Neogene and Quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 725-742

  Van Der Hammen, Thomas ^a,b   Hooghiemstra, Henry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b Tropenbos Colombia   (Colombia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEOGENE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOECOLOGY; QUATERNARY;

SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 0034069807     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00024-4     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Absy, M.L., Van der Hammen, T., 1976. Some palaeoecological data from Rondonia, southern part of the Amazon basin. Acta Amazonica 6, 293-299.
2. Absy, M.L., Cleef, A.M., Fornier, M., Servant, M., Siffedine, A., Da Silva, M.F., Soubies, F., Suguio, K., Turcq, B., Van der Hammen, T., 1991. Mise en evidence de quatre phases d'ouverture de la foret dense dans le sud-est de l'Amazonie au cours des 60,000 dernieres années. Premiere comparaison avec d'autres regions tropicales. Comptes Rendus Academie Scientifique Paris 313, 673-678.
3. Bakker, J., 1990. Tectonic and climatic controls on Late Quaternary sedimentary processes in a neotectonic intramontane basin (The Pitalito Basin, south Colombia). Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, 160 pp. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 16).
4. Bakker, J., 1990. Tectonic and climatic controls on Late Quaternary sedimentary processes in a neotectonic intramontane basin (The Pitalito Basin, south Colombia). Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, 160 pp. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 16).
5. Behling, H., Hooghiemstra, H., Negret, A.J., 1998. Holocene history of the Chocò rain forest from Laguna Piusbi, southern Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Quaternary Research 50, 300-308.
6. Bush, M., 1994. Amazonian speciation: A necessarily complex model. Journal of Biogeography 21, 5-17.
7. Bush, M.B., Colinvaux, P.A., Wiemann, M.C., Piperno, D.R., Liu, K.B., 1990. Late Pleistocene temperature depression and vegetation change in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Quaternary Research 34, 330-345.
8. Bush, M.B., Stute, M., Ledru, M.-P., Behling, H., Colinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E., Grimm, E.C., Hooghiemstra, H., Haberle, S., Leyden, B.W., Salgado-Labouriau, M.-L., Webb, R., 2000. Paleotemperature estimates for the lowland Americas between 30°S and 30°N at the last glacial maximum, in press.
9. Campbell, K.E., Romero, L., 1989. The Quaternary geology of Departamento de Madre de Dios, Peru. In: Congreso Peruana de Geologia, Lima. Proceedings Lima Soc. Geol. del Peru, p. 6.
10. Carneiro Filho, A.C., Zinck, J.A., 1994. Mapping paleo-aeolian sand cover formations in the northern Amazon basin from TM images. ITC Journal 3, 270-282.
11. Cleef, A.M., Hooghiemstra, H., 1984. Present vegetation of the area of the high plain of Bogota. In: Hooghiemstra, H. (Ed.), Vegetational and Climatic History of the High Plain of Bogotá, Colombia: A Continuous Record of the Last 3.5 million Years. Dissertaciones Botanicae, Vol. 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz, pp. 42-66. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 10).
12. Cleef, A.M., Hooghiemstra, H., 1984. Present vegetation of the area of the high plain of Bogota. In: Hooghiemstra, H. (Ed.), Vegetational and Climatic History of the High Plain of Bogotá, Colombia: A Continuous Record of the Last 3.5 million Years. Dissertaciones Botanicae, Vol. 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz, pp. 42-66. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 10).
13. Cleef, A.M., Ferreira Da Silva, M., 1994. Plant communities of the Serra dos Carajas (Pará) Brazil. Boletim do Musem Paraense Emilio Goeldi Nova Sèrie Botanica 10 (2), 269-281.
14. CLIMAP Project Members, 1976. The surface of the ice age earth, Science 191, 1131-1137.
15. Colinvaux, P.A., 1979. The ice-age Amazon. Nature 278, 399-400.
16. Colinvaux, P.A., 1996. Quaternary environmental history and forest diversity in the neotropics. In: Jackson, J.B.C., Budd, A.F., Coates, A.G. (Eds.), Evolution and Environment in Tropical America. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 359-405.
