Improved methodologies for breeding striga-resistant sorghums

Field Crops Research

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 195-211

  Haussmann, Bettina I G ^a   Hess, Dale E ^b   Welz, H Günter ^a   Geiger, Hartwig H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

^b INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI ARID TROPICS ICRISAT   (Mali)

Author keywords

Breeding strategies; Screening techniques; Striga severity; Striga vigor

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; CULTIVAR; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETIC SELECTION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC TRAIT; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENOTYPE; GERMPLASM; HERBICIDE TOLERANCE; HOST RESISTANCE; HYBRID; INDUCED RESISTANCE; PARASITIC PLANT; PLANT BREEDING; TRANSGENIC PLANT;

METHODOLOGY; PEST RESISTANCE; PLANT BREEDING; SORGHUM;

SORGHUM BICOLOR; STRIGA;

EID: 0034071937     PISSN: 03784290     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00076-9     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Abayo G.O., English T., Eplee R.E., Kanampiu F.K., Ransom J.K., Gressel J. Control of parasitic witchweeds (Striga spp.) on corn (Zea mays) resistant to acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Weed Sci. 46:1998;459-466.
2. Allard, R., 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. Wiley, New York.
3. Anaso A.B. Evaluating sorghum varieties for resistance to witchweed (Striga hermonthica) in Nigerian Guinea Savanna. Appl. Agric. Res. 5:1990;293-297.
4. Babiker, A.G.T., Ahmed, N.E., Mohamed, A.H., El Mana, M.E., El Tayeb, S.M., 1993. Striga hermonthica on sorghum: chemical and cultural control. In: Proceedings, Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Weeds, Brighton, pp. 907-911.
5. Ball S.T., Mulla D.J., Konzak C.F. Spatial heterogeneity affects variety trial interpretation. Crop Sci. 33:1993;931-935.
6. Bengaly M., Defoer T. Perception paysanne de l'ampleur du striga et de sa répartition sur le terroir villageois. Agric. Dév. 13:1997;52-61.
7. Bennetzen, J.L., Gong, F., Xu, J., Newton, C., de Oliveira, A.C., 2000. The study and engineering of resistance to the parasitic weed striga in rice, sorghum and maize. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 197-205.
8. Berner D.K., Cardwell K.F., Faturoti B.O., Ikie F.O., Williams O.A. Relative roles of wind, crop seeds, and cattle in dispersal of Striga spp. Plant Dis. 78:1994;402-406.
9. Berner D.K., Kling J.G., Singh B.B. Striga research and control, a perspective from Africa. Plant Dis. 79:1995;652-660.
10. Berner D.K., Carsky R., Dashiell K., Kling J., Manyong V. A land management based approach to integrated Striga hermonthica control in sub-Saharan Africa. Outlook Agric. 25:1996;157-164.
11. Berner D.K., Ikie F.O., Aigbokhan E.I. Methods for soil infestation with Striga hermonthica seeds. Agron. J. 88:1996;33-37.
12. Berner D.K., Ikie F.O., Green J.M. ALS-inhibiting herbicide seed treatments control Striga hermonthica in ALS-modified corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 11:1997;704-707.
13. Berner, D.K., Winslow, M.D., Awad, A.E., Cardwell, K.F., Mohan Raj, D.R., Kim, S.K. (Eds.), 1997b. Striga Research Methods - A Manual, 2nd Edition. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1997 June. http://www.cgiar.org/iita/inform/striga.pdf.
14. Brownie C., Bowman D.T., Burton J.W. Estimating spatial variation in analysis of data from yield trials: a comparison of methods. Agron. J. 85:1993;1244-1253.
15. Carsky R.J., Singh L., Ndikawa R. Effect of herbicide and handweeding on current and subsequent season Striga hermonthica density on sorghum. Int. J. Pest Manage. 40:1994;111-116.
16. Carsky R.J., Ndikawa R., Kenga R., Singh L., Fobasso M., Kamuanga M. Effect of sorghum variety on Striga hermonthica parasitism and reproduction. Plant Var. Seeds. 9:1996;111-118.
17. Carson A. Development and testing of a control package for Striga hermonthica on small-scale holdings in the Gambia. Trop. Pest Manage. 34:1988;97-101.
18. Cochran, W.G., Cox, G.M., 1957. Experimental Designs, 2nd Edition. Wiley, Canada.
