new drug
174. Küpfer A., Desmond P.V., Schenker S., Branch R.A. Stereoselective metabolism and disposition of the enantiomers of mephenytoin during chronic oral administration of the racemic drug in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 221:1982;590-597.
175. Lander E.S., Schork N.J. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science. 265:1994;2037-2048.
176. Lee J.T., Kroemer H.K., Silberstein D.J., Funck-Brentano C., Lineberry M.D., Wood A.J., Roden D.M., Woosley R.L. The role of genetically determined polymorphic drug metabolism in the beta-blockade produced by propafenone. N Engl J Med. 322:1990;1764-1768.
177. Lee K.L., Jim M.H., Tang S.C., Tai Y.T. QT prolongation and torsades de pointes associated with clarithromycin. Am J Med. 104:1998;395-396.
178. Le Marchand L., Sivaraman L., Pierce L., Seifried A., Lum A., Wilkens L.R., Lau A.F. Associations of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms with lung cancer suggest cell type specificities to tobacco carcinogens. Cancer Res. 58:1998;4858-4863.
179. Lennard L. The clinical pharmacology of 6-mercaptopurine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 43:1992;329-339.
180. Lennard M.S. The polymorphic oxidation of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Pharmacol Ther. 41:1989;461-477.
181. Lennard M.S., Tucker G.T., Silas J.H., Freestone S., Ramsay L.E., Woods H.F. Differential stereoselective metabolism of metoprolol in extensive and poor debrisoquin metabolizers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 34:1983;732-737.
182. Lennernäs H., Fager G. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Similarities and differences. Clin Pharmacokinet. 32:1997;403-425.
183. Levine G.N., Keaney J.F. Jr., Vita J.A. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med. 332:1995;512-521.
184. Lewis R.V., Lennard M.S., Jackson P.R., Tucker G.T., Ramsay L.E., Woods H.F. Timolol and atenolol. relationships between oxidation phenotype, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics J Clin Pharmacol. 19:1985;329-333.
185. Liddle G.W., Bledsoe T., Coppage W.S. A familial renal disorder simulating primary aldosteronism but with negligible aldosterone secretion. Trans Assoc Am Phys. 76:1963;199-213.
186. Lieber C.S. Cytochrome P-4502E1. its physiological and pathological role Physiol Rev. 77:1997;517-544.
187. Lifton R.P. Molecular genetics of human blood pressure variation. Science. 272:1996;676-680.
188. Lifton R.P., Dluhy R.G., Powers M., Rich G.M., Cook S., Ulick S., Lalouel J.M. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 355:1992;262-265.
189. Lin J.H., Lu A.Y.H. Inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 and the clinical implication. Clin Pharmacokinet. 35:1998;361-391.
190. London S.J., Idle J.R., Daly A.K., Coetzee G.A. Genetic variation of CYP2A6, smoking, and risk of cancer. Lancet. 353:1999;898-899.
191. Lown K.S., Kolars J.C., Thummel K.E., Barnett J.L., Kunze K.L., Wrighton S.A., Watkins P.B. Interpatient heterogeneity in expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in small bowel. Lack of prediction by the erythromycin breath test. Drug Metab Dispos. 22:1994;947-955.
192. Mahgoub A., Idle J.R., Dring L.G., Lancaster R., Smith R.L. Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine in man. Lancet ii. 584-586:1977.
193. Mamiya K., Ieiri I., Miyahara S., Imai J., Furuumi H., Fukumaki Y., Ninomiya H., Tashiro N., Yamada H., Higuchi S. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and 2C18 genes in Japanese epileptic patients. Pharmacogenetics. 8:1998;87-90.
194. Mancy A., Broto P., Dijols S., Dansette P.M., Mansuy D. The substrate binding site of human liver cytochrome P450 2C9. an approach using designed tienilic acid derivatives and molecular modeling Biochemistry. 34:1995;10365-10375.
195. Mansfield T.A., Simon D.B., Farfel Z., Bia M., Tucci J.R., Lebel M., Gutkin M., Vialettes B., Christofilis M.A., Kauppinen-Makelin R., Mayan H., Risch N., Lifton R.P. Multilocus linkage of familial hyperkalaemia and hypertension, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, to chromosomes 1q31-42 and 17p11-q21. Nat Genet. 16:1997;202-205.
196. Manunta P., Cusi D., Barlassina C., Righetti M., Lanzani C., D'Amico M., Buzzi L., Citterio L., Stella P., Rivera R., Bianchi G. Alpha-adducin polymorphisms and renal sodium handling in essential hypertensive patients. Kidney Int. 53:1998;1471-1478.
197. Marez D., Legrand M., Sabbagh N., Guidice J.M., Spire C., Lafitte J.J., Meyer U.A., Broly F. Polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene in a European population. characterization of 48 mutations and 53 alleles, their frequencies and evolution Pharmacogenetics. 7:1997;193-202.