17. Colinvaux, P.A., 1997. The ice-age Amazon and the problem of diversity. NWO Huygens Lecture 1997, The Hague, The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), pp. 7-30.
18. Colinvaux, P.A., De Olliveira, P.E., Moreno, J.E., Miller, M.C., Bush, M.B., 1996. A long pollen record from lowland Amazonia: Forest and cooling in glacial times. Science 274, 85-88.
19. Colinvaux, P.A., Liu, K.-B., 1987. The Late-Quaternary climate of the western Amazon basin. In: Berger, W.H., Labeyrie, L.D. (Eds.), Abrupt Climatic Change. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 113-122.
20. Damuth, J.E., Fairbridge, R.W., 1970. Equatorial Atlantic deep-sea arkosic sands and ice-age aridity in tropical South America. Bulletin Geological Society of America 81, 189-206.
21. Duivenvoorden, J.F., Lips, J.M. 1993. Ecología del paisaje del Medio Caquetá. (Landscape ecology of the Middle Caquetá basin). Tropenbos Colombia, Vol. IIIA (Explanatory notes to the maps/Memoria explicativa de los mapas) & IIIB (10 Maps/10 Mapas), 301 pp.
22. Duivenvoorden, J.F., Lips, J.M., 1995. A Land-Ecological Study of Soils, Vegetation, and Plant Diversity in Colombian Amazonia. Tropenbos Series, Vol. 12. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 438 pp. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 20)
23. Duivenvoorden, J.F., Lips, J.M., 1995. A Land-Ecological Study of Soils, Vegetation, and Plant Diversity in Colombian Amazonia. Tropenbos Series, Vol. 12. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 438 pp. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 20)
24. Farrera, I., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Ramstein, G., Guiot, J., Bartlein, P.J., Bonnefille, R., Bush, M., Cramer, W., von Grafenstein, U., Holmgren, K., Hooghiemstra, H., Hope, G., Jolly, D., Lauritzen, S.-E., Ono, Y., Pinot, S., Stute, M., Yu, G., 1999. Tropical climates at the last glaical maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data I. Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry. Climate Dynamics, in press.
25. Ferreira Da Silva, M., Cleef, A.M., 1991. Plant communities of the Serra da Carajas (Para, Brasil). INQUA Symposium Sao Paulo, pp. 269-274.
26. Figueroa, N., Nobre, C.A., 1990. Precipitation distribution over central western tropical South America. Climanalise 5 (6), 36-42.
27. Gates, W.L., 1976. Modeling the ice-age climate. Science 191, 113-1144.
28. Gentry, A.H., 1986. Species richness and floristic composition of Chocó region plant communities. Caldasia 15, 71-91.
29. Gentry, A.H., 1992. Tropical forest biodiversity: distribution patterns and their conservational significance. Oikos 63, 19-28.
30. González, A.E., 1967. A palynologial study of the Upper Los Cuercos and Mirador formations (Lower and Middle Eocene; Tibú area, Colombia), Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 68 pp 30 plates.
31. Grabandt, R.A.J., 1980. Pollen rain in relation to arboreal vegetation in the Colombian Cordillera Oriental. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 29, 65-147.
32. Haberle, S., 1997. Upper Quaternary vegetation and climate history of the Amazon basin: correlating marine and terrestrial pollen records. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 155, pp. 381-396.
33. Haffer, J., 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165, 131-137.
34. Hooghiemstra, H. (1984). Vegetational and climatic history of the high plain of Bogotá, Colombia: a continuous record of the last 3.5 million years. Dissertactiones Botanicae, Vol. 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz, 368 pp. (Also in: The Quaternary of Colombia', 10).