19. Dashiell, K., di Umba, U., Kling, J., Melake-Berhan, A., Berner, D., 2000. Breeding for integrated management of Striga hermonthica. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 273-281.
20. Dembélé, B., Konaté, A., 1991. Recherche sur le striga au Mali: synthèse des résultats de la campagne 1990-1991. In: Improving Striga Management in Africa. Proceedings of the Second General Workshop of the Pan-African Striga Control Network (PASCON), Nairobi, Kenya, 23-29 June 1991, pp. 88-90.
21. Doggett, H., 1988. Sorghum, 2nd Edition. Tropical Agriculture Series. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, England.
22. Doggett H., Jowett D. Yield of maize, sorghum varieties and sorghum hybrids in the East African Lowlands. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge). 67:1966;31-39.
23. Efron Y. Screening maize for tolerance to Striga hermonthica. Plant Breed. 110:1993;192-200.
24. Ejeta, G., 2000. Molecular mapping of striga resistance genes in sorghum. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, p. 173.
25. Ejeta, G., Butler, L.G., 1993. Host plant resistance to Striga. In: International Crop Science I, 1993. Crop Science Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Rd, Madison, WI 53711, USA, pp. 561-569.
26. Ejeta, G., Butler, L.G., Babiker, A.G., 1992. New approaches to the control of Striga. Striga Research at Purdue University, Research Bulletin RB-991. Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
27. Ejeta, G., Mohammed, A., Rich, P., Melake-Berhan, A., Housley, T.L., Hess, D.E., 2000. Selection for specific mechanisms of resistance to striga in sorghum. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F., Hess, D.E. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 29-37.
28. Federer W.T. Augmented designs with one-way elimination of heterogeneity. Biometrics. 17:1961;447-473.
29. Freitag, J., Hess, D.E., Welz, H.G., Geiger, H.H., 1996. Pearl millet and sorghum specific races of Striga hermonthica in Niger. In: Moreno, M.T., Cubero, J.I., Berner, D., Joel, D., Musselman, L.J., Parker, C. (Eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings of the Sixth International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 16-18 April 1996, pp. 472-478.
30. Frick E., Frahne D., Wegmann K. Biochemical synthesis of 2,6-Dimethoxy-parabenzo-quinone - a haustorial stimulant of Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze. Nat. Pod. Lett. 9:1996;1/53-1/59.
31. Frisch M., Bohn M., Melchinger A.E. Comparison of selection strategies for marker-assisted backcrossing of a gene. Crop Sci. 39:1999;1295-1301.
32. Gressel, J., Kleifeld, Y., Joel, D.M., 1994. Genetic engineering can help control parasitic weeds. In: Pieterse, A.H., Verkleij, J.A.C., ter Borg, S.J. (Eds.), Biology and Management of Orobanche. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Orobanche and Related Striga Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 406-418.
33. Gressel J., Segel L., Ransom J.K. Managing the delay of evolution of herbicide resistance in parasitic weeds. Int. J. Pest Manage. 42:1996;113-129.
34. Gurney, A.L., Adcock, M., Scholes, J.D., Press, M.C., 2000. Physiological processes during striga infestation in maize and sorghum. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 3-17.
35. Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Reddy, B.V.S., Welz, H.G., Geiger, H.H., 1996. Quantitative-genetic parameters for resistance to Striga hermonthica in sorghum. In: Moreno, M.T., Cubero, J.I., Berner, D., Joel, D., Musselman, L.J., Parker, C. (Eds.), Advances in Parasitic Plant Research. Proceedings of the Sixth International Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain, 16-18 April 1996, pp. 681-688.
36. Haussmann B.I.G., Obilana A.B., Blum A., Ayiecho P.O., Schipprack W., Geiger H.H. Hybrid performance of sorghum and its relationship to morphological and physiological traits under variable drought stress in Kenya. Plant Breed. 117:1998;223-229.
37. Haussmann B.I.G., Obilana A.B., Blum A., Ayiecho P.O., Schipprack W., Geiger H.H. Quantitative-genetic parameters of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown in semi-arid areas of Kenya. Euphytica. 105:1999;109-118.
38. Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Reddy, B.V.S., Welz, H.G., Geiger, H.H., 2000a. Analysis of resistance to Striga hermonthica in diallel crosses of sorghum. Euphytica, in press.
39. Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Reddy, B.V.S., Mukuru, S.Z., Kayentao, M., Welz, H.G., Geiger, H.H., 2000b. Diallel studies on striga resistance in sorghum. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F., Hess, D.E. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 29-37.
40. Haussmann B.I.G., Obilana A.B., Blum A., Ayiecho P.O., Schipprack W., Geiger H.H. Yield and yield stability of four population types of grain sorghum in a semi-arid area of Kenya. Crop Sci. 40:2000;319-329.
41. Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Reddy, B.V.S., Mukuru, N., Seetharama, S.Z., Kayentao, M., Welz, H.G., Geiger, H.H., 2000d. QTL for striga resistance in sorghum populations derived from IS 9830 and N 13. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F., Hess, D.E. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 29-37.
42. Hess D.E. Crop specific strains of Striga hermonthica in Niger. Phytopathology. 84:1994;1151.
43. Hess D.E., Ejeta G. Inheritance of resistance to Striga in sorghum genotype SRN39. Plant Breed. 109:1992;233-241.
44. Hess D.E., Ejeta G., Butler L.G. Selecting genotypes expressing a quantitative biosynthetic trait that confers resistance to Striga. Phytochemistry. 31:1992;493-497.
45. Hoffmann G., Marnotte P., Dembélé D. Emploi d'herbicides pour lutter contre Striga hermonthica. Agric. Dév. 13:1997;58-62.
46. Joel D.M., Kleifeld Y., Losner-Goshen D., Herzlinger G., Gressel J. Transgenic plants against parasites. Nature. 374:1995;220-221.
47. Kapran, I., Amadou, M., Abdou, M., Souley, S., Kondo, N., Axtell, J.D., Ejeta, G., Tyler, T., 1997. Heterosis and prospects for marketing sorghum hybrids in Niger. In: Book of Abstracts. The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops. An International Symposium, CIMMYT, Mexico, 17-22 August 1997, pp. 258-259.
48. Kempton R.A. The design and analysis of unreplicated field trials. Vortr. Pflanzenzüchtung. 7:1984;219-242.
49. Kim, S.-K., 1991. Breeding for tolerance and general resistance in maize: a novel approach to combating Striga in Africa. In: Improving Striga Management in Africa. Proceedings of the Second General Workshop of the Pan-African Striga Control Network (PASCON), Nairobi, Kenya, 23-29 June 1991, pp. 168-176.
50. Kim S.-K. Genetics of maize tolerance of Striga hermonthica. Crop Sci. 34:1994;900-907.
51. Kim, S.-K., 1998. Misconceptions about horizontal resistance in Striga and Orobanche research. In: Kim, S.K., Robinson, R.A., Atkinson, K., Adetimirin, V.O., Thé, C., Sallé, G. (Eds.), Combating Parasitic Weeds through Horizontal Resistance. Proceedings of the International Workshop organized by IARI-KNU/ICF, PASCON-FAO, STRC-OAU, KNACF and KOICA, Brussels, 27-28 August 1997. International Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) of the Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu/International Corn Foundation (ICF), Seoul, South Korea, pp. 37-42.
52. Kim, S.-K., Adetimirin, V.O., 1994. Overview of tolerance and resistance of maize to Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica. In: Jewell, D.C., Waddington, S.R., Ransom, J.K., Pixley, K.V. (Eds.), Maize Research for Stress Environments. Proceedings of the Fourth Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, 28 March-1 April 1994. CIMMYT Maize Program, pp. 255-262.
53. Kim S.-K., Fajemisin J.M., Thé C., Adepoju A., Kling J., Badu-Apraku B., Versteeg M., Carsky R., Lagoke S.T.O. Development of synthetic maize populations for resistance to Striga hermonthica. Plant Breed. 118:1998;203-209.
54. Kling, J., Fajemisin, J.M., Badu-Apraku, B., Diallo, A., Menkir, A., Melake-Berhan, A., 2000. Striga resistance breeding in maize. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 103-118.
55. Koyama, M.L., 1998. Genetic variability of Striga hermonthica and stability of resistance in sorghum. Ph.D. Thesis, Wye College, University of London, UK.
56. Koyama, M.L., 2000a. Molecular markers for the study of pathogen variability: implications for breeding resistance to Striga hermonthica. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 227-245.
