Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 129-295

  Rathbun, R E ^a  

^a DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Absorption; Aquatic photolysis; Bioconcentration; Dispersion; Henry's Law constant; Hydrolysis; Microbial degradation; Octanol water partition coefficient; Oxidation; Sorption; Volatilization; Wet deposition

Indexed keywords

GROUND WATER; SURFACE WATER; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; STREAM; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ABSORPTION; ADSORPTION; BIOACCUMULATION; BIODEGRADATION; DISPERSION; DRY DEPOSITION; HYDROLYSIS; OXIDATION; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PHOTOLYSIS; REVIEW; VOLATILIZATION; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034060543     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643380091184183     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Aelion, C. M., Dobbins, D. C., and Pfaender, F. K. 1989. Adaptation of aquifer microbial communities to the biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds - Influence of substrate concentration and preexposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8, 75-86.
2. Bansal, M. K. 1973. Atmospheric reaeration in natural streams. Water Res. 7, 769-782.
3. Barber, L. B., II, Leenheer, J. A., Periera, W. E., Noyes, T. I., Brown, G. A., Tabor, C. F., and Writer, J. H. 1995. Organic contamination of the Mississippi River from municipal and industrial wastewater, In: Contaminants in the Mississippi River, 1987-1992, pp. 115-135. (Meade, R. H., Ed,) Geol. Surv. (US) Circ. 1133.
4. Battersby, N. S. 1990. A review of biodegradation kinetics in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 21(10-11), 1243-1284.
5. Bedding, N. D., McIntyre, A. E., Perry, R., and Lestic, J. N. 1983. Organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. II. Behavior and fate in the hydrological cycle. Sci. Total Environ. 26, 255-312.
6. Bennett, J. P. and Rathbun, R. E. 1972. Reaeration in Open-Channel Flow. Geol. Surv. (US) Prof. Pap. 737.
7. Benson, B. B. and Krause, D., Jr. 1980. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of gases dissolved in freshwater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. I. Oxygen. Limnol. Oceanogra. 25(4), 662-671.
8. Boyle, T. P., Finger, S. E., Paulson, R. L., and Rabeni, C. F. 1985. Comparison of laboratory and field assessment of fluorene. II. Effects on the ecological structure and function of experimental pond ecosystems. In: Validation and Predictability of Laboratory Methods for Assessing the Fate and Effects of Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems, pp. 134-151. (Boyle, T. P., Ed,) ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 865.
9. Bysshe, S. E. 1990. Bioconcentration factor in aquatic organisms. In: Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, pp. 5-1 to 5-30. (Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F., and Rosenblatt, D. H., Eds,) Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society.
10. Callahan, M. A., Slimak, M. W., Gabel, N. W., May, I. P., Fowler, C. F., Freed, J. R., Jennings, P., Durfee, R. L., Whitmore, F. C., Maestri, B., Mabey, W. R., Holt, B. R., and Gould, C. 1979. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Natl. Tech. Inf. Ser. Reps. PB80-204373 and PB80-204381.
11. Chiou, C. T. 1985. Partition coefficients of organic compounds in lipid-water systems and correlations with fish bioconcentration factors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19(1), 57-62.
12. Chiou, C. T., Peters, L. J., and Freed, V. H. 1979. A physical concept of soil-water equilibria for nonionic organic compounds. Science 206, 831-832.
13. Chiou, C. T., Porter, P. E., and Schmedding, D. W. 1983. Partition equilibria of nonionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(4), 227-231.
14. Chiou, C. T., Shoup, T. D., and Porter, P. E. 1985. Mechanistic roles of soil humus and minerals in the sorption of nonionic organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions. Org. Geochem. 8(1), 9-14.
15. Churchill, M. A., Elmore, H. L., and Buckingham, R. A. 1962. The prediction of stream reaeration rates. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 88(SA4), 1-46.
16. Covar, A. P. 1976. Selecting the proper reaeration coefficient for use in water quality models. In: Proc. Conference on Environmental Modeling and Simulation, pp. 340-343, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. EPA Rept. 600/9-76-016.
17. Danckwerts, P. V. 1951. Significance of liquid-film coefficients in gas absorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. 43(6), 1460-1467.
