Owning genetic information and gene enhancement techniques: Why privacy and property rights may undermine social control of the human genome

Bioethics

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 97-119

  Moore, Adam D ^a  

^a WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ETHICS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; MEDICAL INFORMATION; PATENT; PRIVACY; PUBLISHING; SOCIAL CONTROL; TECHNOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; GOVERNMENT REGULATION;

COMMERCE; DISCLOSURE; FREEDOM; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC ENHANCEMENT; GENETIC PRIVACY; GENOME, HUMAN; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; OWNERSHIP; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; PRIVACY; SOCIAL CONTROL, FORMAL;

EID: 0034079259     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8519.00184     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. A more lengthy analysis of intangible property rights and privacy rights appear in my articles 'Intangible Property: Privacy, Power, and Information Control' American Philosophical Quarterly 35 (Oct. 1998), 'Toward A Lockean Theory of Intellectual Property' in Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, A. Moore (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), Cha. 5, and 'Employee Monitoring and Computer Technology: Evaluative Surveillance v. Privacy' forthcoming in Business Ethics Quarterly. I would thank the editors of APQ, BEC, and Roman & Littlefield for allowing me to present this material here.
2. A more lengthy analysis of intangible property rights and privacy rights appear in my articles 'Intangible Property: Privacy, Power, and Information Control' American Philosophical Quarterly 35 (Oct. 1998), 'Toward A Lockean Theory of Intellectual Property' in Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, A. Moore (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), Cha. 5, and 'Employee Monitoring and Computer Technology: Evaluative Surveillance v. Privacy' forthcoming in Business Ethics Quarterly. I would thank the editors of APQ, BEC, and Roman & Littlefield for allowing me to present this material here.
3. A more lengthy analysis of intangible property rights and privacy rights appear in my articles 'Intangible Property: Privacy, Power, and Information Control' American Philosophical Quarterly 35 (Oct. 1998), 'Toward A Lockean Theory of Intellectual Property' in Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, A. Moore (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), Cha. 5, and 'Employee Monitoring and Computer Technology: Evaluative Surveillance v. Privacy' forthcoming in Business Ethics Quarterly. I would thank the editors of APQ, BEC, and Roman & Littlefield for allowing me to present this material here.
4. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, Section 27 (italics mine).
5. Locke, Second Treatise, Section 33.
6. This view is summed up nicely by Clark Wolf, 'Contemporary Property Rights, Lockean Provisos, and the Interests of Future Generations,' Ethics 105 (July, 1995): 791-818.
7. For similar views see: Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), cha. VII.; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bks. I and X; Kant, The Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysics of Morals, Academy Edition; Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (London, Macmillian, 1907); R. B. Perry, General Theory of Value (New York: Longmans, Green, 1926); and Loren Lomasky, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
8. For similar views see: Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), cha. VII.; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bks. I and X; Kant, The Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysics of Morals, Academy Edition; Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (London, Macmillian, 1907); R. B. Perry, General Theory of Value (New York: Longmans, Green, 1926); and Loren Lomasky, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
9. For similar views see: Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), cha. VII.; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bks. I and X; Kant, The Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysics of Morals, Academy Edition; Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (London, Macmillian, 1907); R. B. Perry, General Theory of Value (New York: Longmans, Green, 1926); and Loren Lomasky, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
10. For similar views see: Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), cha. VII.; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bks. I and X; Kant, The Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysics of Morals, Academy Edition; Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (London, Macmillian, 1907); R. B. Perry, General Theory of Value (New York: Longmans, Green, 1926); and Loren Lomasky, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
11. For similar views see: Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), cha. VII.; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bks. I and X; Kant, The Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysics of Morals, Academy Edition; Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (London, Macmillian, 1907); R. B. Perry, General Theory of Value (New York: Longmans, Green, 1926); and Loren Lomasky, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