198. Marin-Garcia J., Goldenthal M.J. Mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. molecular and biochemical analysis Pediatr Cardiol. 18:1997;251-260.
199. Marshall A. Laying the foundations for personalized medicines. Nat Biotechnol. 15:1997;954-957. a.
200. Marshall A. Getting the right drug into the right patient. Nat Biotechnol. 15:1997;1249-1252. b.
201. Marshall A., Hodgson J. DNA chips. an array of possibilities Nat Biotechnol. 16:1998;27-31.
202. Marshall M.E., Mohler J.L., Edmonds K., Williams B., Butler K., Ryles M., Weiss L., Urban D., Bueschen A., Markiewicz M., Cloud G. An updated review of the clinical development of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) and 7-hydroxycoumarin. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 120(suppl.):1994;39-42.
203. Maurice M., Pichard L., Daujat M., Fabre I., Joyeux H., Domergue J., Maurel P. Effects of imidazole derivatives on cytochromes P450 from human hepatocytes in primary culture. FASEB J. 6:1992;752-758.
204. May D.G. Genetic differences in drug disposition. J Clin Pharmacol. 34:1994;881-897.
205. McAlister F.A., Teo K.K. Antiarrhythmic therapies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Drugs. 54:1997;235-252.
206. Meadowcroft A.M., Williamson K.M., Patterson J.H., Pieper J.A. Pharmacogenetics and heart failure. a convergence with carvedilol Pharmacotherapy. 17:1997;637-639.
207. Mercure C., Thibault G., Lussier-Cacan S., Davignon J., Schiffrin E.L., Reudelhuber T.L. Molecular analysis of human prorenin prosegment variants in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;16355-16359.
208. Messina E.S., Tyndale R.F., Sellers E.M. A major role for CYP2A6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 282:1997;1608-1614.
209. Meyer U.A., Zanger U.M. Molecular mechanisms of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 37:1997;269-296.
210. Miller M.S., McCarver D.G., Bell D.A., Eaton D.L., Goldstein J.A. Genetic polymorphisms in human drug metabolic enzymes. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 40:1997;1-14.
211. Miners J.O., Birkett D.J. Cytochrome P4502C9. an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism Br J Clin Pharmacol. 45:1998;525-538.
212. Miners J.O., Mackenzie P.I. Drug glucuronidation in humans. Pharmacol Ther. 51:1991;347-369.
213. Miners J.O., Rees D.L., Valente L., Veronese M.E., Birkett D.J. Human hepatic cytochrome P450 2C9 catalyzes the rate-limiting pathway of torsemide metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 272:1995;1076-1081.
214. Mörike K., Magadum S., Mettang T., Griese E.U., Machleidt C., Kuhlmann U. Propafenone in a usual dose produces severe side-effects. the impact of genetically determined metabolic status on drug therapy J Intern Med. 238:1995;469-472.
215. Mount D.B., Delpire E., Gamba G., Hall A.E., Poch E., Hoover R.S., Hebert S.C. The electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters. J Exp Biol. 201:1998;2091-2102.
216. Mullins M.E., Horowitz B.Z., Linden D.H., Smith G.W., Norton R.L., Stump J. Life-threatening interaction of mibefradil and beta-blockers with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. JAMA. 280:1998;157-158.
217. Mune T., Rogerson F.M., Nikkila H., Agarwal A.K., White P.C. Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nat Genet. 10:1995;394-399.
218. Nair L.A., Grant A.O. Emerging class III antiarrhythmic agents. mechanism of action and proarrhythmic potential Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 11:1997;149-167.
219. Nakajima M., Yokoi T., Mizutani M., Shin S., Kadlubar F.F., Kamataki T. Phenotyping of CYP1A2 in Japanese population by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. absence of mutation prescribing the phenotype in the CYP1A2 gene Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 3:1994;413-421.
220. Nakajima M., Yamamoto T., Nunoya K., Yokoi T., Nagashima K., Inoue K., Funae Y., Shimada N., Kamataki T., Kuroiwa Y. Role of human cytochrome P4502A6 in C-oxidation of nicotine. Drug Metab Dispos. 24:1996;1212-1217. a.
221. Nakajima M., Yamamoto T., Nunoya K., Yokoi T., Nagashima K., Inoue K., Funae Y., Shimada N., Kamataki T., Kuroiwa Y. Characterization of CYP2A6 involved in 3′-hydroxylation of cotinine in human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 277:1996;1010-1015. b.
222. Nakajima M., Kobayashi K., Shimada N., Tokudome S., Yamamoto T., Kuroiwa Y. Involvement of CYP1A2 in mexiletine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 46:1998;55-62.
