Kinship politics in post-war Philippines: The Lopez family, 1945-1989

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 181-221

  Roces, Mina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; KINSHIP; POST-WAR;

PHILIPPINES;

EID: 0034088993     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X00003668     Document Type: Article

References (231)

1. Joaquin 'Chino' Roces, 'A Call for New Moral Order', The Manila Chronicle, 27 July 1988, p. 3.
2. See Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987); Filemon Rodriguez, The Marcos Regime Rape of the Nation (Quezon City, 1986); Sterling Seagrave, The Marcos Dynasty (New York, 1988); Charles McDougald, The Marcos File (San Francisco, 1987); 'Some are Smarter than Others', article published clandestinely by a group of Filipino businessmen (Manila, 1979); and John Doherty, 'Who Controls the Philippine Economy. Some Need Not Try as Hard as Others', in Belinda Aquino (ed.), Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene, Philippine Studies Occasional Paper No. 5 (Honolulu, 1982).
3. See Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987); Filemon Rodriguez, The Marcos Regime Rape of the Nation (Quezon City, 1986); Sterling Seagrave, The Marcos Dynasty (New York, 1988); Charles McDougald, The Marcos File (San Francisco, 1987); 'Some are Smarter than Others', article published clandestinely by a group of Filipino businessmen (Manila, 1979); and John Doherty, 'Who Controls the Philippine Economy. Some Need Not Try as Hard as Others', in Belinda Aquino (ed.), Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene, Philippine Studies Occasional Paper No. 5 (Honolulu, 1982).
4. See Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987); Filemon Rodriguez, The Marcos Regime Rape of the Nation (Quezon City, 1986); Sterling Seagrave, The Marcos Dynasty (New York, 1988); Charles McDougald, The Marcos File (San Francisco, 1987); 'Some are Smarter than Others', article published clandestinely by a group of Filipino businessmen (Manila, 1979); and John Doherty, 'Who Controls the Philippine Economy. Some Need Not Try as Hard as Others', in Belinda Aquino (ed.), Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene, Philippine Studies Occasional Paper No. 5 (Honolulu, 1982).
5. See Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987); Filemon Rodriguez, The Marcos Regime Rape of the Nation (Quezon City, 1986); Sterling Seagrave, The Marcos Dynasty (New York, 1988); Charles McDougald, The Marcos File (San Francisco, 1987); 'Some are Smarter than Others', article published clandestinely by a group of Filipino businessmen (Manila, 1979); and John Doherty, 'Who Controls the Philippine Economy. Some Need Not Try as Hard as Others', in Belinda Aquino (ed.), Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene, Philippine Studies Occasional Paper No. 5 (Honolulu, 1982).
6. See Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987); Filemon Rodriguez, The Marcos Regime Rape of the Nation (Quezon City, 1986); Sterling Seagrave, The Marcos Dynasty (New York, 1988); Charles McDougald, The Marcos File (San Francisco, 1987); 'Some are Smarter than Others', article published clandestinely by a group of Filipino businessmen (Manila, 1979); and John Doherty, 'Who Controls the Philippine Economy. Some Need Not Try as Hard as Others', in Belinda Aquino (ed.), Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene, Philippine Studies Occasional Paper No. 5 (Honolulu, 1982).
7. See Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York, 1987); Filemon Rodriguez, The Marcos Regime Rape of the Nation (Quezon City, 1986); Sterling Seagrave, The Marcos Dynasty (New York, 1988); Charles McDougald, The Marcos File (San Francisco, 1987); 'Some are Smarter than Others', article published clandestinely by a group of Filipino businessmen (Manila, 1979); and John Doherty, 'Who Controls the Philippine Economy. Some Need Not Try as Hard as Others', in Belinda Aquino (ed.), Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene, Philippine Studies Occasional Paper No. 5 (Honolulu, 1982).
8. Moral Disorder', Time, 22 Aug. 1988, p. 22, and Antonio C. Abaya, 'Et Tu Chino?', 'On the Other Hand' column, Business World, 29 July 1988, p. 2.
9. Moral Disorder', Time, 22 Aug. 1988, p. 22, and Antonio C. Abaya, 'Et Tu Chino?', 'On the Other Hand' column, Business World, 29 July 1988, p. 2.
10. Lisa Beyer, 'An Outcry Over Politics as Usual', Time, 10 Oct. 1988, p. 29.
11. For an analysis of personal ties and factionalism in Philippine politics see Carl Lande, Leaders, Factions and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics, Yale University Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 6 (New Haven, 1965). Alfred McCoy, 'Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province Philippines, 1937-1955', Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977; and Mary Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality (Quezon City, 1963). (Lande's work is the classic model of factionalism in Philippine politics.) For an analysis of patronage politics or patron-client ties and Philippine political behavior, see Benedict Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion (Quezon City, 1979); Willem Wolters, Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luym (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, Research Project Series No. 14, 1983); and Amando Doronila, 'The Rise of the Patron State in the Philippines, a Study of the Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences', M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1982. These studies acknowledge the importance of families as the basic building blocks of factionalism and patron-client ties, but the treatment of family dynamics remains peripheral to the main concerns of their work. Lande, Hollnsteiner and McCoy are more concerned with the dynamics of factionalism; Kcrkvlict and Wolters with patron-client ties and the erosion of landlord-tenant relations, and Amando Doronila on showing how patronage politics later evolved into the creation of a patron state under Marcos.
12. For an analysis of personal ties and factionalism in Philippine politics see Carl Lande, Leaders, Factions and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics, Yale University Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 6 (New Haven, 1965). Alfred McCoy, 'Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province Philippines, 1937-1955', Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977; and Mary Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality (Quezon City, 1963). (Lande's work is the classic model of factionalism in Philippine politics.) For an analysis of patronage politics or patron-client ties and Philippine political behavior, see Benedict Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion (Quezon City, 1979); Willem Wolters, Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luym (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, Research Project Series No. 14, 1983); and Amando Doronila, 'The Rise of the Patron State in the Philippines, a Study of the Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences', M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1982. These studies acknowledge the importance of families as the basic building blocks of factionalism and patron-client ties, but the treatment of family dynamics remains peripheral to the main concerns of their work. Lande, Hollnsteiner and McCoy are more concerned with the dynamics of factionalism; Kcrkvlict and Wolters with patron-client ties and the erosion of landlord-tenant relations, and Amando Doronila on showing how patronage politics later evolved into the creation of a patron state under Marcos.
13. For an analysis of personal ties and factionalism in Philippine politics see Carl Lande, Leaders, Factions and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics, Yale University Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 6 (New Haven, 1965). Alfred McCoy, 'Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province Philippines, 1937-1955', Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977; and Mary Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality (Quezon City, 1963). (Lande's work is the classic model of factionalism in Philippine politics.) For an analysis of patronage politics or patron-client ties and Philippine political behavior, see Benedict Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion (Quezon City, 1979); Willem Wolters, Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luym (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, Research Project Series No. 14, 1983); and Amando Doronila, 'The Rise of the Patron State in the Philippines, a Study of the Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences', M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1982. These studies acknowledge the importance of families as the basic building blocks of factionalism and patron-client ties, but the treatment of family dynamics remains peripheral to the main concerns of their work. Lande, Hollnsteiner and McCoy are more concerned with the dynamics of factionalism; Kcrkvlict and Wolters with patron-client ties and the erosion of landlord-tenant relations, and Amando Doronila on showing how patronage politics later evolved into the creation of a patron state under Marcos.