12. For similar views see: Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), cha. VII.; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bks. I and X; Kant, The Fundamental Principles of The Metaphysics of Morals, Academy Edition; Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (London, Macmillian, 1907); R. B. Perry, General Theory of Value (New York: Longmans, Green, 1926); and Loren Lomasky, Persons, Rights, and the Moral Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
13. Alan Westin, 'Privacy in the Modern Democratic State' in D. Johnson and J. Snapper, Ethical Issues in the Use of Computers (Wadsworth Pub.: 1985), p. 187.
14. For more about privacy rights see, Charles Fried, 'Privacy,' Yale Law Journal 77 (1968): 477; A. Westin and M. Baker, Databanks in a Free Society, (New York: Quadrangle Press, 1972); J. Rachels, 'Why Privacy is Important,' Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (Summer 1975): 323-33; and Paul Weiss, Privacy (Southern Illinois University Press, 1983).
15. For more about privacy rights see, Charles Fried, 'Privacy,' Yale Law Journal 77 (1968): 477; A. Westin and M. Baker, Databanks in a Free Society, (New York: Quadrangle Press, 1972); J. Rachels, 'Why Privacy is Important,' Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (Summer 1975): 323-33; and Paul Weiss, Privacy (Southern Illinois University Press, 1983).
16. For more about privacy rights see, Charles Fried, 'Privacy,' Yale Law Journal 77 (1968): 477; A. Westin and M. Baker, Databanks in a Free Society, (New York: Quadrangle Press, 1972); J. Rachels, 'Why Privacy is Important,' Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (Summer 1975): 323-33; and Paul Weiss, Privacy (Southern Illinois University Press, 1983).
17. For more about privacy rights see, Charles Fried, 'Privacy,' Yale Law Journal 77 (1968): 477; A. Westin and M. Baker, Databanks in a Free Society, (New York: Quadrangle Press, 1972); J. Rachels, 'Why Privacy is Important,' Philosophy and Public Affairs 4 (Summer 1975): 323-33; and Paul Weiss, Privacy (Southern Illinois University Press, 1983).
18. James Boyle, Shamans, Software, and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 22. The prediction of market value comes from Beverly Merz, 'Biotechnology: Spleen-Rights' The Economist, 30 (August 11, 1990).
19. James Boyle, Shamans, Software, and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 22. The prediction of market value comes from Beverly Merz, 'Biotechnology: Spleen-Rights' The Economist, 30 (August 11, 1990).
20. Charles Platt 'Evolution Revolution' Wired Magazine (January 1997), p. 200.
21. For a fairly detailed analysis of the EU model of privacy protection see Fred Gate, Privacy in the Information Age (Brookings Institution Press, 1997), p. 32-48.
22. Simon Davies, 'Europe to U.S.: No Privacy, No Trade' Wired Magazine (May 1998), p. 135.
23. 'Moral rights' are generally thought of as rights that go beyond the economic rights granted in Anglo-American institutions of intellectual property. For example, the moral rights of an author may prohibit alteration of some intangible work even after the first sale - thus an author of a black and white movie may prohibit color being added. For more about the moral rights of authors and inventors see Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, ed. A. Moore (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), p. 6-7, and M. A. Roeder, 'The Doctrine of Moral Right: A Study in the Law of Artists, Authors, and Creators,' Harvard Law Review 53 (1940): 554.
24. 'Moral rights' are generally thought of as rights that go beyond the economic rights granted in Anglo-American institutions of intellectual property. For example, the moral rights of an author may prohibit alteration of some intangible work even after the first sale - thus an author of a black and white movie may prohibit color being added. For more about the moral rights of authors and inventors see Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas, ed. A. Moore (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), p. 6-7, and M. A. Roeder, 'The Doctrine of Moral Right: A Study in the Law of Artists, Authors, and Creators,' Harvard Law Review 53 (1940): 554.
25. Charles Platt 'Evolution Revolution' Wired Magazine (January 1997), p. 201.
26. A. John Simmons The Lockean Theory of Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 269.
27. Lysander Spooner, The Law of Intellectual Property: or An Essay on the Right of Authors and Inventors to a Perpetual Property in Their Ideas, in The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner, edited by C. Shively (1971), p. 58.
28. Lysander Spooner, The Law of Intellectual Property: or An Essay on the Right of Authors and Inventors to a Perpetual Property in Their Ideas, in The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner, edited by C. Shively (1971), p. 58.
29. Nozick, Anarchy, p. 95.
30. Spooner, The Law of Intellectual Property, p. 103.
31. Council For Responsible Genetics, Human Genetics Committee (Fall, 1992) in T. Beauchamp and L. Waters, Bioethics, 4th ed. (Wadsworth, 1994), p. 671.