Acute circulatory failure subsequent to primary pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary embolism;Insuffisance circulatoire aigue par hypertension arterielle pulmonaire primitive ou secondaire a une embolie pulmonaire

Revue des Maladies Respiratoires

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 51-65

  Meyer, G ^a   Sanchez, O ^a  

^a Hopital Laennec   (France)

Author keywords

Anticoagulants; Prostacyclin; Pulmonary embolism; Pulmonary hypertension; Right ventricule

Indexed keywords

ALTEPLASE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; INOTROPIC AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTACYCLIN; STREPTOKINASE; UROKINASE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; ANTICOAGULATION; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CARDIOPULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG SCINTISCANNING; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT PLANNING; ACUTE DISEASE; AGED; ANGIOGRAPHY; ANIMAL; BLEEDING; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; EMBOLECTOMY; HEART LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; MIDDLE AGED; OXYGEN THERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SHOCK; TIME;

ACUTE DISEASE; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANGIOGRAPHY; ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EMBOLECTOMY; EPOPROSTENOL; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; HEMORRHAGE; HEPARIN; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; MIDDLE AGED; OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; SHOCK; TIME FACTORS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 0034096557     PISSN: 07618425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. MERCAT A, MEYER G : Embolie pulmonaire grave. In Richard C, Vincent JL. Insuffisance circulatoire aiguë. Paris : Arnette. 1994:313-29.
2. LAYISH DT, TAPSON VF : Pharmacologic hemodynamic support in massive pulmonary embolism. Chest 1997;111:218-24.
3. JARDIN F, DUBOURG O, GUÉRET P, DELORME G, BOURDARIAS JP : Quantitative two-dimensional echography in massive pulmonary embolism : emphasis on ventricular interdependance and leftward septal displacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:1201-6.
4. AZARIAN R, WARTSKI M, COLLIGNON MA, et coll. : Lung perfusion scans and hemodynamics in acute and chronic pulmonary embolism. J Nucl Med 1997;38:980-3.
5. MORPURGO M : Le cœur dans l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire. In Weitzenblum E, Denolin H. Hypertension artérielle pulmonaire. Paris : Masson, 1995:117-27.
6. WIEDEMANN HP, MATTHAY RA : The management of acute and chronic cor pulmonale. In Scharf SM, Cassidy SS. Heart-lung interactions in health and disease. New York : Marcel Dekker, 1991:915-82.
7. STEIN PD, TERRIN ML, HALES CA, PALEVSKY HI, SALTZMAN HA, THOMPSON BT, WEG JG : Clinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest 1991;100:598-603.
8. JARDIN F, DUBOURG O, BOURDARIAS JP : Echographic pattern of acute cor pulmonale. Chest 1997;111:209-17.
9. KASPER W, GEIBEL A, TIEDE N, et coll. : Distinguishing between acute and subacute massive pulmonary embolism by conventional and Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J 1993;70:352-6.
10. HUET Y, LEMAIRE F, BRUN-BUISSON C, et coll. : Hypoxemia in acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1985;88:829-34.
11. KASPER W, GEIBEL A, TIEDE N, JUST H : Patent foramen ovale in patients with haemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992;340:561-4.
12. BRENOT F : Primary pulmonary hypertension. Case series from France. Chest 1994;105:33S-6S.
13. MOLLOY WD, LEE KY, GIRLING L, SCHICK U, PREWITT RM : Treatment of shock in a canine model of pulmonary embolism. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:870-4.
14. MATHRU M, VENUS B, SMITH RA, et coll. : Treatment of low cardiac output complicating acute pulmonary hypertension in normovolemic goats. Crit Care Med 1986;14:120-4.
15. OZIER Y, DUBOURG O, FARCOT JC, et coll. : Circulatory failure in acute pulmonary embolism. Intensive Care Med 1984;10:91-7.
16. MERCAT A, DIEHL JL, MEYER G, TEBOUL JL, SORS H : Haemodynamic effects of fluid loading in acute pulmonary embolism. Crit Care Med 1999;27:540-4.
17. HIRSCH LJ, ROONEY MW, WATT SS, et coll. : Norepinephrine and Phenylephrine effects on right ventricular function in experimental canine pulmonary embolism. Chest 1991;100:796-801.
18. MOLLOY DW, LEE KY, JONES D, et coll. : Effects of noradrenalin and isoproterenol on cardiopulmonary function in a canine model of acute pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1985;88:432-5.
19. DUCAS J, STITZ M, GU S, SCHICK U, PREWITT RM : Pulmonary vascular pressure-flow characteristics : effects of dopamine before and after pulmonary embolism. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;148:307-12.