223. Nasu K., Kubota T., Ishizaki T. Genetic analysis of CYP2C9 polymorphism in a Japanese population. Pharmacogenetics. 7:1997;405-409.
224. Nattel S., Hadjis T., Talajic M. The treatment of atrial fibrillation. An evaluation of drug therapy, electrical modalities and therapeutic considerations. Drugs. 48:1994;345-371.
225. Nelson D.R., Kamataki T., Waxman D.J., Guengerich F.P., Estabrook R.W., Feyereisen R., Gonzalez F.J., Coon M.J., Gunsalus I.C., Gotoh O., Okuda K., Nebert D.W. The P450 superfamily. update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes, and nomenclature DNA Cell Biol. 12:1993;1-51.
226. Niu T., Xu X., Rogus J., Zhou Y., Chen C., Yang J., Fang Z., Schmitz C., Zhao J., Rao V.S., Lindpaintner K. Angiotensinogen gene and hypertension in Chinese. J Clin Invest. 101:1998;188-194.
227. Noll G., Lüscher T.F. Comparative pharmacological properties among calcium channel blockers. T-channel versus L-channel blockade Cardiology. 89(suppl. 1):1998;10-15.
228. Nygård O., Nordrehaug J.E., Refsum H., Ueland P.M., Farstad M., Vollset S.E. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 337:1997;230-236.
229. O'Byrne S., Caulfield M. Genetics of hypertension. Therapeutic implications. Drugs. 56:1998;203-214.
230. Odani A., Hashimoto Y., Otsuki Y., Uwai Y., Hattori H., Furusho K., Inui K. Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 62:1997;287-292.
231. O'Donnell C.J., Lindpaintner K., Larson M.G., Rao V.S., Ordovas J.M., Schaefer E.J., Myers R.H., Levy D. Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 97:1998;1766-1772.
232. Oesch-Bartlomowicz B., Padma P.R., Becker R., Richter B., Hengstler J.G., Freeman J.E., Wolf C.R., Oesch F. Differential modulation of CYP2E1 activity by cAMP-dependent protein kinase upon Ser129 replacement. Exp Cell Res. 242:1998;294-302.
233. Ortiz-Lopez R., Li H., Su J., Goytia V., Towbin J.A. Evidence for a dystrophin missense mutation as a cause of X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 95:1997;2434-2440.
234. Oscarson M., McLellan R.A., Gullsten H., Yue Q.Y., Lang M.A., Bernal M.L., Sinues B., Hirvonen A., Raunio H., Pelkonen O., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Characterisation and PCR-based detection of a CYP2A6 gene deletion found at a high frequency in a Chinese population. FEBS Lett. 448:1999;105-110.
235. Packer M., Colucci W.S., Sackner-Bernstein J.D., Liang C.S., Goldscher D.A., Freeman I., Kukin M.L., Kinhal V., Udelson J.E., Klapholz M., Gottlieb S.S., Pearle D., Cody R.J., Gregory J.J., Kantrowitz N.E., LeJemtel T.H., Young S.T., Lukas M.A., Shusterman N.H. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise. Circulation. 94:1996;2793-2799.
236. Park B.K., Pirmohamed M., Kitteringham N.R. The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in hepatic and extrahepatic human drug toxicity. Pharmacol Ther. 68:1995;385-424.
237. Parkinson A. An overview of current cytochrome P450 technology for assessing the safety and efficacy of new materials. Toxicol Pathol. 24:1996;48-57.
238. Parving H.H., Jacobsen P., Tarnow L., Rossing P., Lecerf L., Poirier O., Cambien F. Effect of deletion polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene on progression of diabetic nephropathy during inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. observational follow up study Br Med J. 313:1996;591-594.
239. Pascoe L., Curnow K.M., Slutsker L., Connell J.M., Speiser P.W., New M.I., White P.C. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism results from hybrid genes created by unequal crossovers between CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;8327-8331.
240. Pauciullo P., Mancini M. Treatment challenge in hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 12:1998;325-337.
241. Paul M., Wagner J., Dzau V.J. Gene expression of the renin-angiotensin system in human tissues. Quantitative analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;2058-2064.
242. Payne R.M., Johnson M.C., Grant J.W., Strauss A.W. Toward a molecular understanding of congenital heart disease. Circulation. 91:1995;494-504.
243. Pelkonen O., Raunio H. Metabolic activation of toxins. tissue-specific expression and metabolism in target organs Environ Health Perspect. 105(suppl. 4):1997;767-774.
244. Penno G., Chaturvedi N., Talmud P.J., Cotroneo P., Manto A., Nannipieri M., Luong L.A., Fuller J.H. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism on progression of renal disease and the influence of ACE inhibition in IDDM patients. findings from the EUCLID Randomized Controlled Trial. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in IDDM Diabetes. 47:1998;1507-1511.
