The evolution of the Main Mantle Thrust in the western syntaxis, northern Pakistan

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 170, Issue , 2000, Pages 101-122

  Argles, T W ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; HIMALAYAN OROGENY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; THRUST;

PAKISTAN;

EID: 0034085303     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.170.01.06     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. ANDERSEN, T. 1998. Extensional tectonics in the Caledonides of southern Norway, an overview. Tectonophysics, 285, 333-351.
2. BHATTACHARYA, A., MOHANTY, L., MAJI, A., SEN, S. K. & RAITH, M. 1992. Non-ideal mixing in the phlogopite-annite boundary: constraints from experimental data on Fe-Mg partitioning and a reformulation of the biotite-garnet geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 111, 87-93.
3. BOHLEN, S. R. & LIOTTA, J. J. 1986. A barometer for Garnet Amphibolites and garnet Granulites. Journal of Petrology, 27(5), 1025-1034.
4. BURCHFIEL, B. C. & ROYDEN, L. H. 1985. North-South extension within the convergent Himalayan region. Geology, 13, 679-682.
5. _, CHEN, Z., HODGES, K. V., LIU, Y., ROVDEN, L. H., DENG, C. & XU, J. (eds) 1992. The South Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan orogen: Extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 269.
6. BURG, J. P., BRUNEL, M., GAPAIS, D., CHEN, G. M. & LIU, G. H. 1984. Deformation of the leucogranites of the crystalline main central sheet in southern Tibet. Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 532-542.
7. _, CHAUDRY, M. N., GHAZANFAR, M., ANCZKIEWICZ, R. & SPENCER, D. 1996. Structural evidence for back sliding of the Kohistan arc in the collisional system of northwest Pakistan. Geology, 24(8), 739-742.
8. BUTLER, R. W. H. & PRIOR, D. J. 1988a. Anatomy of a continental subduction zone: the main mantle thrust in Northern Pakistan. Geologische Rundschau, 77(1), 239-255.
9. _ & _ 1988b. Tectonic controls on the uplift of the Nanga Parbat massif, Pakistan Himalayas. Nature, 333, 247-250.
10. _, GEORGE, M., HARRIS, N. B. W., JONES, C., PRIOR, D. J., TRELOAR, P. J. & WHELLER, J. 1992. Geology of the northern part of the Nanga Parbat massif, northern Pakistan, and its implications for Himalayan tectonics. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 557-567.
11. _, HARRIS, N. W. B. & WHITTINGTON, A. G. 1997. Interactions between deformation, magmatism and hydrothermal activity during active crustal thickening: a field example from Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalayas. Mineralogical Magazine, 61, 37-52.
12. _, PRIOR, D. J. & KNIPE, R. J. 1989. Neotectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis, Pakistan, and crustal stacking in the northwest Himalayas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 94, 329-343.
13. CHAMBERLAIN, P. C. & ZEITLER, P. K. 1996. Assembly of the crystalline terranes of the northwestern Himalaya and Karakoram, northwestern Pakistan. In: YIN, A. & HARRISON, M. (eds) The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 138-148.
14. _, _ & JAN, M. Q. 1989. The dynamics of the suture between the Kohistan island arc and the Indian plate in the Himalaya of Pakistan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 135-149.
15. CLIFF, R. A. 1981. Pre-Alpine history of the Pennine Zone in the Tauern Window: U-Pb and Rb-Sr geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 77, 262-266.
16. COWARD, M. P. 1985. A section through the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Indus valley, Kohistan. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar, 18, 147-152.
17. DESIO, A. & SHAMS, F. A. 1980. The age of blueschists and the Indus Kohistan suture line, NW Pakistan. Proceedings of the Italian Academy of Sciences, 68, 74-79.
18. DEWEY, J. F., SHACKLETON, R. M., CHENGFA, C. & YIYIN, S. 1988. The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, A327, 379-413.
19. DIPIETRO, J. A., HUSSAIN, A., AHMED, I & KHAN, M. A. 2000. The Main Mantle Thrust in Pakistan: its character and extent. This volume.
20. ENGLAND, P. C. & HOUSEMAN, G. A. 1989. Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 17561-17579.
21. _ & MOLNAR, P. 1993. The interpretation of inverted metamorphic isograds using simple physical calculations. Tectonophysics, 12, 145-157.