20. JARDIN F, GENEVRAY B, BRUN-NEY D, MARGAIRAZ A : Dobutamine : a hemodynamic evaluation in pulmonary embolism shock. Crit Care Med 1985;13:1009-13.
21. SILVERSTEIN MD, HEIT JA, MOHR DN, PETTERSON TM, O'FALLON WM, MELTON LJ : Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:585-93.
22. CARSON JL, KELLEY MA, DUFF A, et coll. : The clinical course of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1992;326: 1240-5.
23. ALPERT JS, SMITH R, CARLSON J, et coll. : Mortality in patients treated for pulmonary embolism. : JAMA 1976;236: 1477-80.
24. KASPER W, KONSTANTINIDES S, GEIBEL A, et coll. : Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism : results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1165-71.
25. GOLDHABER SZ, VISANI L, DE ROSA M : Acute pulmonary embolism : clinical outcomes in the international cooperative pulmonary embolism registry (ICOPER). Lancet 1999;353: 1386-9.
26. SIMONNEAU G, SORS H, CHARBONNIER B, et coll. : A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1997;337:663-9.
27. PERRIER A, BOUNAMEAUX H, MORABIA A, et coll. : Contribution of D-dimer plasma measurement and lower-limb venous ultrasound to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism : a decision analysis model. Am Heart J 1994;127:624-5.
28. HULL RD, RASKOB GE, CARTER JC, et coll. : Pulmonary embolism in outpatients with pleuritic chest pain. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:838-44.
29. PERRIER A, BOUNAMEAUX H, MORABIA A, et coll. : Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by a decision analysis-based strategy including clinical probability, D-dimer levels, and ultrasonography : a management study. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:531-6.
30. PERRIER A, DESMARAIS S, MIRON MJ, et coll. : Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet 1999;353:190-5.
31. TURNIER E, HILL JD, KERTH WJ, GERBODE F : Massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Surg 1973;125:611-21.
32. CLARKE DB, ABRAMS LD : Pulmonary embolectomy : a 25 year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;92:442-5.
33. MEYER G, GISSELBRECHT M, DIEHL JL, JOURNOIS D, SORS H : Incidence and predictors of major hemorrhagic complications from thrombolytic therapy in patients with massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 1998;105:472-7.
34. STEIN PD, ATHANASOULIS C, ALAVI A, et coll. : Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992;85:462-8.
35. MILLS SR, JACKSON DC, OLDER RA, HEASTON DK, MOORE AV : The incidence, aetiologies, and avoidance of complications of pulmonary angiography in a large series. Radiology 1980;136:295-9.
36. HUDSON ER, SMITH TP, MCDERMOTT VG, et coll. : Pulmonary angiography performed with iopamidol : complications in 1,434 patients. Radiology 1996;198:61-5.
37. Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial (UPET). Circulation 1973;47 (suppl II) :1-130.
38. MIKKOLA KM, PATEL SR, PARKER JA, GRODSTEIN F, GOLDHABER SZ : Increasing age is a major risk factor for hemorrhagic complications after pulmonary embolism thrombolysis. Am Heart J 1997;134:69-72.
39. VAN BEEK EJR, BAKKER AJ, REEKERS JA : Pulmonary embolism : interobserver agreement in the interpretation of conventional angiographic and DSA images in patients with non diagnostic lung scan results. Radiology 1996;198:721-4.
40. MUSSET D, ROSSO J, PETITPRETZ P, et coll. : Acute pulmonary embolism : diagnostic value of digital substraction angiography. Radiology 1998;166:455-9.
41. The PIOPED investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990;263:2753-9.
42. VAN BEEK EJR, KUYER PNM, SCHENK BE, BRANDJES DPM, TEN CATE JW, Büller HR : A normal perfusion lung scan in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest 1995;108:170-3.
43. HULL RD, RASKOB GE, PINEO GF, BRANT RF : The low-probability lung scan : a need for change in nomenclature. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1845-51.
44. MINIATI M, PISTOLESI M, MARINI C, et coll. : Value of perfusion lung scan in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism : results of the prospective investigative study of acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PISA-PED). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1387-93.
45. STEIN PD, TERRIN ML, GOTTSCHALK A, ALAVI A, HENRY JW : Value of ventilation/perfusion scans versus perfusion scans alone in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1239-41.
46. ACCP Consensus Committee on Pulmonary Embolism : Opinions regarding the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 1998;113:499-504.
47. BOUNAMEAUX H, DE MOERLOOSE P, PERRIER A, MIRON MJ : D-Dimer testing in suspected venous thromboembolism : an update. Q J Med 1997;90:437-42.