245. Perry H.M. Jr., Tan E.M., Carmody S., Sakamoto A. Relationship of acetyl-transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine. J Lab Clin Med. 76:1970;114-125.
246. Pianezza M.L., Sellers E.M., Tyndale R.F. Nicotine metabolism defect reduces smoking. Nature. 393:1996;750.
247. Pierce D.M., Smith S.E., Franklin R.A. The pharmacokinetics of indoramin and 6-hydroxyindoramin in poor and extensive hydroxylators of debrisoquine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 33:1987;59-65.
248. Pirmohamed M., Madden S., Park B.K. Idiosyncratic drug reactions. Metabolic bioactivation as a pathogenic mechanism. Clin Pharmacokinet. 31:1996;215-230.
249. Priori S.G., Napolitano C., Paganini V., Cantu F., Schwartz P.J. Molecular biology of the long QT syndrome. impact on management PACE. 20:1997;2052-2057.
250. Propping P., Nöthen M.M. Genetic variation of CNS receptors. a new perspective for pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenetics. 5:1995;318-325.
251. Rasmussen B.B., Nielsen T.L., Brosen K. Fluvoxamine inhibits the CYP2C19-catalysed metabolism of proguanil in vitro. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 54:1998;735-740.
252. Ray D.C., Drummond G.B. Halothane hepatitis. Br J Anaesth. 67:1991;84-99.
253. Rebbeck T.R., Jaffe J.M., Walker A.H., Wein A.J., Malkowicz S.B. Modification of clinical presentation of prostate tumors by a novel genetic variant in CYP3A4. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90:1998;1225-1229.
254. Reilly D.K., Rivera-Calimlim L., Van Dyke D. Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity. a determinant of levodopa response Clin Pharmacol Ther. 28:1980;278-286.
255. Ribichini F., Steffenino G., Dellavalle A., Matullo G., Colajanni E., Camilla T., Vado A., Benetton G., Uslenghi E., Piazza A. Plasma activity and insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin I-converting enzyme. a major risk factor and a marker of risk for coronary stent restenosis Circulation. 97:1998;147-154.
256. Risch N., Merikangas K. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 273:1996;1516-1517.
257. Roden D.M., Lazzara R., Rosen M., Schwartz P.J., Towbin J., Vincent G.M. Multiple mechanisms in the long-QT syndrome. Current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. The SADS Foundation Task Force on LQTS. Circulation. 94:1996;1996-2012.
258. Rodrigues A.D. Measurement of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 activity using [O-methyl-14C] dextromethorphan as substrate. Methods Enzymol. 272:1996;186-195.
259. Ross R. Cell biology of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Physiol. 57:1995;791-804.
260. Ross R. Atherosclerosis. an inflammatory disease N Engl J Med. 340:1999;115-126.
261. Rosskopf D., Dusing R., Siffert W. Membrane sodium-proton exchange and primary hypertension. Hypertension. 21:1993;607-617.
262. Rubenfire M., Coletti A.T., Mosca L. Treatment strategies for management of serum lipids. lessons learned from lipid metabolism, recent clinical trials, and experience with the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 41:1998;95-116.
263. Ruffolo R.R. Jr., Feuerstein G.Z. Pharmacology of carvedilol. rationale for use in hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 11(suppl. 1):1997;247-256.
264. Sadler J.E. Thrombomodulin structure and function. Thromb Haemost. 78:1997;392-395.
265. Sanguinetti M.C., Curran M.E., Spector P.S., Keating M.T. Spectrum of HERG K+-channel dysfunction in an inherited cardiac arrhythmia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;2208-2212.
266. Sasaki M., Oki T., Iuchi A., Tabata T., Yamada H., Manabe K., Fukuda K., Abe M., Ito S. Relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the effects of enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension. M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies J Hypertens. 14:1996;1403-1408.
267. Sato N., Katsuya T., Rakugi H., Takami S., Nakata Y., Miki T., Higaki J., Ogihara T. Association of variants in critical core promoter element of angiotensinogen gene with increased risk of essential hypertension in Japanese. Hypertension. 30:1997;321-325.
268. Scheinman S.J., Guay-Woodford L.M., Thakker R.V., Warnock D.G. Genetic disorders of renal electrolyte transport. N Engl J Med. 340:1999;1177-1187.
269. Schiffrin E.L. Endothelin in hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol. 10:1995;485-494.
270. Schuetz J.D., Beach D.L., Guzelian P.S. Selective expression of cytochrome P450 CYP3A mRNAs in embryonic and adult human liver. Pharmacogenetics. 4:1994;11-20.
271. Schunkert H., Hense H.W., Holmer S.R., Stender M., Perz S., Keil U., Lorell B.H., Riegger G.A. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 330:1994;1634-1638.