14. For an analysis of personal ties and factionalism in Philippine politics see Carl Lande, Leaders, Factions and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics, Yale University Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 6 (New Haven, 1965). Alfred McCoy, 'Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province Philippines, 1937-1955', Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977; and Mary Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality (Quezon City, 1963). (Lande's work is the classic model of factionalism in Philippine politics.) For an analysis of patronage politics or patron-client ties and Philippine political behavior, see Benedict Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion (Quezon City, 1979); Willem Wolters, Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luym (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, Research Project Series No. 14, 1983); and Amando Doronila, 'The Rise of the Patron State in the Philippines, a Study of the Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences', M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1982. These studies acknowledge the importance of families as the basic building blocks of factionalism and patron-client ties, but the treatment of family dynamics remains peripheral to the main concerns of their work. Lande, Hollnsteiner and McCoy are more concerned with the dynamics of factionalism; Kcrkvlict and Wolters with patron-client ties and the erosion of landlord-tenant relations, and Amando Doronila on showing how patronage politics later evolved into the creation of a patron state under Marcos.
15. For an analysis of personal ties and factionalism in Philippine politics see Carl Lande, Leaders, Factions and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics, Yale University Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 6 (New Haven, 1965). Alfred McCoy, 'Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province Philippines, 1937-1955', Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977; and Mary Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality (Quezon City, 1963). (Lande's work is the classic model of factionalism in Philippine politics.) For an analysis of patronage politics or patron-client ties and Philippine political behavior, see Benedict Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion (Quezon City, 1979); Willem Wolters, Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luym (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, Research Project Series No. 14, 1983); and Amando Doronila, 'The Rise of the Patron State in the Philippines, a Study of the Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences', M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1982. These studies acknowledge the importance of families as the basic building blocks of factionalism and patron-client ties, but the treatment of family dynamics remains peripheral to the main concerns of their work. Lande, Hollnsteiner and McCoy are more concerned with the dynamics of factionalism; Kcrkvlict and Wolters with patron-client ties and the erosion of landlord-tenant relations, and Amando Doronila on showing how patronage politics later evolved into the creation of a patron state under Marcos.
16. For an analysis of personal ties and factionalism in Philippine politics see Carl Lande, Leaders, Factions and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics, Yale University Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 6 (New Haven, 1965). Alfred McCoy, 'Yloilo: Factional Conflict in a Colonial Economy, Iloilo Province Philippines, 1937-1955', Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977; and Mary Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality (Quezon City, 1963). (Lande's work is the classic model of factionalism in Philippine politics.) For an analysis of patronage politics or patron-client ties and Philippine political behavior, see Benedict Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion (Quezon City, 1979); Willem Wolters, Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luym (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, Research Project Series No. 14, 1983); and Amando Doronila, 'The Rise of the Patron State in the Philippines, a Study of the Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences', M.A. thesis, Monash University, 1982. These studies acknowledge the importance of families as the basic building blocks of factionalism and patron-client ties, but the treatment of family dynamics remains peripheral to the main concerns of their work. Lande, Hollnsteiner and McCoy are more concerned with the dynamics of factionalism; Kcrkvlict and Wolters with patron-client ties and the erosion of landlord-tenant relations, and Amando Doronila on showing how patronage politics later evolved into the creation of a patron state under Marcos.
17. Lande, Leaders, p. 1.
18. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
19. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
20. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
21. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
22. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
23. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
24. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
25. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
26. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
27. Lande, Leaders; McGoy, 'Yloilo'; Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics; Kerkvliet, The Huk Rebellion; Wolters, Politics; Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, 1964); Doronila, 'The Rise'; Dante Simbulan, 'A Study of the Socio-Economic Elite in Philippine Politics and Government, 1946-1963', Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, 1965; Remigio Agpalo, The Political Elite and the People A Study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro (Manila, 1972), and David Wurfel, Filipino Politics, Development and Decay (Quezon City, 1988).
28. Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines, pp. 215-16.
29. Justin J. Green, 'Political Socialization, Filipino Values, and Prospects for Democracy', in Carl H. Lande (ed.), Rebuilding a Nation: Philippine Challenges and American Policy (Washington D.C., 1987), pp. 261-78.
30. Studies on bureaucratic corruption in Asia have also focused on the conflict between traditional norms and legal norms as an explanation for the persistence and tolerance of bureaucratic corruption in these societies. Sec Rance P. Lee, 'Bureaucratic Corruption in Asia: The Problem of Incongruence between Legal Norms and Folk Norms', in Ledivina Carino (ed.), Bureaucratic Corruption in Asia (Manila, 1986), pp. 69-108.
31. Benedict J. Kerkvliet and Resil B. Mojares, 'Themes in the Transition from Marcos to Aquino: An Introduction', in Benedict J. Kerkvliet and Resil B. Mojares (eds), From Marcos to Aquino: Local Perspectives on Political Transition in the Philippines (Manila, 1991), pp. 9-10.
32. The definition of family alliance has been influenced by Thomas Kiefer's study on the Tausug. See Thomas Kiefer, The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Moslem Society (New York, 1972), especially pp. 8, 59-75.
33. Scholars who have studied the structure of Philippine politics argued that this fluidity has resulted in the formation of unstable political factions composed of elite family groups. See Lande, Leaders; McCoy, 'Yloilo'; and Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics.
34. Scholars who have studied the structure of Philippine politics argued that this fluidity has resulted in the formation of unstable political factions composed of elite family groups. See Lande, Leaders; McCoy, 'Yloilo'; and Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics.
35. Scholars who have studied the structure of Philippine politics argued that this fluidity has resulted in the formation of unstable political factions composed of elite family groups. See Lande, Leaders; McCoy, 'Yloilo'; and Hollnsteiner, The Dynamics.
36. Oscar Lopez, The Lopez Family, Vol. 1 (Metro-Manila, 1982), pp. xxiii-xxxvii.
37. Ibid., pp. xliv-xlvi. Also Oscar M. Lopez, 'Man for All Seasons', in First Lopez Family Reunion, Descendants of Basilio Lopez-Sabina Jalandoni, injaro, Iloilo City, Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1982, Lopez Memorial Museum, Manila.
38. Ibid., pp. xliv-xlvi. Also Oscar M. Lopez, 'Man for All Seasons', in First Lopez Family Reunion, Descendants of Basilio Lopez-Sabina Jalandoni, injaro, Iloilo City, Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1982, Lopez Memorial Museum, Manila.
39. Not much is known about Benito Lopez (Oscar Lopez' official history of the family stops with the first Eugenio Lopez). A couple of documents found in the Worcester Papers charged the governor with countenancing and protecting corrupt officials, and of buying votes at election time. See 'Gives the Result of Investigation of Joaquin Gil, Benito Lopez, Governor of Iloilo, and of Political Situation Generally in Iloilo, Particularly the Testimony of Quintin Salas', Manila, P.I., November 26, 1907, and 'Report of the Chief of the Law Division in the Matter of Certain Charges Preferred by Joaquin Gil', found in the Worcester Philippine Collection, Documents, Vol. 1, Item No. 27, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Harlan Hatcher Library, The University of Michigan.
40. Eugenio Lopez Sr, 'Biographical Data Focused on Highlights of His Business Career', Attachment No. 7-C Eugenio Lopez, Deceased SSAN 556-25-3321, IT-2 Question 12, file, Lopez Memorial Museum, Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Manila, Philippines. Interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988, and interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, wife of Eugenio Lopez Sr, 17 May 1988.
41. Interview with Pacifico Villaluz (who has worked as treasurer for the Lopez interests since the pre-war days, and was manager of Iloilo Transportation Company), Manila, 5 July 1988, and Eugenio Lopez, 'Biographical Data', pp. 1-2.