18. Dewulf, J., Drijvers, D., and Van Langenhove, H. 1995. Measurement of Henry's Law constant as function of temperature and salinity for the low temperature range. Atmos. Environ. 29(3), 323-331.
19. Dilling, W. L. 1977. Interphase transfer processes. II. Evaporation rates of chloro methanes, ethanes, ethylenes, propanes, and propylenes from dilute aqueous solutions. Comparison with theoretical predictions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11(4), 405-409.
20. Dobbins, W. E. 1956. The nature of the oxygen transfer coefficient in aeration systems. In: Biological Treatment of Sewage and industrial Wastes, pp. 141-148. (McCabe, B. J. and Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr., Eds,) New York, Reinhold Publishing.
21. Eisenreich, S. J., Looney, B. B., and Thornton, J. D. 1981. Airborne organic contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15(1), 30-38.
22. Elmore, H. L. and West, W. F. 1961. Effect of water temperature on stream reaeration. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 87(SA 6), 59-71.
23. Falco, J. W. and Mulkey, L. A. 1976. Modeling the effect of pesticide loading on riverine ecosystems. In: Proc. Conference on Environmental Modeling and Simulation, pp. 156-160, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. EPA Rept. 600/9-76-016.
24. Fendinger, N. J. and Glotfelty, D. W. 1990. Henry's Law constants for selected pesticides, PAHs and PCBs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9, 731-735.
25. Friesel, P., Milde, G., and Steiner, B. 1984. Interactions of halogenated hydrocarbons with soils. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 319, 160-164.
26. Grady, C. P. L., Jr. 1985. Biodegradation: its measurement and microbiological basis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 660-674.
27. Hamaker, J. W. and Thompson, J. M. 1972. Adsorption. In: Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, p. 51-143. (Goring, C. A. I. and Hamaker, J. W., Eds,) New York, Marcel Dekker.
28. Harris, J. C., 1990. Rate of aqueous photolysis. In: Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, pp. 8-1 to 8-3. (Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F., and Rosenblatt, D. H., Eds,) Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society.
29. Herbert, D., Elsworth, R., and Telling, R. C. 1956. The continuous culture of bacteria - a theoretical and experimental study. J. Gen. Microbiol. 14, 601-622.
30. Hirsch, R. M., Alley, W. M., and Wilber, W. G. 1988. Concepts for a National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Geol. Surv. (US) Circular 1021.
31. Howard, P. H. and Banerjee, S. 1984. Interpreting results from biodegradability tests of chemicals in water and soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3, 551-562.
32. Howard, P. H., Boethling, R. S., Jarvis, W. F., Meylan, W. M., and Michalenko, E. M. 1991. Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates. 2nd ed. Chelsea, Mich., Lewis Publishers.
33. Jobson, H. E. 1980. Thermal Modeling of Flow in the San Diego Aqueduct, California, and its Relation to Evaporation. Geol. Surv. (US) Prof. Pap. 1122.
34. Jobson, H. E. and Sturrock, A. M., Jr. 1979. Comprehensive Monitoring of Meteorology, Hydraulics, and Thermal Regime of the San Diego Aqueduct, California. Geol. Surv. (US) Prof. Pap. 1137.
35. Jordan, T. E. 1954. Vapor Pressure of Organic Compounds. New York, Interscience Publishers.
36. Karickhoff, S. W. 1984. Organic pollutant sorption in aquatic systems. J. Hydraul. Eng. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 110(6), 707-735.
37. Karickhoff, S. W. 1981. Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments. Chemosphere 10(8), 833-846.
38. Karickhoff, S. W., Brown, D. S., and Scott, T. A. 1979. Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments. Wat. Res. 13, 241-248.
39. Keeley, D. F., Hoffpauir, M. A., and Meriwether, J. R. 1988. Solubility of aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sodium chloride solutions of different ionic strengths - benzene and toluene. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 33(2), 87-89.
40. Kenaga, E. E. and Goring, C. A. I. 1980. Relationship between water solubility, soil sorption, octanol-water partitioning, and concentration of chemicals in biota. In: Aquatic Toxicology, pp. 78-115. (Eaton, J. G., Parrish, P. R., and Hendricks, A. C., Eds.) ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 707.