272. Schunkert H., Hense H.W., Gimenez-Roqueplo A.P., Stieber J., Keil U., Riegger G.A., Jeunemaitre X. The angiotensinogen T235 variant and the use of antihypertensive drugs in a population-based cohort. Hypertension. 29:1997;628-633.
273. Schwartz P.J., Priori S.G., Locati E.H., Napolitano C., Cantu F., Towbin J.A., Keating M.T., Hammoude H., Brown A.M., Chen L.S. Long QT syndrome patients with mutations of the SCN5A and HERG genes have differential responses to Na+ channel blockade and to increases in heart rate. Implications for gene-specific therapy. Circulation. 92:1995;3381-3386.
274. Schwarze U., Goldstein J.A., Byers P.H. Splicing defects in the COL3A1 gene. marked preference for 5′ (donor) spice-site mutations in patients with exon-skipping mutations and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV Am J Hum Genet. 61:1997;1276-1286.
275. Seggewiss H., Gleichmann U., Faber L., Fassbender D., Schmidt H.K., Strick S. Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. acute results and 3-month follow-up in 25 patients J Am Coll Cardiol. 31:1998;252-258.
276. Setiabudy R., Kusaka M., Chiba K., Darmansjah I., Ishizaki T. Dapsone N-acetylation, metoprolol α-hydroxylation, and S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation polymorphisms in an Indonesian population. a cocktail and extended phenotyping assessment trial Clin Pharmacol Ther. 56:1994;142-153.
277. Shimada T., Yamazaki H., Mimura M., Inui Y., Guengerich F.P. Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals. studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 270:1994;414-423.
278. Shimkets R.A., Warnock D.G., Bositis C.M., Nelson-Williams C., Hansson J.H., Schambelan M., Gill J.R. Jr., Ulick S., Milora R.V., Findling J.W., Canessa C.M., Rossier B.C., Lifton R.P. Liddle's syndrome. heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel Cell. 79:1994;407-414.
279. Shimkets R.A., Lifton R.P., Canessa C.M. The activity of the epithelial sodium channel is regulated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;25537-25541.
280. Siddoway L.A., Thompson K.A., McAllister C.B., Wang T., Wilkinson G.R., Roden D.M., Woosley R.L. Polymorphism of propafenone metabolism and disposition in man. clinical and pharmacokinetic consequences Circulation. 75:1987;785-789.
281. Siffert W., Rosskopf D., Siffert G., Busch S., Moritz A., Erbel R., Sharma A.M., Ritz E., Wichmann H.E., Jakobs K.H., Horsthemke B. Association of a human G protein beta3 subunit variant with hypertension. Nat Genet. 18:1998;45-48.
282. Simon D.B., Nelson-Williams C., Bia M.J., Ellison D., Karet F.E., Molina A.M., Vaara I., Iwata F., Cushner H.M., Koolen M., Gainza F.J., Gitleman H.J., Lifton R.P. Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. Nat Genet. 12:1996;24-30.
283. Singer D.R., Missouris C.G., Jeffery S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. What to do about all the confusion. Circulation. 94:1996;236-239.
284. Singh S.N., Fletcher R.D., Fisher S.G., Singh B.N., Lewis H.D., Deedwania P.C., Massie B.M., Colling C., Lazzeri D. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 333:1995;77-82.
285. Smith D.A., Ackland M.J., Jones B.C. Properties of cytochrome P450 isozymes and their substrates. Part 1. active site characteristics Drug Discov Today. 2:1997;406-414. a.
286. Smith D.A., Ackland M.J., Jones B.C. Properties of cytochrome P450 isozymes and their substrates. Part 2. properties of cytochrome P450 substrates Drug Discov Today. 2:1997;479-486. b.
287. Smith R.L. Polymorphic metabolism of the beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs and its clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 28(suppl.):1985;77-84.
288. Smits J.F., Passier R.C., Daemen M.J. Should we aim at tissue renin-angiotensin systems? Pharm World Sci. 20:1998;93-99.
289. Sohn D.R., Shin S.G., Park C.W., Kusaka M., Chiba K., Ishizaki T. Metoprolol oxidation polymorphism in a Korean population. comparison with native Japanese and Chinese populations Br J Clin Pharmacol. 32:1991;504-507.
290. Sohn D.R., Kusaka M., Ishizaki T., Shin S.G., Jang I.J., Shin J.G., Chiba K. Incidence of S-mephenytoin hydroxylation deficiency in a Korean population and the interphenotypic differences in diazepam pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 52:1992;160-169.
291. Soons P.A., Vogels B.A., Roosemalen M.C., Schoemaker H.C., Uchida E., Edgar B., Lundahl J., Cohen A.F., Breimer D.D. Grapefruit juice and cimetidine inhibit stereoselective metabolism of nitrendipine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 50:1991;394-403.