42. McCoy, 'Yloilo', pp. 124 and 165.
43. Alfred W. McCoy, ' "Politics by Other Means": World War II in the Western Visayas, Philippines', in Alfred W. McCoy (ed.), Southeast Asia Under Japanese Occupa-tion, Yale University Southeast Asia Studies Monograph Series No. 22, 1980, pp. 158-203.
44. Interview with Oscar M. Lopez, son of Eugenio Lopez, Manila, 27 March 1988.
45. The Times, 29 Sept. 1945, p. 1.
46. This paper only presents the highlights of the Lopez family history; for a more comprehensive account see Maria Natividad Roces, 'Kinship Politics in Post-War Philippines: The Lopez Family, 1945-1989', Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Michigan, 1990, ch. 4.
47. Interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; interview with Mariquit (Maria Salvacion) Javellana Lopez, Bacolod, 16 April 1988; interview with Oscar M. Lopez, Manila, 27 March 1988; interview with the Eugenio Lopez family and their spouses during their Sunday dinner reunion, Manila, 27 March 1988 (Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Oscar M. Lopez, Manuel M. Lopez, Roberto M. Lopez, Steve Psinakis, Connie Rufino Lopez, and Marites Lagdameo Lopez); interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, 17 May 1988; interview with Eugenio 'Geny' Lopez Jr, Manila, 2 May 1988; interview with Pacifico Villaluz, Manila, 5 July 1988; interview with Marcelo Fernando, Lopez family lawyer in the 1960s, Manila, 12 April 1988; interview with Alfredo Montelibano Sr, close associate of Eugenio Lopez in the sugar bloc and cumpadre of Fernando Lopez since his son married Fernando's daughter Mita, Manila, 20 April 1988; and interview with Lydia M. Fullon, cashier of the Lopez family (BISCOM and PASUMIL sugar centrals) who worked with them from 1937 to the present, Manila, 18 March 1988.
48. The wife of Eugenio Lopez, Pacita Moreno Lopez, and his children, Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis and Oscar M. Lopez deny this. Interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, Manila, 17 May 1988; interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988; and interview with Oscar M. Lopez, Manila, 27 March 1988. However, Hilarion Henares Jr, who was close to the Lopezes, claimed that he had seen this account. Interview with Hilarion Henares Jr, godchild of Fernando Lopez, economist, former vice-president of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and columnist of The Philippine Daily Inquirer responsible for exposing the Lopez family scandal involving the Manila Electric Company in August 1988, Manila, 30 June 1988. This observation was confirmed by Pacifico Villaluz who said both brothers could sign any amount they wanted. Interview with Pacifico Villaluz, Manila, 5 July 1988. (Also confirmed by one Lopez employee who wishes to remain anonymous.)
49. The Times, 3 May 1947, p. 1, and The Manila Chronicle, 4 May 1947, p. 2.
50. The Times, 3 May 1947, p. 1, and The Manila Chronicle, 4 May 1947, p. 2.
51. Interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; and The Times, 24 July 1947, p. 1.
52. The Times, 31 July 1947, p. 1; The Manila Times, go July 1947, pp. 1 and 24; and The Manila Times, 1 Aug. 1947, pp. 1 and 28. In fact the entire Liberal Party senatorial slate embarked on their campaign in Iloilo upon the invitation of Fernando Lopez. Lopez resigned as Iloilo mayor on 29 Aug. 1947. See The Manila Times, 29 Aug. 1947, p. 5.
53. The Times, 31 July 1947, p. 1; The Manila Times, go July 1947, pp. 1 and 24; and The Manila Times, 1 Aug. 1947, pp. 1 and 28. In fact the entire Liberal Party senatorial slate embarked on their campaign in Iloilo upon the invitation of Fernando Lopez. Lopez resigned as Iloilo mayor on 29 Aug. 1947. See The Manila Times, 29 Aug. 1947, p. 5.
54. The Times, 31 July 1947, p. 1; The Manila Times, go July 1947, pp. 1 and 24; and The Manila Times, 1 Aug. 1947, pp. 1 and 28. In fact the entire Liberal Party senatorial slate embarked on their campaign in Iloilo upon the invitation of Fernando Lopez. Lopez resigned as Iloilo mayor on 29 Aug. 1947. See The Manila Times, 29 Aug. 1947, p. 5.
55. The Times, 31 July 1947, p. 1; The Manila Times, go July 1947, pp. 1 and 24; and The Manila Times, 1 Aug. 1947, pp. 1 and 28. In fact the entire Liberal Party senatorial slate embarked on their campaign in Iloilo upon the invitation of Fernando Lopez. Lopez resigned as Iloilo mayor on 29 Aug. 1947. See The Manila Times, 29 Aug. 1947, p. 5.
56. The Times, 27 Sept. 1947, p. 1.
57. Interview with Conrado Sanchez Jr, economist, former governor of the Bureau of Investments, now with the UNCTAD, Manila, 5 June 1988, and interview with Pacifico Villaluz, Manila, 5 July 1988. This observation is also made by former Lopez man (who worked with Eugenio Lopez at the Meralco), Rafael Salas who later became President Marcos' Executive Secretary. See Nick Joaquin, The World of Rafael Salas (Metro-Manila, 1987), p. 83. 'The Chronicle had been losing money for several years. It was known as a Lopez mouthpiece and therefore biased in favor of its owners. Other businesses of the Lopez empire had been subsidizing the Chronicle.'
58. The Manila Times, 30 Dec. 1947, p. 1.
59. The Sunday Times Magazine, 24 April 1949, p. 35.
60. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
61. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
62. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
63. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
64. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
65. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
66. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
67. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
68. For the account of the 'battle for the vice-presidential slot' see The Manila Times, 1 June 1949, pp. 1 and 10; The Manila Times, 4 June 1949, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 7 June 1949, pp. 1 and 3; The Manila Times, 8 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Times, 10 June 1949, pp. 1 and 16; Philippines Free Press, 11 June 1949, p. 1; The Manila Times, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Chronicle, 11 June 1949, pp. 1 and 4; and Philippines Free Press, 18 June 1949, p. 4.
69. E. J. C. Montilla (First Vice-President, Philippine Sugar Association), 'The Past, Present and Future of Our Sugar Industry', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1950), p. 12.
70. Ibid., p. 13, Eduardo Romualdez (chairman RFC Board of Directors), 'The RFC in Philippine Rehabilitation and Reconstruction', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1955), pp. 104-6; Delfin Buencamino, 'The Rehabilitation Finance Corporation in the Philippine Economic Blueprint', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1950), pp. 43-4 and 57; and The Manila Chronicle, 26 Nov. 1949, pp. 7 and 10.
71. Ibid., p. 13, Eduardo Romualdez (chairman RFC Board of Directors), 'The RFC in Philippine Rehabilitation and Reconstruction', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1955), pp. 104-6; Delfin Buencamino, 'The Rehabilitation Finance Corporation in the Philippine Economic Blueprint', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1950), pp. 43-4 and 57; and The Manila Chronicle, 26 Nov. 1949, pp. 7 and 10.
72. Ibid., p. 13, Eduardo Romualdez (chairman RFC Board of Directors), 'The RFC in Philippine Rehabilitation and Reconstruction', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1955), pp. 104-6; Delfin Buencamino, 'The Rehabilitation Finance Corporation in the Philippine Economic Blueprint', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1950), pp. 43-4 and 57; and The Manila Chronicle, 26 Nov. 1949, pp. 7 and 10.
73. Ibid., p. 13, Eduardo Romualdez (chairman RFC Board of Directors), 'The RFC in Philippine Rehabilitation and Reconstruction', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1955), pp. 104-6; Delfin Buencamino, 'The Rehabilitation Finance Corporation in the Philippine Economic Blueprint', Fookien Times Yearbook (Manila, 1950), pp. 43-4 and 57; and The Manila Chronicle, 26 Nov. 1949, pp. 7 and 10.