48. DE MOERLOOSE P, DESMARAIS S, BOUNAMEAUX H, et coll. : Contribution of a new, rapid, individual and quantitative automated D-dimer ELISA to exclude pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 1996;75:11-3.
49. MEYER G, FISCHER AM, COLLIGNON MA, et coll. : Diagnostic value of two rapid and individual D-dimer assays in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism : comparison with microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood Coag Fibrinol 1998;9:603-8.
50. REBER G, BOUNAMEAUX H, PERRIER A, DE MOERLOOSE P : Performances of the fibrin monomer test for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism in symptomatic outpatients. Thromb Haemost 1999;81:221-3.
51. KRIVEC B, VOGA G, ZURAN I, et coll. : Diagnosis and treatment of shock due to massive pulmonary embolism. Chest 1997;112:1310-6.
52. KASPER W, KONSTANTINIDES S, GEIBEL A, TIEDE N, KRAUSE T, JUST H : Prognostic significance of right ventricular afterload stress detected by echography in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Heart 1997; 77:346-9.
53. PERRIER A, TAMM C, UNGER PF, LERCH R, SZTAJZEL J : Diagnostic accuracy of doppler-echocardiography in unselected patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Int J Cardiol 1998;65:101-9.
54. WITTLICH N, ERBEL R, EICHLER A, et coll. : Detection of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with severe pulmonary embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992;5:515-4.
55. STEINER P, LUND GK, DEBATIN JF, et coll. : Acute pulmonary embolism : value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in comparison with helical CT. AJR 1996; 167:931-6.
56. PRUSZCZYK P, TORBICKI A, KUCH-WOCIAL A, CHLEBUS M, MISKIEWICZ ZC, JEDRUSIK P : Transoesophageal echocardiography for definitive diagnosis of haemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 1995;16:534-8.
57. TURKSTRA F, KUIJER PMM, VAN BEEK EJR, BRANDJES DPM, TEN CATE JW, BÜLLER HR : Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography of leg veins in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:775-81.
58. REMY-JARDIN M, REMY J, WATTINNE L, GIRAUD F : Central pulmonary thromboembolism : diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with the single-breath-hold technique. Comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology 1992;185:381-7.
59. BLUM AG, DELFAU F, GRIGNON B, et coll. : Spiral-computed tomography versus pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74:96-100.
60. GOODMAN LR, CURTIN JJ, MEWISSEN MW, et coll. : Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis : helical CT versus angiography. AJR 1995;164:1369-74.
61. REMY-JARDIN M, REMY J, DESCHILDRE F, et coll. : Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT : comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy. Radiology 1996;200:699-706.
62. VAN ROSSUM AB, PATTYNAMA PMT, TON ERTA, et coll. : Pulmonary embolism : validation of spiral CT angiography in 149 patients. Radiology 1996;201:467-70.
63. GRAG K, WELSH CH, FEYERABEND AJ, et coll. : Pulmonary embolism : diagnosis with spiral CT and ventilation-perfusion scanning-Correlation with pulmonary angiographic results or clinical outcome. Radiology 1998;208:201-8.
64. DRUCKER EA, RIVITZ SM, SHEPARD J-AO, et coll. : Acute pulmonary embolism : assessment of helical CT for diagnosis. Radiology 1998;209:235-41.
65. FERRETTI GR, BOSSON JL, BUFFAZ PD, et coll. : Acute pulmonary embolism : role of helical CT in 164 patients with intermediate probability at ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and normal results at duplex US of the legs. Radiology 1997;205:453-8.
66. PERRIER A, JUNOD A : Has the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism become easier to establish ? Resp Med 1995;89: 241-51.
67. Recommandations du Groupe d'Etudes sur l'Hémostase et la Thrombose (GEHT) sur l'utilisation des traitements antithrombotiques en pratique médicale courante. STV 1991;3 (Suppl) :1-28.
68. HYERS T, AGNELLI G, HULL RD, et coll. : Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 1998; 114:561S-78S.
69. KITCHEN S, PRESTON FE : The therapeutic range for heparin therapy : relationship between six activated partial thromboplastin time reagents and two heparin assays. Thromb Haemostas 1996;75:734-9.
70. KEARON C, JOHNSTON M, MOFFAT K, MCGINNIS J, GINSBERG JS : Effect of Warfarin on activated partial thromboplastin time in patients receiving heparin. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1140-3.
71. LEVINE MN, HIRSH J, GENT M, et coll. : A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assay in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:49-56.