22. FOSTER, G. L., VANCE, D. & HARRIS, N. B. W. 1998. The prograde thermal history of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif, Pakistan. In: HAMIDULLAH, S., LAWRENCE, R. D. & JAN, M. Q. (eds) 13th Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibet International Workshop Abstract Volume, Geological Bulletin of University of Peshawar, 31, 64-65.
23. GANSSER, A. 1964. The Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience Publishers, New York.
24. GROVE, T. L., BAKER, M. B. & KINZLER, R. J. 1984. Coupled CaAl-NaSi diffusion in plagioclase feldspar: Experiments and applications to cooling rate speedometry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 2113-2121.
25. HERREN, E. 1987. Zanskar shear zone: Northeast-southwest extension within the Higher Himalayas (Ladakh, India). Geology, 15, 409-413.
26. HODGES, K. V., PARRISH, R., HOUSH, T., LUX, D., BURCHFIEL, B. C., ROYDEN, L. & CHEN, Z. 1992. Simultaneous Miocene extension and shortening in the Himalayan orogen. Science, 258, 1466-1470.
27. HOISCH, T. D. 1990. Empirical calibration of six geobarometers for the mineral assemblage quartz + muscovite + biotite + plagioclase + garnet. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104, 225-234.
28. HOLLAND, T. J. B. & BLUNDY, J. 1994. Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116, 433-447.
29. 2. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 8, 89-124.
30. JAN, M. Q. 1985. High-P rocks along the suture zones around the Indo-Pakistan plate and phase chemistry of blueschists from eastern Ladakh. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar, 18, 1-40.
31. KOHN, M. J. & SPEAR, F. S. 1990. Two new geobarometers for garnet amphibolites, with applications to southeastern Vermont. American Mineralogist, 75, 89-96.
32. KRETZ, P. 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277-279.
33. LE FORT, P. 1996. Evolution of the Himalaya. In: YIN, A. & HARRISON, M. (eds) The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 95-109.
34. _, GUILLOT, S. & PECHER, A. 1997. HP metamorphic belt along the Indus suture zone of NW Himalaya: new discoveries and significance. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, 325, 773-778.
35. MADIN, I. P., LAWRENCE, R. D. & UR-REHMAN, S. 1989. The northwest Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif; evidence for crustal uplift at the northwestern corner of the Indian craton. In: MALINCONICO, L. L. & LILLIE, R. J. (eds) Tectonics of the Western Himalayas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 232, 169-182.
36. MOLNAR, P. & ENGLAND, P. C. 1990. Temperatures, heat flux and frictional stress near major thrust faults. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 4833-4856.
37. PEACOCK, S. M. 1987. Creation and preservation of subduction-related inverted metamorphic gradients. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 12763-12781.
38. PLATT, J. P. & VISSERS, R. L. M. 1989. Extensional collapse of thickened continental lithosphere: a working hypothesis for the Alboran Sea and the Gibraltar arc. Geology, 17, 540-543.
39. POGNANTE, U., BENNA, P. & LE FORT. P. 1993. High-pressure metamorphism in the High Himalayan Crystallines of the Stak valley, north-eastern Nanga Parbat-Haramosh syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya. In: TRELOAR, P. J. & SEARLE, M. P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 74, 161-172.
40. PUDSEY, C. J. 1986. The Northern Suture in Pakistan; margin of a Cretaceous Island Arc. Geological Magazine, 123, 405-423.
41. REDDY, S. M., KELLEY, S. P. & MAGENNIS, L. 1997. A Microstructural and Argon Laserprobe Study of Shear Zone Development at the Western Margin of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif, Western Himalaya. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 128, 16-29.
42. SEARLE, M. P. 1991. Geological Map of the Central Karakoram Mountains, Scale 1 : 250,000. In: SEARLE, M. P. (ed.) Geology and Tectonics of the Karakoram Mountains. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 358.
43. _ 1996. Cooling history, erosion, exhumation, and kinematics of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet orogenic belt. In: YIN, A. & HARRISON, M. (eds) The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 110-137.
44. _, KHAN, M. A., JAN, M. Q., DIPIETRO, J. A., POGUE K. R. et al. 1996. Geological Map of North Pakistan. Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University.