292. Soubrier F. Blood pressure gene at the angiotensin I-converting enzyme locus. chronicle of a gene foretold Circulation. 97:1998;1763-1765.
293. Spielberg S.P. N-acetyltransferases. pharmacogenetics and clinical consequences of polymorphic drug metabolism J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 24:1996;509-519.
294. Spirito P., Seidman C.E., McKenna W.J., Maron B.J. The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 336:1997;775-785.
295. Splawski I., Timothy K.W., Vincent G.M., Atkinson D.L., Keating M.T. Molecular basis of the long-QT syndrome associated with deafness. N Engl J Med. 336:1997;1562-1567.
296. Stearns R.A., Chakravarty P.K., Chen R., Chiu S.H. Biotransformation of losartan to its active carboxylic acid metabolite in human liver microsomes. Role of cytochrome P4502C and 3A subfamily members. Drug Metab Dispos. 23:1995;207-215.
297. Stephens E.A., Taylor J.A., Kaplan N., Yang C.H., Hsieh L.L., Lucier G.W., Bell D.A. Ethnic variation in the CYP2E1 gene. polymorphism analysis of 695 African-Americans, European-Americans and Taiwanese Pharmacogenetics. 4:1994;185-192.
298. Stewart P.M., Wallace A.M., Valentino R., Burt D., Shackleton C.H., Edwards C.R. Mineralocorticoid activity of liquorice. 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency comes of age Lancet ii. 821-824:1987.
299. Stewart P.M., Krozowski Z.S., Gupta A., Milford D.V., Howie A.J., Sheppard M.C., Whorwood C.B. Hypertension in the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to mutation of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene. Lancet. 347:1996;88-91.
300. Strautnieks S.S., Thompson R.J., Hanukoglu A., Dillon M.J., Hanukoglu I., Kuhnle U., Seckl J., Gardiner R.M., Chung E. Localisation of pseudohypoaldosteronism genes to chromosome 16p12.2-13.11 and 12p13.1-pter by homozygosity mapping. Hum Mol Genet. 5:1996;293-299.
301. Stubbins M.J., Harries L.W., Smith G., Tarbit M.H., Wolf C.R. Genetic analysis of the human cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 locus. Pharmacogenetics. 6:1996;429-439.
302. Suessbrich H., Schonherr R., Heinemann S.H., Attali B., Lang F., Busch A.E. The inhibitory effect of the antipsychotic drug haloperidol on HERG potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 120:1997;968-974.
303. Sullivan-Klose T.H., Ghanayem B.I., Bell D.A., Zhang Z.Y., Kaminsky L.S., Shenfield G.M., Miners J.O., Birkett D.J., Goldstein J.A. The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics. 6:1996;341-349.
304. Sutherland D.J., Ruse J.L., Laidlaw J.C. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J. 95:1966;1109-1119.
305. Sutton D., Butler A.M., Nadin L., Murray M. Role of CYP3A4 in human hepatic diltiazem N-demethylation. inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by oxidized diltiazem J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 282:1997;294-300.
306. Svetkey L.P., Timmons P.Z., Emovon O., Anderson N.B., Preis L., Chen Y.T. Association of hypertension with beta2- and alpha2c10-adrenergic receptor genotype. Hypertension. 27:1996;1210-1215.
307. Svetkey L.P., Chen Y.T., McKeown S.P., Preis L., Wilson A.F. Preliminary evidence of linkage of salt sensitivity in black Americans at the beta 2-adrenergic receptor locus. Hypertension. 29:1997;918-922.
308. Szombathy T., Szalai C., Katalin B., Palicz T., Romics L., Csaszar A. Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor polymorphism with resistant essential hypertension. Clin Chim Acta. 269:1998;91-100.
309. Taglialatela M., Castaldo P., Pannaccione A., Giorgio G., Annunziato L. Human ether-a-gogo related gene (HERG) K+ channels as pharmacological targets. present and future implications Biochem Pharmacol. 55:1998;1741-1746.
310. Taioli E., Ford J., Trachman J., Li Y., Demopoulos R., Garte S. Lung cancer risk and CYP1A1 genotype in African Americans. Carcinogenesis. 19:1998;813-817.
311. Takahashi H., Kashima T., Nomizo Y., Muramoto N., Shimizu T., Nasu K., Kubota T., Kimura S., Echizen H. Metabolism of warfarin enantiomers in Japanese patients with heart disease having different CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 63:1998;519-528. a.
312. Takahashi H., Kashima T., Nomoto S., Iwade K., Tainaka H., Shimizu T., Nomizo Y., Muramoto N., Kimura S., Echizen H. Comparisons between in-vitro and in-vivo metabolism of (S)-warfarin. catalytic activities of cDNA-expressed CYP2C9, its Leu359 variant and their mixture versus unbound clearance in patients with the corresponding CYP2C9 genotypes Pharmacogenetics. 8:1998;365-373. b.