72. CROWTHER MA, GINSBERG JB, KEARON C, HARRISON L, JOHNSON J, MASSICOTTE MP, HIRSH J : A randomized trial comparing 5-mg and 10-mg warfarin loading doses. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:46-8.
73. LEIZOROVICZ A : Comparison of the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of deep venous thrombosis. An updated meta-analysis. Drugs 1996;52 suppl 7:30-7.
74. SIRAGUSA S, COSMI B, PIOVELLA F, HIRSH J, GINSBERG JS : Low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism : results of a meta-analysis. Am J Med 1996;100:269-76.
75. THOMAS DP : Does low molecular weight heparin cause less bleeding ? Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1422-5.
76. THERY C, SIMONNEAU G, MEYER G, et coll. : A randomized trial of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin in the curative treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1992;85:1380-9.
77. MEYER G, BRÉNOT F, PACOURET G, et coll. : Subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin Fragmin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of acute non massive pulmonary embolism : an open randomised pilot study. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:1432-5.
78. The Columbus investigators : Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997;337:657-62.
79. DECOUSUS H, LEIZOROVICZ A, PARENT F, et coll. : A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:409-15.
80. DALLA-VOLTA S, PALLA A, SANTOLICANDRO AM, et coll. : PAIMS 2 : Alteplase combined with heparin versus heparin in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Plasminogen Activator Italian Multicenter Study 2. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:520-6.
81. TIBBUT DA, DAVIES JA, ANDERSON JA, et coll. : Comparison by controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in treatment of life-threatening pulmonary embolism. BMJ 1974;1:343-7.
82. STEIN PD, HULL RD, RASKOB G : Risks for major bleeding from thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:313-7.
83. KANTER DS, MIKKOLA KM, PATEL SR, PARKER JA, GOLDHABER SZ : Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and associated risk factors. Chest 1997;111:1241-5.
84. JERJES-SANCHEZ C, RAMIREZ-RIVERA A, de LOURDES-GARCIA M, et coll. : Streptokinase and heparin versus heparin alone in massive pulmonary embolism : a randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Thrombolys 1995;2:227-9.
85. LY B, ARNESEN H, EIE H, HOL R : A controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of major pulmonary embolism. Acta Med Scand 1978;203:465-70.
86. Pioped Investigators : Tissue plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1990;97:528-33.
87. LEVINE M, HIRSH J, WEITZ J, et coll. : randomized trial of a single bolus dosage regimen of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1990;98:1473-9.
88. GOLDHABER SZ, HAIRE WD, FELDSTEIN ML, et coll. : Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism : randomised trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion. Lancet 1993;341:507-11.
89. KONSTANTINIDES S, GEIBEL A, OLSCHEWSKI M, et coll. : Association between thrombolytic treatment and the prognosis of hemodynamically stable patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1997;96:882-8.
90. MEYER G, SORS H, CHARBONNIER B, et coll. : The effects of intravenous urokinase versus alteplase on total pulmonary resistance in acute massive pulmonary embolism. A European multicenter double-blind trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19: 239-45.
91. MENEVEAU N, SCHIELE F, METZ D, et coll. : Comparative efficacy of a two hour regimen of streptokinase versus alteplase in acute massive pulmonary embolism : immediate clinical and hemodynamic outcome and one-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1057-63.
92. SORS H, PACOURET G, AZARIAN R, et coll. : Hemodynamic effects of bolus versus two hour infusion of alteplase in acute massive pulmonary embolism. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Chest 1994;106:712-7.
93. MEYER G, TAMISIER D, SORS H, et coll. : Pulmonary embolectomy : a 20-year experience at one center. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:232-6.
94. GREENFIELD LJ, PROCTOR MC, WILLIAMS DM, WAKEFIELD TW : Long-term experience with transvenous catheter pulmonary embolectomy. J Vasc Surg 1993;18:450-8.
95. TIMSIT JF, REYNAUD P, MEYER G, SORS H : Pulmonary embolectomy by catheter device in massive pulmonary embolism. Chest 1991;100:655-8.
96. SCHMITZ-RODE T, JANSSENS U, SCHILD HH, BASCHE S, HANRATH P, GÜNTER RW : Fragmentation of massive pulmonary embolism using a pigtail rotation catheter. Chest 1998;114:1427-36.
97. BARRITT DW, JORDAN SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1960;1:1309-12.
98. GOLUEKE PJ, GARRETT WV, THOMPSON JE, SMITH BL, TALKINGTON CM : Interruption of the vena cava by means of the Greenfield filter : expanding the indications. Surgery 1988;103:111-7.