41. Kilpatrick, F. A., Rathbun, R. E., Yotsukura, N., Parker, G. W., and DeLong, L. L. 1989. Determination of Stream Reaeration Coefficients by Use of Tracers. Geol. Surv. (US) Tech. Water-Resour. Invest., book 3, Chap. A18.
42. Larson, R. A. and Weber, E. J. 1994. Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry. Boca Raton, FL, Lewis Publishers.
43. Larson, R. J. and Cowan, C. E. 1995. Quantitative application of biodegradation data to environmental risk and exposure assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14(8), 1433-1442.
44. Leahy, P. P. and Thompson, T. H. 1994. U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Geol. Surv. (US) Open-File Rept. 94-70.
45. Leighton, D. T., Jr. and Calo, J. M. 1981. Distribution coefficients of chlorinated hydrocarbons in dilute air-water systems for groundwater contamination applications. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 26(4), 382-385.
46. Lewis, W. K. and Whitman, W. G. 1924. Principles of gas absorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. 16(12), 1215-1220.
47. Li, J., Dallas, A. J., Eikens, D. I., Carr, P. W., Bergmann, D. L., Hait, M. J., and Eckert, C. A. 1993. Measurement of large infinite dilution activity coefficients of nonelectrolytes in water by inert gas stripping and gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 65(22), 3212-3218.
48. Ligocki, M. P., Leuenberger, C., and Pankow, J. F. 1985. Trace organic compounds in rain. II. Gas scavenging of neutral organic compounds. Atmos. Environ. 19(10), 1609-1617.
49. Lincoff, A. H. and Gossett, J. M. 1984. The determination of Henry's constant for volatile organics by equilibrium partitioning in closed systems. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, pp. 17-25. (Brutsaert, W. and Jirka, G. H., Eds.) Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishers.
50. Liss, P. S. and Slater, P. G. 1974. Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature (London) 247, 181-184.
51. Lugg, G. A. 1968. Diffusion coefficients of some organic and other vapors in air. Anal. Chem. 40(7), 1072-1077.
52. Lyman, W. J. 1990. Adsorption coefficient for soils and sediments. In: Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, pp. 4-1 to 4-33. (Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F., and Rosenblatt, D. H., Eds,) Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society.
53. Mabey, W. R. and Mill, T. 1978. Critical review of hydrolysis of organic compounds in water under environmental conditions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 7(2), 383-415.
54. Mabey, W. R., Smith, J. H., Podoll, R. T., Johnson, H. L., Mill, T., Chou, T.-W., Gates, J., Partridge, I. W., Jaber, H., and Vandenberg, D. 1982. Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants. Natl. Tech. Inf. Serv. Rept. PB87-169090.
55. Mackay, D. and Shiu, W. Y. 1975. The aqueous solubility and air-water exchange characteristics of hydrocarbons under environmental conditions. In: Chemistry and Physics of Aqueous Gas Solutions, pp. 93-110. (Adams, W. A., et al., Eds.) Princeton, N.J., The Electrochem. Soc.
56. Mackay, D. and Shiu, W. Y. 1981. A critical review of Henry's Law constants for chemicals of environmental interest. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 10(4), 1175-1199.
57. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C. 1992a. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons, Chlorobenzenes, and PCBs. Chelsea, Mich., Lewis Publishers.
58. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C. 1992b. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, vol. II, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Dioxins, and Dibenzofurans. Chelsea, Mich., Lewis Publishers.
59. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C. 1993. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Volatile Organic Chemicals. Chelsea, Mich., Lewis Publishers.
60. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Sutherland, R. P. 1979. Determination of air-water Henry's Law constants for hydrophobic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13(3), 333-337.
61. May, W. E., Wasik, S. P., Miller, M. M., Tewari, Y. B., Brown-Thomas, J. M., and Goldberg, R. N. 1983. Solution thermodynamics of some slightly soluble hydrocarbons in water. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 28(2), 197-200.