74. Manuel Elizalde, 'The Philippine Sugar Industry in 1959', Fookien Times Year-book (Manila, 1959), p. 182.
75. Interview with Conrado Sanchez Jr, Manila, 5 June 1988.
76. The Manila Times, 7 Feb. 1946, p. 1.
77. The Manila Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1949, p. 17; The Manila Chronicle, 30 Oct. 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1949, pp. 1 and 5; The Manila Chronicle, 9 Nov. 1949, p. 1; and The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1949, p. 1.
78. The Manila Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1949, p. 17; The Manila Chronicle, 30 Oct. 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1949, pp. 1 and 5; The Manila Chronicle, 9 Nov. 1949, p. 1; and The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1949, p. 1.
79. The Manila Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1949, p. 17; The Manila Chronicle, 30 Oct. 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1949, pp. 1 and 5; The Manila Chronicle, 9 Nov. 1949, p. 1; and The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1949, p. 1.
80. The Manila Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1949, p. 17; The Manila Chronicle, 30 Oct. 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1949, pp. 1 and 5; The Manila Chronicle, 9 Nov. 1949, p. 1; and The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1949, p. 1.
81. The Manila Chronicle, 23 Oct. 1949, p. 17; The Manila Chronicle, 30 Oct. 1949, pp. 1 and 4; The Manila Chronicle, 5 Nov. 1949, pp. 1 and 5; The Manila Chronicle, 9 Nov. 1949, p. 1; and The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1949, p. 1.
82. The Manila Times, 14 Dec. 1949, p. 1.
83. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
84. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
85. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
86. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
87. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
88. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
89. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
90. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
91. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
92. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
93. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
94. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
95. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
96. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
97. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
98. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
99. Fernando Lopez was also awarded the choicest cabinet position - Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources by Quirino who was pressured by the Lopez alliance to make the appointment. See The Manila Times, 30 April 1950, pp. 1 and 5; and interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Telegram, Mayor Jalandoni to Malacañan, 12 Sept. 1950; Iloilo City, Quirino Papers, General Correspondence, Iloilo; The Manila Times, 25 May 1950, pp. 1 and 12; The Manila Times, 26 May 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 27 May 1950, pp. 1 and 14; The Manila Times, 2 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 12 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Times, 13 June 1950, pp. 1 and 12; Philippines Free Press, 3 June 1950, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 19 Aug. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 14 Oct. 1950, p. 4; The Manila Chronicle, 21 Oct. 1950, p. 4; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Strange Case of Vice-President Lopez vs. President Quirino', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, pp. 2-3; 'Lopez Pleads for Moral Austerity', Philippines Free Press, 29 April 1950, p. 37; Leon O. Ty, 'Parting of the Ways?', Philippines Free Press, 20 May 1950, p. 4; The Manila Times, 5 Sept. 1950, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 14 Sept. 1950, p. 1.
100. The Sunday Times, 16 April 1950, p. 2.
101. Interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988.
102. Ibid.
103. Interview with Hilarion Henares Jr, Manila, 30 June 1988; interview with Conrado Sanchez Jr, Manila, 5 June 1988; interview with Marcelo Fernando, former lawyer of the Lopez family, Manila, 8 April 1988; and interview with President Diosdado Macapagal, Manila, 16 April 1988.
104. The Manila Times, 14 Feb. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; and Philippines Free Press, 3 March 1962, p. 1.
105. The Manila Times, 14 Feb. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; and Philippines Free Press, 3 March 1962, p. 1.
106. Macapagal also attacked the Yulos and exposed that Jose Yulo had acquired his vast Canlubang sugar estate with loans obtained from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) when he was chairman of the RFC. Macapagal rightly pointed out that it was both unethical and unconstitutional to be involved in a business transaction of this nature when one was in the government service. The case was brought out in the press and there were threats to oust the plantation from Yulo. A complaint was filed in the Court of First Instance of Laguna where there was a move to expropriate the estate. Complaint, Republic of the Philippines, Court of First Instance of Laguna, Binan branch, Republic of the Philippines versus Jose Yulo, Tomas Yulo, CJ Yulo & Sons, Inc, Vicente Madrigal, Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Banking Corporation, Commercial Bank and Trust Company, Philippine Bank of Communications, Development Bank of the Philippines, Luis Yulo, Teresa Jugo, Maria Elena Y. Quiros del Rio, Jose
107. Macapagal also attacked the Yulos and exposed that Jose Yulo had acquired his vast Canlubang sugar estate with loans obtained from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) when he was chairman of the RFC. Macapagal rightly pointed out that it was both unethical and unconstitutional to be involved in a business transaction of this nature when one was in the government service. The case was brought out in the press and there were threats to oust the plantation from Yulo. A complaint was filed in the Court of First Instance of Laguna where there was a move to expropriate the estate. Complaint, Republic of the Philippines, Court of First Instance of Laguna, Binan branch, Republic of the Philippines versus Jose Yulo, Tomas Yulo, CJ Yulo & Sons, Inc, Vicente Madrigal, Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Banking Corporation, Commercial Bank and Trust Company, Philippine Bank of Communications, Development Bank of the Philippines, Luis Yulo, Teresa Jugo, Maria Elena Y. Quiros del Rio, Jose Yulo Jr, Regina Abreu, Ramon Yulo, Carmen de Vera, Jesus Miguel Yulo, Maria Cecilia Yulo and Leandro Locsin, Civil Case No. 8-362, document given to the author by President Diosdado Macapagal. The case was also heard in the Supreme Court. See also The Manila Chronicle, 25 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 9; The Manila Chronicle, 25 Jan. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 1 Feb. 1963, p. 12; The Manila Chronicle, 13 Feb. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 21 Sept. 1962, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 25 Sept. 1962, p. 1.
108. Macapagal also attacked the Yulos and exposed that Jose Yulo had acquired his vast Canlubang sugar estate with loans obtained from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) when he was chairman of the RFC. Macapagal rightly pointed out that it was both unethical and unconstitutional to be involved in a business transaction of this nature when one was in the government service. The case was brought out in the press and there were threats to oust the plantation from Yulo. A complaint was filed in the Court of First Instance of Laguna where there was a move to expropriate the estate. Complaint, Republic of the Philippines, Court of First Instance of Laguna, Binan branch, Republic of the Philippines versus Jose Yulo, Tomas Yulo, CJ Yulo & Sons, Inc, Vicente Madrigal, Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Banking Corporation, Commercial Bank and Trust Company, Philippine Bank of Communications, Development Bank of the Philippines, Luis Yulo, Teresa Jugo, Maria Elena Y. Quiros del Rio, Jose Yulo Jr, Regina Abreu, Ramon Yulo, Carmen de Vera, Jesus Miguel Yulo, Maria Cecilia Yulo and Leandro Locsin, Civil Case No. 8-362, document given to the author by President Diosdado Macapagal. The case was also heard in the Supreme Court. See also The Manila Chronicle, 25 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 9; The Manila Chronicle, 25 Jan. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 1 Feb. 1963, p. 12; The Manila Chronicle, 13 Feb. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 21 Sept. 1962, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 25 Sept. 1962, p. 1.