313. Tamaki S., Iwai N., Tsujita Y., Nakamura Y., Kinoshita M. Polymorphism of alpha-adducin in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 21:1998;29-32.
314. Thorin E., Shreeve S.M. Heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Ther. 78:1998;155-166.
315. Thummel K.E., Wilkinson G.R. In vitro and in vivo drug interactions involving human CYP3A. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 38:1998;389-430.
316. Timmermann B., Mo R., Luft F.C., Gerdts E., Busjahn A., Omvik P., Li G.H., Schuster H., Wienker T.F., Hoehe M.R., Lund-Johansen P. Beta-2 adrenoceptor genetic variation is associated with genetic predisposition to essential hypertension. The Bergen Blood Pressure Study Kidney Int. 53:1998;1455-1460.
317. Timmermans P.B., Wong P.C., Chiu A.T., Herblin W.F., Benfield P., Carini D.J., Lee R.J., Wexler R.R., Saye J.A., Smith R.D. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev. 45:1993;205-251.
318. Transon C., Leemann T., Dayer P. In vitro comparative inhibition profiles of major human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 50:1996;209-215.
319. Ulick S., Levine L.S., Gunczler P., Zanconato G., Ramirez L.C., Rauh W., Rosler A., Bradlow H.L., New M.I. A syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess associated with defects in the peripheral metabolism of cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 49:1979;757-764.
320. Urata H., Boehm K.D., Philip A., Kinoshita A., Gabrovsek J., Bumpus F.M., Husain A. Cellular localization and regional distribution of an angiotensin II-forming chymase in the heart. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;1269-1281.
321. van der Kleij F.G., Schmidt A., Navis G.J., Haas M., Yilmaz N., de Jong P.E., Mayer G., de Zeeuw D. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and short-term renal response to ACE inhibition. role of sodium status Kidney Int. 63(suppl.):1997;23-26.
322. van Essen G.G., Rensma P.L., de Zeeuw D., Sluiter W.J., Scheffer H., Apperloo A.J., de Jong P.E. Association between angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and failure of renoprotective therapy. Lancet. 347:1996;94-95.
323. Van Gelder I.C., Brugemann J., Crijns H.J. Current treatment recommendations in antiarrhythmic therapy. Drugs. 55:1998;331-346.
324. van Zwieten P.A. Pharmacodynamic profile of carvedilol. Cardiology. 82(suppl. 3):1993;19-23.
325. Vatsis K.P., Weber W.W., Bell D.A., Dupret J.M., Evans D.A., Grant D.M., Hein D.W., Lin H.J., Meyer U.A., Relling M.V., Sim E., Suzuki T., Yamazoe Y. Nomenclature for N-acetyltransferases. Pharmacogenetics. 5:1995;1-17.
326. Veronese M.E., Mackenzie P.I., Doecke C.J., McManus M.E., Miners J.O., Birkett D.J. Tolbutamide and phenytoin hydroxylations by cDNA-expressed human liver cytochrome P4502C9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 175:1991;1112-1118.
327. Veronese M.E., Doecke C.J., Mackenzie P.I., McManus M.E., Miners J.O., Rees D.L., Gasser R., Meyer U.A., Birkett D.J. Site-directed mutation studies of human liver cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in the CYP2C subfamily. Biochem J. 289:1993;533-538.
328. Vesell E.S., Seaton T.D., A-Rahim Y.I. Studies on interindividual variations of CYP2E1 using chlorzoxazone as an in vivo probe. Pharmacogenetics. 5:1995;53-57.
329. Vincent G.M. The molecular genetics of the long QT syndrome. genes causing fainting and sudden death Annu Rev Med. 49:1998;263-274.
330. Vincent G.M., Timothy K.W., Leppert M., Keating M. The spectrum of symptoms and QT intervals in carriers of the gene for the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 327:1992;846-852.
331. Waldo A.L., Camm A.J., deRuyter H., Friedman P.L., MacNeil D.J., Pauls J.F., Pitt B., Pratt C.M., Schwartz P.J., Veltri E.P. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol. Lancet. 348:1996;7-12.
332. Wang S.L., Huang J., Lai M.D., Tsai J.J. Detection of CYP2C9 polymorphism based on the polymerase chain reaction in Chinese. Pharmacogenetics. 5:1995;37-42.
333. Watkins P.B. Drug metabolism by cytochromes P450 in the liver and small bowel. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 21:1992;511-526.
334. Watkins P.B. Noninvasive tests of CYP3A enzymes. Pharmacogenetics. 4:1994;171-184.
335. Webb D.J., Monge J.C., Rabelink T.J., Yanagisawa M. Endothelin. new discoveries and rapid progress in the clinic Trends Pharmacol Sci. 19:1998;5-8.