35. Hooghiemstra, H. (1984). Vegetational and climatic history of the high plain of Bogotá, Colombia: a continuous record of the last 3.5 million years. Dissertactiones Botanicae, Vol. 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz, 368 pp. (Also in: The Quaternary of Colombia', 10).
36. Hooghiemstra, H., 1995. Environmental and paleoclimatic evolution in Late Pliocene-Quaternary Colombia. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G., Burckle, L.H., Partridge, T.C. (Eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, USA, pp. 249-261.
37. Hooghiemstra, H., 1997. Tropical rain forest versus savanna: two sides of a precious medal? A comment. NWO Huygens Lecture 1997. The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), The Hague, pp. 31-43.
38. Hooghiemstra, H., Cleef, A.M., 1995. Pleistocene climatic change and environmental and generic dynamics in the north Andean montane forest and paramo. In: Churchill, S.P., Balslev, H., Forero, E., Luyeyn, J.L. (Eds.), Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. New York Botanical Garden, pp. 35-49.
39. Hooghiemstra, H., Melice, J.L., Berger, A., Shackleton, N.J., 1993. Frequency spectra and paleoclimatic variability of high-resolution 30-1450 ka Funza I pollen record (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia). Quaternary Science Reviews 12, 141-156.
40. Hooghiemstra, H., Ran, E.T.H., 1994. Late Pliocene-Pleistocene high resolution pollen sequence of Colombia: an overview of climatic change. Quaternary International 21, 63-80.
41. Hooghiemstra, H., Van der Hammen, T., 1998. Neogene and Quaternary development of the neotropical rain forest: the forest refugia hypothesis, and a literature overview. Earth-Science Reviews 44, 147-183.
42. Hoorn, C., 1990. Evoluión de los ambientes sedimentarios durante el Tertiario y el Cuaternario en la Amazonica Colombiana. Colombia Amazonica 4 (2), 97-126.
43. Hoorn, C., 1993a. Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: Results of a palynostratigraphic study. Palaeogeography Palaeclimatology Palaeoecology 105, 267-309.
44. Hoorn, C., 1993b. Geologia del nororiente de la Amazonia Peruana: la formacion Pebas. In: Kalliola, R., Puhakka, M., Danjoy, W. (Eds.), Amazonia Peruana. Vegetación Húmeda Tropical en el llano Subandino. Proyecto Amazonia, Universidad de Turku (PAUT) and Oficina Nacional de Evaluation de Recursos Naturales (ONERN), Jyväskylä, pp. 69-85.
45. Hoorn, C., 1994a. Fluvial palaeoenvironments in the intractonic Amazonas Basin (Early Miocene-early Middle Miocene Colombia). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 109, 1-54.
46. Hoorn, C., 1994b. An environmental reconstruction of the paleo-Amazon river system (Middle-Late Miocene NW Amazonia). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 112, 187-238.
47. Hoorn, C., 1994c. Miocene palynostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of northwestern Amazonia. Evidence for marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 156 pp.
48. Hoorn, C., 1996. Micoene deposits in the Amazonian foreland basin. Science 273, 122-123.
49. Hoorn, C., 1997. Palynology of the Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles of the Amazon Fan (Holes 940A, 944A, and 946A). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 155, pp. 397-409.
50. Hoorn, C., Guerrero, J., Sarmiento, G.A., Lorente, M.A., 1995. Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America. Geology 23, 237-240.
51. Irion, G., 1976. Quaternary sediments of the upper Amazon lowlands of Brazil. Biogeographica 7, 163-167.
52. Jaramillo, C., Bayona, G., 1999. Mangrove distribution during the Holocene in Tribugá Gulf, Colombia. Biotropica, in press.
53. LAPD, 1996. The Latin American pollen database site inventory. Paleoclimatology Publication Series Report No. 4. World Data Center, Boulder, 58 pp.
54. Latrubesse, E.M., Franzinelli, E. (unpublished manuscript). Late Quatenary alluvial sedimentation in the upper Rio Negro basin, Amazonia, Paleoclimatic implications, Brazil.
