Labourers are revolting: Penalising the poor and a political reaction in the Brixworth Union, Northamptonshire, 1875-1885

Rural History

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 37-55

  Hurren, Elizabeth T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC HISTORY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; POVERTY ALLEVIATION;

ENGLAND(NORTHAMPTONSHIRE); UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0034067061     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0956793300001898     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Karel Williams, From Pauperism to Poverty (London, 1981), p. 97.
2. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
3. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
4. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
5. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
6. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
7. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
8. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
9. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
10. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
11. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
12. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
13. There is an extensive historiography which discusses the implementation of the New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The major texts that examine social policies after 1870 are - D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London, 1973); D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1978); Williams, From Pauperism, pp. 96-146; M. E. Rose, 'The Crisis of Poor Relief in England, 1860-1900' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mocks (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), pp. 50-70; A. Digby, 'The Rural Poor' in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside: Volume Two (London, 1981), pp. 591-601; D. Thomson, 'The Decline of Social Security: Falling State Support for the Elderly since Early Victorian Times', Ageing and Society 4 (1984), 451-82; M. Mackinnon, 'Poor Law Policy, Unemployment and Pauperism', Explorations in Economic History 23 (1986), 299-336; M. E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1986); M. Mackinnon, 'English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief,' Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 603-25; C. Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1918 (Manchester, 1988); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994): P. Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow, 1996 edn.).
14. Williams, From Pauperism, p. 98.
15. Williams, From Pauperism, p. 104.
16. D. Thomson, 'Workhouse to Nursing Home: Residential Care of Elderly People in England since 1840', Ageing and Society 3 (1983), 43-69; Thomson, '"I am not my father's keeper": Families and the Elderly in Nineteenth Century England', Law and History Review 2 (1984), 265-86.
17. D. Thomson, 'Workhouse to Nursing Home: Residential Care of Elderly People in England since 1840', Ageing and Society 3 (1983), 43-69; Thomson, '"I am not my father's keeper": Families and the Elderly in Nineteenth Century England', Law and History Review 2 (1984), 265-86.
18. Brixworth Union parochial lists, (Northampton, 1879), Sox 393, Spencer MS, Northamptonshire Record Office (hereafter NRO).
19. T. Mackay (ed.), The Reminiscences of Albert Pell Sometime MP for South Leicestershire (London, 1908), pp. 8-28.
20. P. Gordon (ed.), The Red Earl: The Papers of the 5th Earl Spencer, 1835-1910, Volume One (Northampton, 1981), pp. 1-34.
21. A. Brundage, 'The Landed Interest and the New Poor Law: A Reappraisal of the Revolution in Government', Economic History Review 87 (1972), 27-38.
22. M. Calverley, Out-Door Relief: A Study in Pauperisation. The Down-Grade. Occasional Papers of the Charity Organisation Society No. 23 (London, 1900), local studies collection, Leicester University library.
23. Brixworth Union parochial lists, Sox 393, Spencer MS, NRO.
24. Local Government Journal (25.5.1895), ZA 2246, NRO.
25. Brixworth Union guardian minute books. (1870-1873), PL 2/16, NRO.
26. see footnote 10 above.
27. Bury to Spencer, 10.3.1874, K156, Althorp MS, British Library Manuscript Department (hereafter BLMD) - quoted with original spelling and emphasis.
28. D. Thomson, 'The Welfare of the Elderly in the Past: A Family or Community Responsibility?', in M. Pelling and R. Smith (eds.), Life, Death and the Elderly: Historical Perspectives (London, 1991), p. 217.
29. Northampton Petty Session Records, Northampton Division, ML 44, V2911, NRO.
30. Thomson, 'The Welfare', p. 200.
31. Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), MH 12/8699, Brixworth Poor Law Union Correspondence, (1871-73), George Faulkener, Holcot Parish to Local Government Board, (19.4.1873). Quoted with original emphasis, phrasing and spelling.
32. PRO, MH 12/8699, internal memorandum on how best to reply to George Faulkener (April 1873).
33. Northamptonshire Guardian (5.8.1876).
34. P. L. R. Horn, 'Northamptonshire Agricultural Labourers and the Quest for Allotments -The 1870s', Northamptonshire Past and Present 6, IV, (1971/1972), 372.
35. PRO, MH 12/8700, Brixworth Poor Law Union Correspondence (1874-1876) Charles Stevenson to LGB, (February 1874). There was a lengthy inter-departmental correspondence following Stevenson's complaint about NALU defence strategies in Norfolk and Northamptonshire.
36. J. N. Beasley to Spencer, 27.3.1873, and C. Boyle to Spencer, 8.4.1872, documents local NALU activity and the reaction of farmers, Sox 571, Spencer MS, NRO.