109. Macapagal also attacked the Yulos and exposed that Jose Yulo had acquired his vast Canlubang sugar estate with loans obtained from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) when he was chairman of the RFC. Macapagal rightly pointed out that it was both unethical and unconstitutional to be involved in a business transaction of this nature when one was in the government service. The case was brought out in the press and there were threats to oust the plantation from Yulo. A complaint was filed in the Court of First Instance of Laguna where there was a move to expropriate the estate. Complaint, Republic of the Philippines, Court of First Instance of Laguna, Binan branch, Republic of the Philippines versus Jose Yulo, Tomas Yulo, CJ Yulo & Sons, Inc, Vicente Madrigal, Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Banking Corporation, Commercial Bank and Trust Company, Philippine Bank of Communications, Development Bank of the Philippines, Luis Yulo, Teresa Jugo, Maria Elena Y. Quiros del Rio, Jose Yulo Jr, Regina Abreu, Ramon Yulo, Carmen de Vera, Jesus Miguel Yulo, Maria Cecilia Yulo and Leandro Locsin, Civil Case No. 8-362, document given to the author by President Diosdado Macapagal. The case was also heard in the Supreme Court. See also The Manila Chronicle, 25 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 9; The Manila Chronicle, 25 Jan. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 1 Feb. 1963, p. 12; The Manila Chronicle, 13 Feb. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 21 Sept. 1962, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 25 Sept. 1962, p. 1.
110. Macapagal also attacked the Yulos and exposed that Jose Yulo had acquired his vast Canlubang sugar estate with loans obtained from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) when he was chairman of the RFC. Macapagal rightly pointed out that it was both unethical and unconstitutional to be involved in a business transaction of this nature when one was in the government service. The case was brought out in the press and there were threats to oust the plantation from Yulo. A complaint was filed in the Court of First Instance of Laguna where there was a move to expropriate the estate. Complaint, Republic of the Philippines, Court of First Instance of Laguna, Binan branch, Republic of the Philippines versus Jose Yulo, Tomas Yulo, CJ Yulo & Sons, Inc, Vicente Madrigal, Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Banking Corporation, Commercial Bank and Trust Company, Philippine Bank of Communications, Development Bank of the Philippines, Luis Yulo, Teresa Jugo, Maria Elena Y. Quiros del Rio, Jose Yulo Jr, Regina Abreu, Ramon Yulo, Carmen de Vera, Jesus Miguel Yulo, Maria Cecilia Yulo and Leandro Locsin, Civil Case No. 8-362, document given to the author by President Diosdado Macapagal. The case was also heard in the Supreme Court. See also The Manila Chronicle, 25 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 9; The Manila Chronicle, 25 Jan. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 1 Feb. 1963, p. 12; The Manila Chronicle, 13 Feb. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 21 Sept. 1962, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 25 Sept. 1962, p. 1.
111. Macapagal also attacked the Yulos and exposed that Jose Yulo had acquired his vast Canlubang sugar estate with loans obtained from the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) when he was chairman of the RFC. Macapagal rightly pointed out that it was both unethical and unconstitutional to be involved in a business transaction of this nature when one was in the government service. The case was brought out in the press and there were threats to oust the plantation from Yulo. A complaint was filed in the Court of First Instance of Laguna where there was a move to expropriate the estate. Complaint, Republic of the Philippines, Court of First Instance of Laguna, Binan branch, Republic of the Philippines versus Jose Yulo, Tomas Yulo, CJ Yulo & Sons, Inc, Vicente Madrigal, Bank of the Philippine Islands, China Banking Corporation, Commercial Bank and Trust Company, Philippine Bank of Communications, Development Bank of the Philippines, Luis Yulo, Teresa Jugo, Maria Elena Y. Quiros del Rio, Jose Yulo Jr, Regina Abreu, Ramon Yulo, Carmen de Vera, Jesus Miguel Yulo, Maria Cecilia Yulo and Leandro Locsin, Civil Case No. 8-362, document given to the author by President Diosdado Macapagal. The case was also heard in the Supreme Court. See also The Manila Chronicle, 25 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 9; The Manila Chronicle, 25 Jan. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Chronicle, 1 Feb. 1963, p. 12; The Manila Chronicle, 13 Feb. 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 21 Sept. 1962, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 25 Sept. 1962, p. 1.
112. Diosdado Macapagal, 'The Big Drive', Radio-TV Address, 28 Aug. 1962, in Diosdado Macapagal, New Hope for the Common Man, speeches and statements of President Diosdado Macapagal, Vol. 2, Research and Special Projects, Malacañang Press Office, June 1963, pp. 97 and 102;
113. Diosdado Macapagal, 'The Big Drive', Radio-TV Address, published in The Manila Chronicle, 29 Aug. 1962, pp. 1, 7 and 9.
114. Napoleon G. Rama, 'The Era of Special Privileges is Over!', Philippines Free Press, 3 March 1962, pp. 6 and 75.
115. Diosdado Macapagal, 'The Big Drive', p. 102, and interview with President Diosdado Macapagal, Manila, 2 June 1988.
116. The Manila Times, 24 Feb. 1962, pp. 1 and 12A.
117. 'Palace Versus the Lopezes', Philippines Free Press, 19 Jan. 1963, p. 60; The Manila Times, 1 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; and The Manila Chronicle, 1 March 1962, p. 15.
118. 'Palace Versus the Lopezes', Philippines Free Press, 19 Jan. 1963, p. 60; The Manila Times, 1 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; and The Manila Chronicle, 1 March 1962, p. 15.
119. 'Palace Versus the Lopezes', Philippines Free Press, 19 Jan. 1963, p. 60; The Manila Times, 1 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; and The Manila Chronicle, 1 March 1962, p. 15.
120. Leoncio R. Paruñgao (Macapagal's Press Secretary), 'The Power of the Lopez Brothers', Philippines Free Press, 17 Nov. 1962, p. 2.
121. The Manila Times, 3 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; The Manila Times, 10 March 1962, pp. 1 and 16-A. For general comments made by the president about Lopez attempts to control the senate and congress see, The Manila Times, 26 Feb. 1962, pp. 1-2; and The Manila Times, 27 Feb. 1962, p. 1.
122. The Manila Times, 3 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; The Manila Times, 10 March 1962, pp. 1 and 16-A. For general comments made by the president about Lopez attempts to control the senate and congress see, The Manila Times, 26 Feb. 1962, pp. 1-2; and The Manila Times, 27 Feb. 1962, p. 1.
123. The Manila Times, 3 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; The Manila Times, 10 March 1962, pp. 1 and 16-A. For general comments made by the president about Lopez attempts to control the senate and congress see, The Manila Times, 26 Feb. 1962, pp. 1-2; and The Manila Times, 27 Feb. 1962, p. 1.
124. The Manila Times, 3 March 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A; The Manila Times, 10 March 1962, pp. 1 and 16-A. For general comments made by the president about Lopez attempts to control the senate and congress see, The Manila Times, 26 Feb. 1962, pp. 1-2; and The Manila Times, 27 Feb. 1962, p. 1.
125. Leoncio R, Parufigao, 'The Power of the Lopez Brothers', p. 2.
126. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
127. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
128. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
129. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
130. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
131. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
132. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
133. The Lopezes were accused of falsifying their tax census, by inflating their liabilities in order to pay a smaller amount in taxes. The Justice Department said that the Lopez brothers falsified their tax census returns for 1961 by making it appear that the total liabilities of the brothers to the Philippine Planters Investment Company Inc. was P32,261,380.25 when in the same period the corporation had a total of only P16,377,276.56 in receivables. Therefore the Justice Department concluded that the Lopez brothers overstated their liabilities by P15,844,103.69. The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, p. 12-A. The Philippine Planters Co. was threatened with seizure because it neglected to pay its broker's tax. The Manila Times, 28 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 2-A. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) commissioner Jose B. Lingad charged a P1,286,039 broker's tax on Philippine Planters Investment Corporation, a tax it failed to pay from 1954-61. In 1963, the court of tax appeals had temporarily restrained the BIR from executing the warrant. See The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A. For reportage on the P10 million tax evasion suit see The Manila Times, 3 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 10-A; The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5-A. The Lopez brothers, however, were asking the Supreme Court to restrain the City Fiscal from investigating this suit, in The Manila Times, 7 March 1963, p. 1; and The Manila Times, 9 March 1963, p. 5A.