55. Ledru, M.-P., 1992. Modifications de la végétation du Bresil Central entre la derniere époque glaciaire et 'interglaciaire actuel. Comptes Rendus des del Academic des Sciences Paris, Serie II 314, 117-123.
56. Ledru, M.-P., 1993. Late Quaternary environmental and climatic changes in central Brazil. Quaternary Research 39, 90-98.
57. Ledru, M.-P., Bertaux, J., Sifeddine, A., Suguio, K., 1998. Absence of last glacial maximum records in lowland tropical forests. Quaternary Research 49, 233-237.
58. Ledru, M.-P., Soares Braga, P.I., Soubies, F., Fournier, M., Martin, L., Suguio, K., Trucq, B., 1996. The last 50,000 years in the Neotropics (Southern Brazil): evolution of vegetation and climate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 123, 239-257.
59. Liu, K.-B., Colinvaux, P.A., 1985. Forest changes in the Amazon basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature 318, 556-557.
60. Livingstone, D.A., Van der Hammen, T., 1978. Palaeogeography and palaeoclimatology. In Tropical forest ecosystems, a state-of-knowledge report prepared by UNESCO/UNEP/FAO. Unesco, Paris, pp. 61-90.
61. Lorente, M.A., 1986. Palynology and palynofacies of the Upper Tertiary in Venezuela. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Dissertaciones Botanicae, Vol. 99. J. Cramer/Borntraeger, Berlin, pp. 1-222.
62. Mainieri, C., Pires, J.M., 1973. O genero Podocarpus no Brasil. Silvi Sao Paulo 8, 1-24.
63. Martin, L., Bertaux, J., Correge, T., Ledru, M.-P., Mourguiart, P., Sifeddine, A., Soubies, F., Wirrmann, D., Suguio, K., Turcq, 1997. Astronomical forcing a contrasting rainfall changes in tropical South America between 12,400 and 8800 cal yr BP. Quaternary Research 47, 117-122.
64. Melief, A.B.M., 1989. Relation of pollen rain and vegetation in the Paraqe Los Nevados transect. In: Van der Hammen, T., Diaz-Piedrahita, S., Alvarez, V.Z. (Eds.), La Coridllera Central Colombiana, transecto Parque Los Nevados (segunda parte). Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems, Vol. 3. J. Cramer, Berlin, pp. 517-536.
65. Muller, J., de Di Giacomo, E., Van Erve, A.W., 1987. A palynological zonation for the Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary of northern South America. AASP Contribution Series 19, 7-76.
66. Nelson, B.W., 1994. Natural forest disturbance and change in the Brazilian Amazon. Remote Sensing Reviews 10, 105-125.
67. Peterson, G.M., Webb III, T., Kutzbach, J.E., Van der Hammen, T., Wijmstra, T.A., Street, F.A., 1979. The continental record of environmental conditonas at 18,000 yr BP: an initial evaluation. Quaternary Research 12, 47-82.
68. Prance, G.H., 1973. Phytogeographic support for the theory of Pleistocene forest refugees in the Amazonian basin, based on evidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae. Chryso balanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae. Acta Amazonica 3, 5-28.
69. Rangel, O., 1999. Relacion de lluvia de polen reciente y vegetacion en el transecto Tatama (Cordillera Occidental). In: Van der Hammen et al. (Eds.), Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems, Vol. 5, in preparation.
70. Räsänen, M.E., Salo, J.S., Junger, H., Pittmann, L.R., 1990. Evolution of the western Amazon lowland relief: impact of Andean foreland dynamics. Terra Nova 2, 320-332.
71. Räsänen, M.E., Salo, J.S., Kalliola, R.J., 1987. Fluvial perturbance in the western Amazon basin: regulation by long-term sub-Andean tectonics. Science 238, 1398-1401.