37. Thomson, 'The Welfare', pp. 198-9.
38. Report of the Brixworth Union Charities Committee (1875), 49p/46, NRO.
39. Spencer to Pell, 28.1.1877, K159, Althorp MS, BLMD.
40. Thomson, 'The Welfare', p. 217.
41. Bury to Spencer, 15.1.1180, 11.11.1880, K382; Calverley to Bury, 1.12.1880, 8.3.1881, K144, Althorp MS, BLMD.
42. David Morton, Rector of Harlestone, to Brixworth Union board of guardians, 9.5.1878, Brixworth Union guardian minute book, (1878), PL2/19, NRO. Quoted with original punctuation, spelling and emphasis; 'Brixworth - Power of the Chairman Questioned', Local Government Journal (27.7.1878), ZA 2246, NRO.
43. David Morton, Rector of Harlestone, to Brixworth Union board of guardians, 9.5.1878, Brixworth Union guardian minute book, (1878), PL2/19, NRO. Quoted with original punctuation, spelling and emphasis; 'Brixworth - Power of the Chairman Questioned', Local Government Journal (27.7.1878), ZA 2246, NRO.
44. PRO, MH12/8701, Brixworth Poor Law Union correspondence, (1877-1879), Alfred Jeffrey Brixworth Union clerk to LGB, (July 1878).
45. PRO, MH 12/8701, 'Petition by Rev. John Drake J.P., Mr Richard Lee Bevan J.P., Mr Francis Eady and Mr Francis Chevalier Jeyes all guardians of the poor in the Brixworth Union protesting against policy of having only one relieving officer', (13.12.1879).
46. PRO, MH 12/8701, see memos by - 'Southam, Lambert and The President', (3.1.1879).
47. Bury to Spencer, 6.3.1883, K382, Althorp MS, BLMD.
48. Spencer hoped that ex-officio guardians would enthusiastically welcome the new scheme because the C.O.S. had recently been established in nearby Leicester. See Leicester Charity Organisation Society minute books (1876-1881), DE/2340, No. 1, Leicestershire County Record office (hereafter LCRO); Janet D. Martin, The Leicestershire C.O.S., 1876-1976: A Contemporary Review (Leicester, 1976), L361.7, LCRO.
49. Spencer hoped that ex-officio guardians would enthusiastically welcome the new scheme because the C.O.S. had recently been established in nearby Leicester. See Leicester Charity Organisation Society minute books (1876-1881), DE/2340, No. 1, Leicestershire County Record office (hereafter LCRO); Janet D. Martin, The Leicestershire C.O.S., 1876-1976: A Contemporary Review (Leicester, 1976), L361.7, LCRO.
50. Bury to Spencer, (undated draft notes of a proposed speech at the inaugural meeting of the Secret Service Fund on 15.3.1882 in Northampton), K382, Althorp MS, BLMD. Quoted with original spelling and emphasis.
51. Unfortunately despite extensive research no detailed records of the Secret Service fund have come to light. John Morley, 5th Earl Spencer's land agent, recorded that Spencer paid an annual subscription of £10 to the fund. See Morley's financial statement of Earl Spencer's private accounts, 26.10.1895, Sox 551, Spencer Papers, NRO; Secret Service Fund Circular to Spencer, January 1894, K345, Althorp MS, BLMD.
52. Sidney Ward, a labourer from Brixworth parish, gave evidence in PP, Royal Commission on the Aged Poor (1894), questions 15764-15653, that Jeyes, the Guardian of the Brixworth parish, was asked by the Chairman to subscribe to the Secret Service Fund. Jeyes replied that he would contribute provided he was given a detailed explanation in writing of how the fund was administered. The Chairman returned Jeyes' cheque and withdrew his membership application.
53. Pell to Spencer, 3.2.1877, and Bury to Spencer, 7.2.1877, K159, Althorp MS, BLMD.
54. Rural labourers were disenfranchised in parliamentary elections until the Franchise Extension Acts of 1885 equalised county with borough qualifications. In poor law elections most labourers remained disenfranchised until the passing of the Local Government Act, 1894, which abolished property qualifications. See B. Keith-Lucas The English Local Government Franchise (London, 1952), chapter 3, pp. 97-101 - this is still the standard text in its field.
55. PRO, MH 12/8701, Bury to LGB, 26.3.1877. Quoted with original emphasis.
56. D. Eastwood, 'Rethinking Debates on the Poor Law in Early Nineteenth Century England', Utilitas 6 (1994), 97-116; D. Eastwood, Government and Community in the English Provinces, 1700-1870 (London, 1997), p. 126.
57. D. Eastwood, 'Rethinking Debates on the Poor Law in Early Nineteenth Century England', Utilitas 6 (1994), 97-116; D. Eastwood, Government and Community in the English Provinces, 1700-1870 (London, 1997), p. 126.