336. Weber W.W., Hein D.W. N-acetylation pharmacogenetics. Pharmacol Rev. 37:1985;25-79.
337. Weinberger M.H., Miller J.Z., Luft F.C., Grim C.E., Fineberg N.S. Definitions and characteristics of sodium sensitivity and blood pressure resistance. Hypertension. 8:1986;127-134.
338. Weinshilboum R. Methyltransferase pharmacogenetics. Pharmacol Ther. 43:1989;77-90.
339. Welker H.A., Wiltshire H., Bullingham R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mibefradil. Clin Pharmacokinet. 35:1998;405-423.
340. Wells P.S., Holbrook A.M., Crowther N.R., Hirsh J. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med. 121:1994;676-683.
341. West W.L., Knight E.M., Pradhan S., Hinds T.S. Interpatient variability. genetic predisposition and other genetic factors J Clin Pharmacol. 37:1997;635-648.
342. White P.C., Curnow K.M., Pascoe L. Disorders of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase isozymes. Endocr Rev. 15:1994;421-438.
343. Wigle E.D., Rakowski H., Kimball B.P., Williams W.G. Hypertrophic
344. Wijnands W.J., Vree T.B., van Herwaarden C.L. The influence of quinolone derivatives on theophylline clearance. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 22:1986;677-683.
345. Wilkinson G.R. Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) metabolism. prediction of in vivo activity in humans J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 24:1996;475-490.
346. Wilkinson G.R., Guengerich F.P., Branch R.A. Genetic polymorphism of S-mephenytoin hydroxylation. Pharmacol Ther. 43:1989;53-76.
347. Williamson K.M., Patterson J.H., McQueen R.H., Adams K.F. Jr., Pieper J.A. Effects of erythromycin or rifampin on losartan pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 63:1998;316-323.
348. Wilson R.C., Dave-Sharma S., Wei J.Q., Obeyesekere V.R., Li K., Ferrari P., Krozowski Z.S., Shackleton C.H., Bradlow L., Wiens T., New M.I. A genetic defect resulting in mild low-renin hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;10200-10205.
349. Wolkenstein P., Carriere V., Charue D., Bastuji-Garin S., Revuz J., Roujeau J.C., Beaune P., Bagot M. A slow acetylator genotype is a risk factor for sulphonamide-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Pharmacogenetics. 5:1995;255-258.
350. Woosley R.L. Cardiac actions of antihistamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 36:1996;233-252.
351. Woosley R.L., Drayer D.E., Reidenberg M.M., Nies A.S., Carr K., Oates J.A. Effect of acetylator phenotype on the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and the lupus syndrome. N Engl J Med. 298:1978;1157-1159.
352. Woosley R.L., Roden D.M., Dai G.H., Wang T., Altenbern D., Oates J., Wilkinson G.R. Co-inheritance of the polymorphic metabolism of encainide and debrisoquin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 39:1986;282-287.
353. Wrighton S.A., Stevens J.C. The human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in drug metabolism. Crit Rev Toxicol. 22:1992;1-21.
354. Wrighton S.A., Ring B.J., Watkins P.B., VandenBranden M. Identification of a polymorphically expressed member of the human cytochrome P-450III family. Mol Pharmacol. 36:1989;97-105.
355. Wrighton S.A., Stevens J.C., Becker G.W., VandenBranden M. Isolation and characterization of human liver cytochrome P450 2C19. correlation between 2C19 and S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation Arch Biochem Biophys. 306:1993;240-245.
356. Xiao Z.S., Goldstein J.A., Xie H.G., Blaisdell J., Wang W., Jiang C.H., Yan F.X., He N., Huang S.L., Xu Z.H., Zhou H.H. Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 281:1997;604-609.
357. Yoshimoto K., Echizen H., Chiba K., Tani M., Ishizaki T. Identification of human CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of propranolol enantiomers. N-desisopropylation is mediated mainly by CYP1A2 Br J Clin Pharmacol. 39:1995;421-431.
358. Yun C.H., Lee H.S., Lee H., Rho J.K., Jeong H.G., Guengerich F.P. Oxidation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan (DuP 753) in human liver microsomes. Role of cytochrome P4503A(4) in formation of the active metabolite EP3174. Drug Metab Dispos. 23:1995;285-289.
359. Zekorn C., Achtert G., Hausleiter H.J., Moon C.H., Eichelbaum M. Pharmacokinetics of N-propylajmaline in relation to polymorphic sparteine oxidation. Klin Wochenschr. 63:1985;1180-1186.
360. Zhou H.H., Wood A.J. Stereoselective disposition of carvedilol is determined by CYP2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 57:1995;518-524.