72. Regali, M.S., Uesegi, N., Santos, A., 1974. Palinologia dos sedimentos meso-cenozoicos do Brasil. Boletin técnico da Petrobras 17 (3), 177-191 and 17 (4), 263-301.
73. Regali, M.S., Uesegi, N., Santos, A., 1974. Palinologia dos sedimentos meso-cenozoicos do Brasil. Boletin técnico da Petrobras 17 (3), 177-191 and 17 (4), 263-301.
74. Roa Morales, P., 1979. Estudio de los médanos de los Llanos Centrales de Venezuela: evidencias de un clima desértico. Acta Biologica Venezolana 10, 19-49.
75. Sánchez-Sáenz, M., 1997. Catálogo preliminar comentado de la flora del Medio Caquetá. Commented catalogue on the Middle Caquetá flora. Estudios en la Amazonia colombiana/Studies on the Colombian Amazonian, Vol. 12. Tropenbos-Colombia, Bogotá. 557 pp.
76. Servant, M., Maley, J., Turcq, B., Absy, M.L., Brenac, P., Fournier, M., Ledru, M.P., 1993. Tropical forest changes during the Late Quaternary in African and South American lowlands. Global and Planetary Change 7, 25-40.
77. Sifeddine, A., Bertrand, P., Fournier, M., Martin, L., Servant, M., Soubies, F., Suguio, K., Turcq, B., 1994. La sédimentation organique lacustre en milieu tropical humide (Carajás, Amazonie orientale, Brésil): relation avec leschangements climatiques au cours des 60,000 dernieres années. Bulletin Societé Geologie France 165, 613-621.
78. Sole de Porta, N., 1960. Observaciones palinológicas sobre el Plioceno de Cartagena (Colombia). Boletin de Geología (Bucaramanga) 4, 45-50.
79. Steyermark, J.A., 1979. Plant refyge and dispersal centers in Venezuela: their relict and endemic elements. In: Larsen, K., Holm-Nielsen, L.B. (Eds.), Tropical Botany. Academic Press, New York, pp. 185-221.
80. Stute, M., Forster, M., Frischkorn, H., Serejo, A., Clark, J.F., Schlosser, P., Broecker, W.S., Bonani, G., 1995. Cooling of tropical Brazil (5°C) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 269, 379-383.
81. Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Lin, P.N., Henderson, K.A., Cole-Dai, J., Bolzan, J.F., Liu, K.-b., 1995. Late Glacial stage and Holocene tropical ice core records from Huarascán, Peru. Science 269, 46-50.
82. Torres-Romero, J.H., 1988. Flora de Colombia, 5. Podocarpaceae. Instituto de ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 73 pp.
83. Urrego, L.E., 1994. Los bosques inundables del medio Caquetá (Amazonia Colombiana). Caracterización y succesión, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 235 pp.
84. Urrego, L.E., 1997. Los bosques inundables del medio Caquetá: Caracterización y sucessiòn. Estudios en la Amazonia colombiana/Studies on the Colombian Amazonia, Vol. 14. Tropenbos-Colombia, Bogota, pp. 1-335 + 2 appendices.
85. Van der Hammen, T., 1954. El desarrollo de la flora colombiana en los périodes geológicos I: Maestrichtiano hasta Terciario más inferior. Boletín Geológico 2 (1), 49-106.
86. Van der Hammen, T., 1957. Climatic periodicity and evolution of South American Maestrichtian and Tertiary floras. Boletín Geológico 5 (2), 49-91.
87. Van der Hammen, T., 1961a. Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary climatic periodicities and their causes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 95, 440-448.
88. Van der Hammen, T., 1961b. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy and tectogenesis of the Colombian Andes. Geologie en Mijnbouw 40, 181-188.
89. Van der Hammen, T., 1961c. First results of pollen analysis in British Guiana. Proceedings Fifth International Guiana Geological Conference, Georgetown, 1959. Publication georgetown Geological Survey Department, pp. 229-231.
90. Van der Hammen, T., 1963. A palynological study on the Quaternary of British Guiana. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 29, 125-180.