57. Koyama, M.L., 2000b. Genetic variability of Striga hermonthica and effect of resistant sorghum cultivars on population dynamics. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 247-260.
58. Kroschel, J., 1998. Summary of GTZ's experiences on Striga control in Africa. In: Kim, S.K., Robinson, R.A., Atkinson, K., Adetimirin, V.O., Thé, C., Sallé, G. (Eds.), Combating Parasitic Weeds through Horizontal Resistance. Proceedings of the International Workshop organized by IARI-KNU/ICF, PASCON-FAO, STRC-OAU, KNACF and KOICA, Brussels, 27-28 August 1997. International Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) of the Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu/International Corn Foundation (ICF), Seoul, South Korea, pp. 25-26.
59. Lane J.A., Bailey J.A., Terry P.J. An in-vitro growth system for studying the parasitism of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by Striga gesnerioides. Weed Res. 31:1991;211-217.
60. Lane, J.A., Kershaw, M.J., Moore, T.H.M., Child, D.V., Terry, P.J., Bailey, J.A., 1991b. An in-vitro system to investigate the parasitism of cereals by Striga species and resistance of cowpea to Alectra vogelii. In: Ransom, J.K., Musselman, L.J., Worsham, A.D., Parker, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds, Nairobi, Kenya, 1991 June, pp. 237-240.
61. Lane, J.A., Child, D.V., Moore, T.H.M., Bailey, J.A., 1995. Wild relatives of cereals as new sources of resistance to Striga. In: Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. International Workshop, IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK, 30 May-2 June 1995, p. 13.
62. Lane, J.A., Child, D.V., Reiss, G.C., Entcheva, V., Bailey, J.A., 1997. Crop resistance to parasitic plants. In: Crute, I.R., Holub, E.B., Burdon, J.J. (Eds.), The Gene-for-Gene Relationship in Plant Parasite Interactions. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 1997, pp. 81-97.
63. Melchinger A.E. Use of molecular markers in breeding for oligogenic disease resistance. Plant Breed. 104:1990;1-19.
64. Musselman, L.J., 1987. Taxonomy of witchweeds. In: Musselman, L.J. (Ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Vol. 1. Striga, Biology and Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1-12.
65. Obilana A.B. Inheritance of resistance to striga (Striga hermonthica Benth.) in sorghum. Prot. Ecol. 7:1984;305-311.
66. Obilana, A.B., 1990. Strategies and recommendations for Striga control in sorghum and millets. In: Proceedings of the Sixth EARSAM Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Millet Improvement in Eastern Africa. Eastern Africa Regional Sorghum and Millet (EARSAM), OAU/SAFGRAD/ICRISAT, PO Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 461-472.
67. Odhiambo, G.D., Ransom, J.K., 1994. Long term strategies for Striga control. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, 28 March-1 April 1994, pp. 263-266.
68. Olivier A. Le striga, mauvaise herbe parasite des céréales africaines: biologie et méthodes de lutte. Agronomie. 15:1995;517-525.
69. Olivier A. La relation entre le Striga hermonthica et ses hôtes: une synthèse. Can. J. Bot. 74:1996;1119-1137.
70. Olivier A., Ramaiah K.V., Leroux G.D. Selection of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) varieties resistant to the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Weed Res. 31:1991;219-225.
71. Omanya, G.O., Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Reddy, B.V.S., Mukuru, S.Z., Welz, H.G., Geiger, H.H., 2000. Evaluation of laboratory, pot, and field measures of striga resistance in sorghum. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 59-72.
72. Paterson A.H., Tanksley S.D., Sorrells M.E. DNA markers in plant improvement. Adv. Agron. 46:1991;39-90.
73. Ramaiah, K.V., 1984. Patterns of Striga resistance in sorghum and millets with special emphasis on Africa. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Biology and Control of Striga, Dakar, Senegal, 14-17 November 1983. ICSU Press, France, pp. 71-92.
74. Ramaiah, K.V., 1986. Summary report of striga research carried out in Burkina Faso from 1979 to 1985. ICRISAT/Burkina Faso Cooperative Program. ICRISAT, BP 4881, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