134. For information on the PHHC lot case see The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; The Manila Times, 21 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 14-A; The Manila Times, 5 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 8-A; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Mills of the Gods', Philippines Free Press, 12 Jan. 1963, p. 6; Edward R. Kiunisala, 'The Boom', Philippines Free Press, 2 Feb. 1963, pp. 66-7.
135. For information on the PHHC lot case see The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; The Manila Times, 21 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 14-A; The Manila Times, 5 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 8-A; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Mills of the Gods', Philippines Free Press, 12 Jan. 1963, p. 6; Edward R. Kiunisala, 'The Boom', Philippines Free Press, 2 Feb. 1963, pp. 66-7.
136. For information on the PHHC lot case see The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; The Manila Times, 21 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 14-A; The Manila Times, 5 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 8-A; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Mills of the Gods', Philippines Free Press, 12 Jan. 1963, p. 6; Edward R. Kiunisala, 'The Boom', Philippines Free Press, 2 Feb. 1963, pp. 66-7.
137. For information on the PHHC lot case see The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; The Manila Times, 21 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 14-A; The Manila Times, 5 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 8-A; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Mills of the Gods', Philippines Free Press, 12 Jan. 1963, p. 6; Edward R. Kiunisala, 'The Boom', Philippines Free Press, 2 Feb. 1963, pp. 66-7.
138. For information on the PHHC lot case see The Manila Times, 20 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 12-A; The Manila Times, 21 Aug. 1962, pp. 1 and 14-A; The Manila Times, 5 Jan. 1963, pp. 1 and 8-A; Teodoro M. Locsin, 'The Mills of the Gods', Philippines Free Press, 12 Jan. 1963, p. 6; Edward R. Kiunisala, 'The Boom', Philippines Free Press, 2 Feb. 1963, pp. 66-7.
139. The constitutional reference is to section 17, article 6 of the constitution.
140. Interviews with President Diosdado Macapagal, Manila, 16 April 1988, and 2 June 1988.
141. The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1964, pp. 1 and 15; The Manila Chronicle, 23 Nov. 1964, pp. 1 and 15; The Manila Times, 23 Nov. 1964, p. 1.
142. The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1964, pp. 1 and 15; The Manila Chronicle, 23 Nov. 1964, pp. 1 and 15; The Manila Times, 23 Nov. 1964, p. 1.
143. The Manila Chronicle, 12 Nov. 1964, pp. 1 and 15; The Manila Chronicle, 23 Nov. 1964, pp. 1 and 15; The Manila Times, 23 Nov. 1964, p. 1.
144. Interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator, p. 24, and Carmen Navarro Pedrosa, Imelda Marcos (London, 1987), p. 101.
145. Interview with Fernando Lopez, Manila, 8 April 1988; Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator, p. 24, and Carmen Navarro Pedrosa, Imelda Marcos (London, 1987), p. 101.
146. The Manila Chronicle, 16 Sept. 1965, p. 1. This axiom was confirmed in interviews with Eugenio 'Geny' Lopez Jr, Manila, 21 May 1988, and President Diosdado Macapagal, Manila, 16 April 1988.
147. Interview with Eugenio 'Geny' Lopez Jr, Manila, 21 May 1988.
148. Interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez (wife of Eugenio Lopez), Manila, 17 May 1988, and interview with Presentacion Lopez Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988.
149. Interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, Manila, 17 May 1988.
150. Interview with Lopez campaign manager and cousin, Vicente 'Tiking' Lopez Jr, Manila, 18 May 1988.
151. The Manila Times, 30 Dec. 1965, p. 1, and The Manila Chronicle, 30 Dec. 1965, p. 1. The Manila Chronicle also put out a special supplement on the inauguration.
152. The Manila Times, 30 Dec. 1965, p. 1, and The Manila Chronicle, 30 Dec. 1965, p. 1. The Manila Chronicle also put out a special supplement on the inauguration.
153. Interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, Manila, 17 May 1988.
154. San Francisco Chronicle, 26 Sept. 1966, clipping from the scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez, Lopez Memorial Museum, Manila.
155. Teodoro L. Locsin Jr, 'A Fairy Tale', Philippines Free Press, 13 Feb. 1971, p. 7.
156. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
157. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
158. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
159. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
160. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
161. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
162. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
163. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
164. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
165. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
166. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
167. These articles were all taken from the personal scrapbook of Eugenio Lopez entitled 'Clash of Titans', which compiled all the articles about the Lopez family's battle with President Marcos in 1971: Greg M. Datuin, 'Battle to Death', Malacaftang Profile column, Daily Mirror, 12 Jan. 1971; Ricarte M. Baliao, 'Blackout Spawned Naughty Speculations', in Passing Column, The Evenings News, 14 Jan. 1971, p. 13; Willie Ng, Column 8, Philippines Herald, 15 Jan. 1971; Amando E. Doronila, 'A Study of FM-DM Tactics, Fair or Foul', Check and Balance Column, Daily Mirror, 16 Jan. 1971; Amelita Reysio-Cruz, Merry-Go-Round Column, Manila Daily Bulletin, 18 Jan. 1971; 'Lopez Taxes Get Palace Attention', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; Charlie T. Castaneda, 1FM Concentrates Fire on Meralco', Evening News, 18 Jan. 1971; David Bidan, 'Government Maps Moves on Meralco', Philippines Herald, 19 Jan. 1971; Luis Beltran, 'After Five Years of Trying, Marcos May Yet Succeed', A Place in the Sun Column, The Sun, 9 Jan. 1971; Amelito R. Mutuc, 'Battle of the Century', Weekly Nation, 25 Jan. 1971; Guillermo 'Willie' Jurado, 'The Battle of Titans', a series of six articles in the Weekly Nation, 25 Jan., 8 Feb., 8 Feb., 15 Feb., 22 Feb., and 1 March 1971. The Republic Weekly ran a series of 8 articles on the Lopezes under the heading 'Case Studies of our Oligarchs', found also in the scrapbook but was not dated.
168. See Maria Natividad Roces, 'Kinship', pp. 152-9.
169. Ferdinand E. Marcos, Notes on the New Society of the Philippines (Manila, 1973), p. vii.
170. Ferdinand Marcos, Today's Revolution: Democracy (Manila, 1971), pp. 71-2.
171. According to Marcos, 'In the institutional sense, the oligarchs, for being privileged, are guilty of bringing about this state of affairs' (social corruption), ibid., p. 74.
172. See Ferdinand Marcos, Today's Revolution; and the following: Ferdinand Marcos, Notes, Ferdinand Marcos, Revolution from the Center (Hongkong, 1978), and Ferdinand Marcos, Progress and Martial Law (Manila, 1981).
173. See Ferdinand Marcos, Today's Revolution; and the following: Ferdinand Marcos, Notes, Ferdinand Marcos, Revolution from the Center (Hongkong, 1978), and Ferdinand Marcos, Progress and Martial Law (Manila, 1981).
174. See Ferdinand Marcos, Today's Revolution; and the following: Ferdinand Marcos, Notes, Ferdinand Marcos, Revolution from the Center (Hongkong, 1978), and Ferdinand Marcos, Progress and Martial Law (Manila, 1981).
175. Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977, p. 2.