99. HOLMGREN K, ANDERSSON G, FAGRELL B, et coll. : One month versus six month therapy with oral anticoagulants after symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. Acta Med Scand 1985;218:279-84.
100. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society : Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1992;340:873-6.
101. LEVINE MN, HIRSH J, GENT M, et coll. : Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy : a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thomb Haemostas 1995; 74:606-11.
102. SCHULMAN S, RHEDIN AS, LINDMARKER P, et coll. : Comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1661-5.
103. PRANDONI P, LENSING AWA, COGO A, et coll. : The long-term clinical course of acute deep vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:1-7.
104. 506→Gln mutation in the gene for factor V (Factor V leiden). N Engl J Med 1997;336:399-403.
105. SCHULMAN S, GRANQVIST S, HOLMSTRÖM M, et coll. : The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997;336:393-8.
106. BOUNAMEAUX H, de MOERLOOSE P, SARASIN FP : Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy following deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs. Blood Coag Fibrinol 1996;7:507-14.
107. SARASIN F, BOUNAMEAUX H : Decision analysis model of prolonged oral anticoagulant treatment in factor V Leiden carriers with first episode of deep vein thrombosis. BMJ 1998;316:95-9.
108. RUBIN LJ : Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1997;336;111-7.
109. WAGENVOORT CA, WAGENVOORT N : Primary pulmonary hypertension. A pathologic study of the lung vessels in 156 clinically diagnosed cases. Circulation 1970;42:1163-84.
110. HASSEL KL : Altered hemostasis in pulmonary hypertension. Blood Coag Fibrinol 1998;9:107-17.
111. KARMOCHKINE M, CACOUB P, DORENT R, et coll. : High prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. J Rheumatol 1996;23:286-90.
112. FUSTER V, STEELE PM, EDWARDS WD, GERSH BJ, MCGOON MD, FRYE RL : Primary pulmonary hypertension : natural history and the importance of thrombosis. Circulation 1984; 70:580-7.
113. RICH S, KAUFMAN E, LEVY PS : The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1992;327:76-81.
114. SITBON O, HUMBERT M, JAGOT JL, et coll. : Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening agent to safely identify responders to oral calcium-channel blockers in primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 1998;12:265-70.
115. PEPKE-ZABA J, HIGENBOTTAM TW, DINH-XUAN AT, STONE D, WALLWORK J : Inhaled nitric oxide as a cause of selective pulmonary vasodilation in pulmonary hypertension. Lancet 1991;338:1173-4.
116. CHANNICK RN, NEWHART JW, JOHNSON FW, et coll. : Pulsed delivery of inhaled nitric oxide to patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. An ambulatory delivery system and initial clinical tests. Chest 1996;109:1545-9.
117. RUBIN LJ, GROVES BM, REEVES JT, FROSOLONO M, HANDEL F, CATO AE : Prostacyclin induced acute pulmonary vasodilation in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1982;66:334-8.
118. SITBON O, BRENOT F, DENJEAN A, et coll. : Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening vasodilator agent in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:384-9.
119. BARST RJ, RUBIN LJ, LONG WA, et coll. : A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996;334:296-301.
120. MC LAUGHLIN VV, GENTHNER DE, PANELLA MM, RICH S : Reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with long-term epoprostenol (Prostacyclin) therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:273-7.
121. MALIK AS, WARSHAFSKY S, LEHRMAN S : Meta-analysis of the long-term effect of nifedipine for pulmonary hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:621-5.
122. HUMBERT M, MAITRE S, CAPRON F, RAIN B, MUSSET D, Simonneau G : Pulmonary edema complicating continuous intravenous prostacyclin in pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1681-5.
123. DUFOUR B, MAITRE S, HUMBERT M, CAPRON F, SIMONNEAU G, MUSSET D : High-resolution CT of the chest in four patients with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis or pulmonary veinoocclusive disease. AJR 1998;171:1321-4.
124. ROZKOVEC A, MONTANES P, OAKLEY CM : Factors that influence the outcome of primary pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J 1986;55;449-58.
125. KERSTEIN D, LEVY PS, HSU DT, HORDOF AJ, GERSONY WM, BARST RJ : Blade balloon atrial septostomy in patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1995; 91:2028-35.
126. HOSENPUD JD, NOVICK RJ, BENNETT LE, KECK BM, FIOL B, DAILY OP : The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation : thirteenth official report. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996;15:655-74.