75. Ramaiah, K.V., 1987. Breeding cereal grains for resistance to witchweed. In: Musselman, L.J. (Ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Vol. I, Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 227-242.
76. Ramaiah K.V., Chidley V.L., House L.R. Inheritance of Striga seed-germination stimulant in sorghum. Euphytica. 45:1990;33-38.
77. Rana, B.S., Hanumantha Rao, C., Rao, V.J.M., Reddy, B.B., 1982. Strategies for breeding sorghum varieties resistant to Striga. In: Discussion Proceedings, ICRISAT-AICSIP (ICAR) Working Group Meeting on Striga Control. ICRISAT Center, 30 September-1 October 1982. ICRISAT, Patancheru PO, Andhra Pradesh 502324, India, pp. 220-224.
78. Ransom, J.K., 1999. The status quo of Striga control: cultural, chemical and integrated aspects. In: Kroschel, J., Mercer-Quarshie, H., Sauerborn, J. (Eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level, Vol. 1, Joint Action to Control Striga in Africa. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 133-143.
79. Ransom J.K., Eplee R.E., Langston M.A. Genetic variability for resistance to Striga asiatica in maize. Cer. Res. Commun. 18:1990;329-333.
80. Rattunde, H.F.W., Obilana, A.B., Haussmann, B.I.G., Reddy, B.V.S., Hess, D.E., 2000. Breeding sorghum for striga resistance at ICRISAT: progress and perspectives. In: Haussmann, B.I.G., Hess, D.E., Koyama, M.L., Grivet, L., Rattunde, H.F.W., Geiger, H.H. (Eds.), Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals. Proceedings of a Workshop, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 18-20 August 1999. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 85-93.
81. Sallé, G., 1998. EEC Project: experiences on Striga control in Africa. In: Kim, S.K., Robinson, R.A., Atkinson, K., Adetimirin, V.O., Thé, C., Sallé, G. (Eds.), Combating Parasitic Weeds through Horizontal Resistance. Proceedings of the International Workshop organized by IARI-KNU/ICF, PASCON-FAO, STRC-OAU, KNACF and KOICA, Brussels, 27-28 August 1997. International Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Kyungpook National University (KNU), Taegu/International Corn Foundation (ICF), Seoul, South Korea, pp. 23-24.
82. Sauerborn, J., 1999. Striga biology versus control. In: Kroschel, J., Mercer-Quarshie, H., Sauerborn, J. (Eds.), Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-farm Level, Vol. 1, Joint Action to Control Striga in Africa. Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany, pp. 59-72.
83. Scharf P.C., Alley M.M. Accounting for spatial yield variability in field experiments increases statistical power. Agron. J. 85:1993;1254-1256.
84. Shaner G., Finney R.E. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in Knox wheat. Phytopathology. 67:1977;1051-1056.
85. Shinde, V.K., Kulkarni, N., 1982. Genetics of resistance to Striga asiatica in sorghum. In: Proceedings of the ICRISAT-AICSIP (ICAR) Working Group Meeting on Striga Control, ICRISAT Center, 30 September-1 October 1982. ICRISAT, Patancheru PO, Andhra Pradesh 502324, India, pp. 134-140.
86. Stroup W.W., Baenziger P.S., Mulitze D.K. Removing spatial variation from wheat yield trials: a comparison of methods. Crop Sci. 86:1994;62-66.
87. Tanksley S.D., Young N.D., Paterson A.H., Bonierbale M.W. RFLP mapping in plant breeding: new tools for an old science. Biotechnology. 7:1989;257-264.
88. Vasudeva Rao, M.J., 1985. Techniques for screening sorghums for resistance to Striga. ICRISAT Information Bulletin No. 20. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru PO, Andhra Pradesh 502324, India.
89. Vasudeva Rao, M.J., Musselman, L.J., 1987. Host specificity in Striga spp. and physiological strains. In: Musselman, L.J. (Ed.), Parasitic Weeds in Agriculture, Vol. I, Striga. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 13-25.
90. Vogler R.K., Ejeta G., Butler L.G. Inheritance of low production of Striga germination stimulant in sorghum. Crop Sci. 36:1996;1185-1191.
91. Wegmann, K., 1996. Biochemistry of host/parasite relations. Sixth Parasitic Weed Symposium, Cordoba, Spain. Manuscript available from Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Chemical Plant Physiology, Correnstr. 41, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.