45. SEEBER, L. & PÊCHER, A. 1998. Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform. Geology, 26(9), 791-794.
46. SMITH, H. A., CHAMBERLAIN, C. P. & ZEITLER, P. K. 1992. Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan using U-Pb in Monazite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 113, 93-105.
47. TAHIRKHELI, R. A., MATTAUER, M., PROUST, F. & TAPPONNIER, P. 1979. The India-Eurasia suture zone in Northern Pakistan; synthesis and interpretation of recent data at plate scale. In: FARAH, A. & DEJONG, K. A. (eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, 125-130.
48. TONARINI, S., VILLA, I., OBERLI, F., MEIER, M., SPENCER, D. A., POGNANTE, U. & RAMSAY, J. G. 1993. Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in Pakistan Himalaya: implications for India-Asia collision. Terra Nova, 5, 13-20.
49. TRELOAR, P. J. 1997. Thermal controls on early-Tertiary, short-lived, rapid regional metamorphism in the NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonophysics, 273, 77-104.
50. _, BROUGHTON, R. D., WILLIAMS, M. P., COWARD, M. P. & WINDLEY, B. F. 1989. Deformation, metamorphism and imbrication of the Indian plate, south of the Main Mantle Thrust, north Pakistan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 111-125.
51. _, GEORGE, M. & WHITTINGTON, A. G. (2000). Cross-cutting mafic sheets from Indian plate gneisses in the Nanga Parbat syntaxis: their significance in dating metamorphic and deformation events. This volume.
52. TULLIS, J. & YUND, R. A. 1987. Transition from cataclastic flow to dislocation creep of feldspar: mechanisms and microstructures. Geology, 15, 606-609.
53. VANCE, D. & O'NIONS, R. K. 1992. Prograde and retrograde thermal histories from the central Swiss Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114, 113-129.
54. VAVRA, G., GEBAUER, D. & SCHMID, R. 1994. The thermal history of the lower crust recorded by zircon growth and recrystallisation: an ion microprobe (SHRIMP) study from the Ivrea zone (Southern Alps). Mineralogical Magazine, 58A, 936-937.
55. VERPLANCK, P. L. 1986. A field and geochemical study of the boundary between the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif and the Ladakh arc terrane, northern Pakistan. MSc, Oregon State University.
56. VINCE, K. J. & TRELOAR, P. J. 1996. Miocene, north-vergent extensional displacements along the Main Mantle Thrust, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153, 677-680.
57. WHEELER, J., TRELOAR, P. J. & POTTS, G. J. 1995. Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis. Pakistan Himalayas, on the Indus gorge transect: the importance of early events. Geological Journal, 30, 349-371.
58. WHITTINGTON, A. G. 1997. The thermal, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of a rapidly exhuming terrane: the Nanga Parbat Massif, northern Pakistan. PhD thesis, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
59. _, FOSTER, G. L., HARRIS, N. B. W. & AYRES, M. W. 1999. Lithostratigraphic correlations in the western Himalaya - an isotopic approach. Geology, 7, 585-588.
60. _, HARRIS, N. B. W., AYRES, M. W. & FOSTER, G. L. 2000. Tracing the origins of the western Himalaya - an isotopic comparison of the Nanga Parbat massif and Zanskar Himalaya. This volume.
61. WINSLOW, D. M., CHAMBERLAIN, C. P. & ZEITLER, P. K. 1995. Metamorphism and Melting of the Lithosphere Due to Rapid Denudation, Nanga Parbat Massif Himalaya. Journal of Geology, 103, 395-409.
62. YARDLEY, B. W. D. 1977. An empirical study of diffusion in garnet. American Mineralogist, 62, 793-800.
63. ZEITLER, P. K., 1985. Cooling history of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonics, 4, 127-151.
64. _ & CHAMBERLAIN, C. P. 1991. Petrogenetic and tectonic significance of young leucogranites from the northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonics, 10, 729-741.
65. _, _ & SMITH, H. A. 1993. Synchronous anatexis, metamorphism, and rapid denudation at Nanga Parbat (Pakistan Himalaya). Geology, 21, 347-350.
66. _, SUTTER, J. F., WILLIAMS, I. S., ZARTMAN, R. & TAHIRKHELI, R. A. K. 1989. Geochronology and temperature history of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif, Pakistan. In: MALINCONICO, L. L. & LILLIE, R. J. (eds) Tectonics of the Western Himalayas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 232, 1-22.