62. McAuliffe, C. 1971. GC determination of solutes by multiple phase equilibration. Chem. Technol. Jan., 46-51.
63. McCall, P. J., Swann, R. L., and Laskowski, D. A. 1983. Partition models for equilibrium distribution of chemicals in environmental compartments. In: Fate of Chemicals in the Environment, pp. 105-123. (Swann, R. L. and Eschenroeder, A., Eds.) Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Service 225.
64. Mill, T. 1980. Chemical and photo oxidation. In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry vol. 2, part A, Reactions and Processes, pp. 77-105. (Hutzinger, O., Ed.) Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag.
65. Mill, T., Mabey, W. R., Bomberger, D. C., Chou, T.-W., Hendry, D. G., and Smith, J. H. 1982. Laboratory Protocols for Evaluating the Fate of Organic Chemicals in Air and Water. Natl. Tech. Inf. Serv. Rept. PB83-150888.
66. Mingelgrin, U. and Gerstl, Z. 1983. Reevaluation of partitioning as a mechanism of nonionic chemicals adsorption in soils. J. Environ. Qual. 12(1), 1-11.
67. Munz, C. and Roberts, P. V. 1986. Effects of solute concentration and cosolvents on the aqueous activity coefficient of halogenated hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20(8), 830-836.
68. Neely, W. B. and Mackay, D. 1982. Evaluative model for estimating environmental fate. In: Modeling the Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment, pp. 127-143. (Dickson, K. L., Maki, A. W., and Cairns, J., Jr., Eds.) Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science.
69. O'Connor, D. J. and Connolly, J. P. 1980. The effect of concentration of adsorbing solids on the partition coefficient. Wat. Res. 14, 1517-1523.
70. O'Connor, D. J. and DiToro, D. M. 1970. Photosynthesis and oxygen balance in streams. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 96(SA2), 547-571.
71. O'Connor, D. J. and Dobbins, W. E. 1958. Mechanism of reaeration in natural streams. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 123, 641-666.
72. Oliver, B. G. and Niimi, A. J. 1983. Bioconcentration of chlorobenzenes from water by rainbow trout -Correlations with partition coefficients and environmental residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(5), 287-291.
73. Oliver, B. G. and Niimi, A. J. 1985. Bioconcentration factors of some halogenated organics for rainbow trout - limitations in their use for prediction of environmental residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19(9), 842-849.
74. Owens, M., Edwards, R. W., and Gibbs, J. W. 1964. Some reaeration studies in streams. Int. J. Air Wat. Pollut. 8, 469-486.
75. Pankow, J. F., Isabell, L. M., and Asher, W. E. 1984. Trace organic compounds in rain. I. Sampler design and analysis by adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD). Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(5), 310-318.
76. Paris, D. F., Steen, W. C., Baughman, G. L., and Barnett, J. T., Jr. 1981. Second-order model to predict microbial degradation of organic compounds in natural water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41(3), 603-609.
77. Pereira, W. E., Rostad, C. E., Chiou, C. T., Brinton, T. I., Barber, L. B., II, Demcheck, D. K., and Demas, C. R. 1988. Contamination of estuarine water, biota, and sediment by halogenated organic compounds - a field study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22(7), 772-778.
78. Rathbun, R. E. 1977. Reaeration coefficients of streams - State of the art. J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 103(HY4), 409-424.
79. Rathbun, R. E. 1990. Prediction of stream volatilization coefficients. J. Environ. Eng. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 116(3), 615-631.
80. Rathbun, R. E. 1998. Transport, Behavior, and Fate of Volatile Organic Compounds in Streams. Geol. Surv. (US) Prof. Pap. 1589.
81. Rathbun, R. E., Stephens, D. W., Shultz, D. J., and Tai, D. Y. 1988. Fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream in southern Mississippi, U.S.A. J. Hydrol. 104, 181-209.
82. Rathbun, R. E. and Tai, D. Y. 1981. Technique for determining the volatilization coefficients of priority pollutants in streams. Wat. Res. 15, 243-250.
83. Rathbun, R. E. and Tai, D. Y. 1983. Gas-film coefficients for streams. J. Environ. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 109(5), 1111-1127.