91. Van der Hammen, T., 1970. Ensayo de un esquema en tiempo y espacio de la vegetación y el medio ambiente en el noroeste de Sudamerica. Revista Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas. Físicas y Naturales 13 (52), 473-479.
92. Van der Hammen, T., 1972. Changes in vegetation and climate in the Amazon Basin and surrounding areas during the Pleistocene. Geologie en Mijnbouw 51, 641-643.
93. Van der Hammen, T., 1974. The Pleistocene changes of vegetation and climate in tropical South America. Journal of Biogeography 1, 3-26.
94. Van der Hammen, T., 1989. History of montane forest of the northern Andes. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162, 109-114.
95. Van der Hammen, T., 1995. Plioceno y Cuaternario del altiplano de Bogotá y alrededores. Analisis Geograficos, Vol. 24. Instituto Geografico 'Augustin Codazzi', Bogota, pp. 1-142.
96. Van der Hammen, T., 1999a. Paleoecology of Amazonia. Boletin Museo Paraense Emilio Gaeldi, in press.
97. Van der Hammen, T., Absy, M.L., 1994. Amazonia during the last glacial. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 109, 247-261.
98. Van der Hammen, T., Cleef, A.M., 1983/84. Datos para la historia de la flora andina. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 56, 97-107.
99. Van der Hammen, T., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Lips, J.M., Urrego, L.E., Espejo, N., 1992a. Late Quaternary of the middle Caquetá River area (Colombian Amazonia). Journal of Quaternary Science 7, 45-55.
100. Van der Hemmen, T., Uerrego, L.E., Espejo, N., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Lips, J.M., 1992b. Lateglacial and Holocene sedimentation and fluctuations of river water level in the Caqueta area (Colombian Amazonia). Journal of Quaternary Science 7, 57-67.
101. Van der Hammen, T., Werner, J.H., Van Dommelen, H., 1973. Palynological record of the upheaval of the northern Andes: a study of the Pliocene and Lower Quaternary of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera and the early evolution of its high-Adean biota. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 16, 1-122 (Also in 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 2).
102. Van der Hammen, T., Werner, J.H., Van Dommelen, H., 1973. Palynological record of the upheaval of the northern Andes: a study of the Pliocene and Lower Quaternary of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera and the early evolution of its high-Adean biota. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 16, 1-122 (Also in 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 2).
103. Van der Hammen, T., Wijmstra, T.A., 1964. A palynological study on the Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous of British Guiana. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 30, 183-241.
104. Van Geel, B., Van der Hammen, T., 1973. Upper Quaternary vegetational and climatic sequence of the Fuquene area (Eastern Cordillera Colombia). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 14, 9-92.
105. Wijmstra, T.A., 1967. A pollen diagram from the Upper Holocene of the Lower Magdalena Valley. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 39, 261-267.
106. Wijmstra, T.A., 1969. Palynology of the Alliance well. Geologie en Mijnbouw 48, 125-133.
107. Wijmstra, T.A., 1971. The palynology of the Guiana coastal basin. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 62 pp.
108. Wijmstra, T.A., Van der Hammen, T., 1966. Palynological data on the history of tropical savannas in northern South America. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 38, 71-90.
109. Wijninga, V.M., 1996. Paleobotany and palynology of Neogene sediments from the high plain of Bogotá (Colombia). Evolution of the Andean flora from the paleoecological perspectiveu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 370 pp. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 21).
110. Wijninga, V.M., 1996. Paleobotany and palynology of Neogene sediments from the high plain of Bogotá (Colombia). Evolution of the Andean flora from the paleoecological perspectiveu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 370 pp. (Also in: 'The Quaternary of Colombia', 21).
111. Wijninga, V.M., Hooghiemstra, H., Van der Hammen, T., 1999. Neogene evolution of the northern Andean flora based on the Colombian paleobotanical record. Journal of Biogeography, in review.