58. P. Thane, 'The Working Class State "Welfare" in Britain, 1880-1914', Historical Journal 27 (1984), 892, maintains that 'nowhere did working class voters flood out to support such social reforming candidates, or indeed any others' in the late-nineteenth century. Thane has overlooked the impact of the crusade against out-relief in rural 'model' unions and the fact that working men did flood out to support candidates in favour of social welfare provision in guardian election contests.
59. D. Fraser, Ueban Politics, p. 30.
60. J. Garrard, 'Parties, Members and Voters after 1867: A Local Study', Historical Journal 20 (1977), 145-63; J. Garrard, Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns 1830-80 (Manchester, 1983); J. Garrard, 'Social History, Political History and Political Science: The Study of Power', Journal of Social History 3 (1983), 105-23.
61. J. Garrard, 'Parties, Members and Voters after 1867: A Local Study', Historical Journal 20 (1977), 145-63; J. Garrard, Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns 1830-80 (Manchester, 1983); J. Garrard, 'Social History, Political History and Political Science: The Study of Power', Journal of Social History 3 (1983), 105-23.
62. J. Garrard, 'Parties, Members and Voters after 1867: A Local Study', Historical Journal 20 (1977), 145-63; J. Garrard, Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns 1830-80 (Manchester, 1983); J. Garrard, 'Social History, Political History and Political Science: The Study of Power', Journal of Social History 3 (1983), 105-23.
63. P. Ryan, 'Poplarism, 1894-1930' in P. Thane (ed.), The Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978), pp. 56-83, examines the impact that the crusade had in urban East London unions.
64. 'Brington, Harlestone, Brampton and Whilton NALU petition to the 5th Earl Spencer', 27.3.1873, Sox 393, Spencer MS, NRO. Spencer reacted angrily against the petitioners refusing them permission to use local school-rooms for their union meetings.
65. Canon Girdlestone, 'The Farm Labourer', Macmillan Magazine (1872), p. 261.
66. P. L. R. Horn, 'Northamptonshire Agricultural Labourers', 371; P. L. R. Horn, 'Agricultural Labourers' Trade Unionism in Four Midland Counties, 1860-1900', (unpublished Leicester University Ph.D. thesis, 1968), 204-5, gives details of NALU conditions in Northants; J. P. D. Dunbabin, 'The Revolt in the Field: The Agricultural Labourers' Movement in the 1870s', Past and Present, 26 (1963), 68-93.
67. P. L. R. Horn, 'Northamptonshire Agricultural Labourers', 371; P. L. R. Horn, 'Agricultural Labourers' Trade Unionism in Four Midland Counties, 1860-1900', (unpublished Leicester University Ph.D. thesis, 1968), 204-5, gives details of NALU conditions in Northants; J. P. D. Dunbabin, 'The Revolt in the Field: The Agricultural Labourers' Movement in the 1870s', Past and Present, 26 (1963), 68-93.
68. P. L. R. Horn, 'Northamptonshire Agricultural Labourers', 371; P. L. R. Horn, 'Agricultural Labourers' Trade Unionism in Four Midland Counties, 1860-1900', (unpublished Leicester University Ph.D. thesis, 1968), 204-5, gives details of NALU conditions in Northants; J. P. D. Dunbabin, 'The Revolt in the Field: The Agricultural Labourers' Movement in the 1870s', Past and Present, 26 (1963), 68-93.
69. Dunbabin, 'The Revolt', p. 69.
70. PP, Report of the House of Commons Select Committee on Elections of Poor Law Guardians in England, Scotland and Ireland, IV (1878), Appendix XVII, p. 268.
71. K. D. M. Snell, 'Deferential Bitterness: The Social Outlook of the Rural Proletariat in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England and Wales' in M. L. Bush (ed.), Social Orders and Social Classes since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification (London, 1992), p. 178.
72. Snell, 'Deferential bitterness', p. 179.
73. D. Fraser, 'The English Poor Law and the Origins of the British State' in W. J. Mommsen and W. Mock (eds.), The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950 (London, 1981), p. 10.
74. My conclusion has used many of John Garrard's exemplary conceptual ideas about the nature of power in local authorities in the late-nineteenth century. See Garrard, 'Social History, Political History', pp. 113-15.
75. Garrard, 'Social History', p. 116.
76. D. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (London, 1996 edn.), pp. 13-15.
77. Garrard 'Social History', p. 109.
78. Williams, From Pauperism, p. 103.
79. Northamptonshire Mercury (3.3.1893).
80. Northamptonshire Mercury (1.3.1895). Out of a total population of 12,186, 7,475 joined the association and 5,011 supported the retrenchment party.
81. Refer to this author's forthcoming thesis "The Bury-al" board: Penalising the Poor and Poor Law Politics in the Brixworth Union in Northamptonshire, 1870-1900'. The poor called the Brixworth Union 'the "bury-al" board'. This was a wry comment on the retrenchment party's policies of trying to remove paupers from out-door relief registers by ignoring their impoverishment until they died of starvation, and a pun based on the Chairman's surname - Rev. W. Bury.