176. Stock Purchase Agreement, Annex 'C', Agreement between BENPRES Corporation and Meralco Foundation Inc., document provided by Oscar M. Lopez, and Agreement, Annex 'E', Agreement between BENPRES Corporation and Meralco Foundation Inc., document provided by Oscar M. Lopez. See also Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet (San Francisco, 1981), p. 228.
177. Harvey Stockwin, 'Amnesty, But Hardly a Ceasefire', Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 Nov. 1974, p. 11, interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, Manila, 17 May 1988, and interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988.
178. Harvey Stockwin, 'Amnesty, But Hardly a Ceasefire', p. 11, and Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 146-7. The latter is a book written by Lopez in-law (he married Eugenio Lopez' daughter Presentacion) about his meeting with Imelda Marcos and discusses the Marcos extortion of the Lopez family.
179. Harvey Stockwin, 'Amnesty, But Hardly a Ceasefire', p. 11, and Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 146-7. The latter is a book written by Lopez in-law (he married Eugenio Lopez' daughter Presentacion) about his meeting with Imelda Marcos and discusses the Marcos extortion of the Lopez family.
180. Joseph Lelyveld, 'Rich Family Loses Power in Bitter Feud with Marcos', The New York Times, 22 April 1975, p. 2, and interview with Steve Psinakis, Manila, 15 July 1988. Sec also Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet.
181. Joseph Lelyveld, 'Rich Family Loses Power in Bitter Feud with Marcos', The New York Times, 22 April 1975, p. 2, and interview with Steve Psinakis, Manila, 15 July 1988. Sec also Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet.
182. Interview with Eugenio 'Geny' Lopez Jr, Manila, 21 May 1988; interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, 17 May 1988; interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988; interview with Steve Psinakis, Manila, 15 July 1988; The Washington Post, 19 July 1975, p. 87; the Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, p. 23; and Bernard Wideman, 'Goodbye to the Maker of Dollars and Men', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1975, p. 25.
183. Interview with Eugenio 'Geny' Lopez Jr, Manila, 21 May 1988; interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, 17 May 1988; interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988; interview with Steve Psinakis, Manila, 15 July 1988; The Washington Post, 19 July 1975, p. 87; the Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, p. 23; and Bernard Wideman, 'Goodbye to the Maker of Dollars and Men', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1975, p. 25.
184. Interview with Eugenio 'Geny' Lopez Jr, Manila, 21 May 1988; interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, 17 May 1988; interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988; interview with Steve Psinakis, Manila, 15 July 1988; The Washington Post, 19 July 1975, p. 87; the Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, p. 23; and Bernard Wideman, 'Goodbye to the Maker of Dollars and Men', Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1975, p. 25.
185. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
186. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
187. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
188. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
189. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
190. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
191. For a detailed account of the escape based on the notes of Augusto Almeda Lopez (Geny's close friend who was involved in the escape) see Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'An Exclusive Account of the Lopez-Osmeña Escape: Prison Break from Fort Bonifacio', serialized in Who, 6 March 1982, pp. 10-12, and 13 March 1982, pp. 10-12. The author also has a copy of the handwritten notes of Augusto Almeda 'Jake' Lopez on the escape. Sec also 'The Great Escape', Time, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 35; Newsweek, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 12; and Bagumbayan, Oct. 1977. There is also an account of the escape in the book by Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, pp. 158-67, a reprint of the account published in The Boston Phoenix, 8 Nov. 1977, by Stu Cohen entitled 'The Great Escape'.
192. Steve Psinakis, Two Terrorists Meet, p. 230.
193. There was some tension within the Lopez family in this period since the members in Manila continued to appeal to the Psinakis couple to 'stop rocking the boat'. Interview with Steve Psinakis, Manila, 15 July 1988; interview with Presentacion Lopez-Psinakis, Manila, 26 May 1988; and interview with Pacita Moreno Lopez, Manila, 17 May 1988.
194. Interview with the Lopez family in their Sunday dinner reunion, Manila, 27 March 1988.
195. Ruby Villavicencio, 'Growing Pains for Don Eugenio's Only Girl', Features, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 18 June 1989, p. 7.
196. Bernardo V. Lopez, 'Why Lopez had to Sell Meralco', Mr. and Ms., 8-14 Feb. 1985, pp. 20-3; Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'How Benedicto and Partners Took Over ABS-CBN Without Paying a Single Centavo', serialized in Mr. and Ms., 11-17 Jan., pp. 9-15, and 18-24 Jan. 1985, pp. 20-5.
197. Bernardo V. Lopez, 'Why Lopez had to Sell Meralco', Mr. and Ms., 8-14 Feb. 1985, pp. 20-3; Augusto Almeda Lopez, 'How Benedicto and Partners Took Over ABS-CBN Without Paying a Single Centavo', serialized in Mr. and Ms., 11-17 Jan., pp. 9-15, and 18-24 Jan. 1985, pp. 20-5.
198. Oscar M. Lopez, Statement Given at Press Conference on ABS-CBN on 10 Jan. 1985 at the Club Filipino, document provided the author by Oscar Lopez.
199. Press Statement, ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, Fernando Lopez, Chairman, Oscar M. Lopez, President, 24 Feb. 1986, in the ABS-CBN file, Lopez Memorial Museum, Manila.
200. Hilarion Henares Jr, 'Recapturing the Glorious Days of Empire', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 14 July 1988, p. 1.
201. Hilarion Henares Jr, 'Lopez out of Meralco, Monsod Sneaks In', Make My Day Column, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 9 Sept. 1988, p. 5.
202. Hilarion Henares Jr, 'Meralco Deal Lopezes Air Their Side', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 July 1988, p. 8.
203. This aversion to family monopolies in business was manifested in the 1986 constitution although subsequent events (post-1988) revealed that kinship politics has become the status quo again.
204. The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Republic of the Philippines The Constitutional Commission of 1986, Quezon City, 15 Oct. 1986. See provisions on pp. 6, 15-16, 29, 39, 43, 55, 59, 65, and 85.
205. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
206. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
207. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
208. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
209. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
210. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
211. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38;
212. Oligarchy Redux', Philippines Free Press, 15 July 1987, pp. 15 and 38; 'The Return of the "Old Oligarchs" ', Philippines Free Press, 3 May 1986, pp. 16, 17, 23, and 39; Luis R. Mauricio, 'The Return of Oligarchy', Malaya, 27 June 1987, p. 4; Luis Mauricio, 'Defiance of the Constitution', Malaya, 30 June 1987, p. 4; 'The Case of Channel 4', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Luis R. Mauricio, 'Another Attempt at Deception', Malaya, 2 July 1987, p. 4; Emil P. Jurado, 'The KBP "Pawns" ', Manila Standard, 7 July 1987, p. 4; 'Back to Oligarchy', The Manila Times, 9 July 1987, p. 4.
213. 'Lopez Family States Position', Philippines Daily Express, 11 June 1986, p. 5.
214. The Far Eastern Economic Review, 7 July 1988, p. 92.
215. Jesus P. Estanislao, 'A Rejoinder: The Meralco Share Dispersal Program', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 24 July 1988, p. 9.
216. See Philippine Daily Inquirer from 11 July to 17 July 1988.
217. Hilarion Henares Jr, 'Are the Oligarchs Back?', Philippine Daily Inquirer, 11 July 1988, p. 1.
218. Hilarion Henares Jr, 'Lopez-Meralco Deal From the Beginning was Lutong Makaw', Philippine Free Press, 20 Aug. 1988, p. 8.
219. For more details on the Meralco scandal see Maria Natividad Roces, 'Kinship', pp. 188-9.
220. The Sandiganbayan is the court established to try public officials.
221. The Business Star, 29 Aug. 1989, pp. 1 and 3.
222. Maria Teresa Colayco, The Cornerstone, The Story of First Philippine Holdings Corporation (Pasig, 1992), p. 117. This is a book commissioned for the thirty-year anniversary of FPHC and published by FPHC, following the Philippine tradition of publishing books and hagiographies that would give prestige to family corporations.
223. The Lopez family's attempts to reclaim channels 2 and 4 were blocked. They received channel 2 but not channel.4 which became a government channel. The family's attempts for the franchise on the telecommunications satellite was blocked in 1989. See Maria Natividad Roces, 'Kinship', pp. 190-203.
224. Corruption in the Aquino regime revealed evidence of the constitution being ignored as corruption à la crony capitalism continued to flourish at a pace similar to that of the Marcos regime.
225. Duc to spatial constraints material on the Marcos and Cojuangco families is not included here. See Maria Natividad Roces, 'Kinship', chapter five, for data on these families.
226. This approach does not limit itself to elite family behavior alone, but the behavior of all Filipino families. In fact, poorer families can become elite by allying with a politically powerful or malakas family. For example, many of the Marcos cronies were not originally of the elite until they allied with the Marcoses. Furthermore, because of the vertical structure, the family alliance includes up to poorer members of the alliance, all of whom identify with the elite family. Since the elite families are inveterate rivals, the alliances are between the elite families and their poorer clients who identify with them. The Lopez employee thinks of himself as part of the Lopez family network and the Lopez family members consider their employees as part of 'family'.
227. Latin America would provide an excellent point of comparison. For example, Nicaragua under Somoza would be very similar to the Philippine case. In fact, the term politica de familia was taken from the Latin American literature which boasts of a sophisticated body of literature on family studies. The Latin American scholars used this term to refer to the phenomenon wherein prominent families occupied several political posts, or family-based politics and kin networks, and sometimes to the patterns wherein regional elites controlled the politics and economic activities of the region. Though I used the term to refer to kinship politics and the family's use of political power to build a business empire, the Latin American studies are excellent models of the idiosyncracies involving the actual practice of kinship politics. See Diane Balmori, 'Family and Politics: Three Generations (1790-1890)', Journal of Family History, Vol. 10, No. 3; Linda Lewin, 'Some Historical Implications of Kinship Organization for Family-Based Politics in the Brazilian Northeast', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1979; Linda Lewin, Politics and Parentela in Paraiba. A Case Study of Family-Based Oligarchy in Brazil (Princeton, 1987); Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Feitosas and the Sertao dos Inhamuns. The History of a Family and a Community in Northeast Brazil, 1700-1950 (Gainsville, 1972); Mark Wasserman, Capitalists, Caciques and Revolution. The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854-1911 (London, 1984).
228. Latin America would provide an excellent point of comparison. For example, Nicaragua under Somoza would be very similar to the Philippine case. In fact, the term politica de familia was taken from the Latin American literature which boasts of a sophisticated body of literature on family studies. The Latin American scholars used this term to refer to the phenomenon wherein prominent families occupied several political posts, or family-based politics and kin networks, and sometimes to the patterns wherein regional elites controlled the politics and economic activities of the region. Though I used the term to refer to kinship politics and the family's use of political power to build a business empire, the Latin American studies are excellent models of the idiosyncracies involving the actual practice of kinship politics. See Diane Balmori, 'Family and Politics: Three Generations (1790-1890)', Journal of Family History, Vol. 10, No. 3; Linda Lewin, 'Some Historical Implications of Kinship Organization for Family-Based Politics in the Brazilian Northeast', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1979; Linda Lewin, Politics and Parentela in Paraiba. A Case Study of Family-Based Oligarchy in Brazil (Princeton, 1987); Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Feitosas and the Sertao dos Inhamuns. The History of a Family and a Community in Northeast Brazil, 1700-1950 (Gainsville, 1972); Mark Wasserman, Capitalists, Caciques and Revolution. The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854-1911 (London, 1984).
229. Latin America would provide an excellent point of comparison. For example, Nicaragua under Somoza would be very similar to the Philippine case. In fact, the term politica de familia was taken from the Latin American literature which boasts of a sophisticated body of literature on family studies. The Latin American scholars used this term to refer to the phenomenon wherein prominent families occupied several political posts, or family-based politics and kin networks, and sometimes to the patterns wherein regional elites controlled the politics and economic activities of the region. Though I used the term to refer to kinship politics and the family's use of political power to build a business empire, the Latin American studies are excellent models of the idiosyncracies involving the actual practice of kinship politics. See Diane Balmori, 'Family and Politics: Three Generations (1790-1890)', Journal of Family History, Vol. 10, No. 3; Linda Lewin, 'Some Historical Implications of Kinship Organization for Family-Based Politics in the Brazilian Northeast', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1979; Linda Lewin, Politics and Parentela in Paraiba. A Case Study of Family-Based Oligarchy in Brazil (Princeton, 1987); Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Feitosas and the Sertao dos Inhamuns. The History of a Family and a Community in Northeast Brazil, 1700-1950 (Gainsville, 1972); Mark Wasserman, Capitalists, Caciques and Revolution. The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854-1911 (London, 1984).
230. Latin America would provide an excellent point of comparison. For example, Nicaragua under Somoza would be very similar to the Philippine case. In fact, the term politica de familia was taken from the Latin American literature which boasts of a sophisticated body of literature on family studies. The Latin American scholars used this term to refer to the phenomenon wherein prominent families occupied several political posts, or family-based politics and kin networks, and sometimes to the patterns wherein regional elites controlled the politics and economic activities of the region. Though I used the term to refer to kinship politics and the family's use of political power to build a business empire, the Latin American studies are excellent models of the idiosyncracies involving the actual practice of kinship politics. See Diane Balmori, 'Family and Politics: Three Generations (1790-1890)', Journal of Family History, Vol. 10, No. 3; Linda Lewin, 'Some Historical Implications of Kinship Organization for Family-Based Politics in the Brazilian Northeast', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1979; Linda Lewin, Politics and Parentela in Paraiba. A Case Study of Family-Based Oligarchy in Brazil (Princeton, 1987); Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Feitosas and the Sertao dos Inhamuns. The History of a Family and a Community in Northeast Brazil, 1700-1950 (Gainsville, 1972); Mark Wasserman, Capitalists, Caciques and Revolution. The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854-1911 (London, 1984).
231. Latin America would provide an excellent point of comparison. For example, Nicaragua under Somoza would be very similar to the Philippine case. In fact, the term politica de familia was taken from the Latin American literature which boasts of a sophisticated body of literature on family studies. The Latin American scholars used this term to refer to the phenomenon wherein prominent families occupied several political posts, or family-based politics and kin networks, and sometimes to the patterns wherein regional elites controlled the politics and economic activities of the region. Though I used the term to refer to kinship politics and the family's use of political power to build a business empire, the Latin American studies are excellent models of the idiosyncracies involving the actual practice of kinship politics. See Diane Balmori, 'Family and Politics: Three Generations (1790-1890)', Journal of Family History, Vol. 10, No. 3; Linda Lewin, 'Some Historical Implications of Kinship Organization for Family-Based Politics in the Brazilian Northeast', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1979; Linda Lewin, Politics and Parentela in Paraiba. A Case Study of Family-Based Oligarchy in Brazil (Princeton, 1987); Billy Jaynes Chandler, The Feitosas and the Sertao dos Inhamuns. The History of a Family and a Community in Northeast Brazil, 1700-1950 (Gainsville, 1972); Mark Wasserman, Capitalists, Caciques and Revolution. The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854-1911 (London, 1984).