84. Rathbun, R. E. and Tai, D. Y. 1986. Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20(9), 949-952.
85. Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B. E. 1987. The Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
86. Robbins, G. A., Wang, S., and Stuart, J. D. 1993. Using the static headspace method to determine Henry's Law constants. Anal. Chem. 65(21), 3113-3118.
87. Rowe, B. L., Landrigan, S. J., and Lopes, T. J. 1997. Summary of Published Aquatic Toxicity Information and Water-Quality Criteria for Selected Volatile Organic Compounds. Geol. Surv. (US) Open-File Rept. 97-563.
88. Sabljic, A. 1987. On the prediction of soil sorption coefficients of organic pollutants from molecular structure - application of molecular topology model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21(4), 358-366.
89. ow correlations. Chemosphere 31(11/12), 4489-4514.
90. Schnoor, J. L., Sato, C., McKechnie, D., and Sahoo, D. 1987. Processes, Coefficients, and Models for Simulating Toxic Organic and Heavy Metals in Surface Waters. Natl. Tech. Inf. Serv. Rept. PB87-213880.
91. Schwarzenbach, R. P. and Westall, J. 1981. Transport of nonpolar organic compounds from surface water to groundwater. Laboratory sorption studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15(11), 1360-1367.
92. Scow, K. M. 1990. Rate of biodegradation. In: Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, pp. 9-1 to 9-85. (Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F., and Rosenblatt, D. H., Eds.) Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society.
93. Sherwood, T. K. and Holloway, F. A. L. 1940. Performance of packed towers - Liquid film data for several packings. Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 36, 39-69.
94. Sijm, D. T. H. M. and van der Linde, A. 1995. Size-dependent bioconcentration kinetics of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish based on diffusive mass transfer and allometric relationships. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(11), 2769-2777.
95. Slinn, W. G. N., Hasse, L., Hicks, B. B., Hogan, A. W., Lal, D., Liss, P. S., Munnich, K. O., Sehmel, G. A., and Vittori, O. 1978. Some aspects of the transfer of atmospheric trace constituents past the air-water interface. Atmos. Environ. 12, 2055-2087.
96. Smith, J. A., Witkowski, P. J., and Fusillo, T. V. 1988. Manmade Organic Compounds in the Surface Waters of the United States - A Review of Current Understanding. Geol. Surv. (US) Circular 1007.
97. Smith, J. H., Bomberger, D. C., Jr., and Haynes, D. L. 1981. Volatilization rates of intermediate and low volatility chemicals from water. Chemosphere 10(3), 281-289.
98. Staudinger, J. and Roberts, P. V. 1996. A critical review of Henry's Law constants for environmental applications. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(3), 205-297.
99. Stephen, H. and Stephen, T. 1963. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, vol. 1, part 1. New York, Macmillan.
100. Stephenson, R. M. 1992. Mutual solubilities - water-ketones, water-ethers, and water-gasoline-alcohols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 37(1), 80-95.
101. Stull, D. R. 1947. Vapor pressure of pure substances. Organic compounds. Ind. Eng. Chem. 39(4), 517-550.
102. Swackhamer, D. L., McVeety, B. D., and Hites, R. A. 1988. Deposition and evaporation of polychlorinated congeners to and from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22(6), 664-672.
103. Tabak, H. H., Quave, S. A., Mashni, C. I., and Barth, E. F. 1981. Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 53(10), 1503-1518.
104. Tancrede, M. V. and Yanagisawa, Y. 1990. An analytical method to determine Henry's Law constant for selected volatile organic compounds at concentrations and temperatures corresponding to tap water use. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 40(12), 1658-1663.
105. Thomann, R. V. 1989. Bioaccumulation model of organic chemical distribution in aquatic food chains. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23(6), 699-707.
106. Tominaga, T., Yamamoto, S., and Takanaka, J.-I. 1984. Limiting interdiffusion coefficients of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and hexafluorobenzene in water from 298 to 368 K. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 80, 941-947.
107. Tse, G., Orbey, H., and Sandler, S. I. 1992. Infinite dilution activity coefficients and Henry's Law coefficients of some priority water pollutants determined by a relative gas Chromatographic method. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(10), 2017-2022.
108. Tsivoglou, E. C., Cohen, J. B., Shearer, S. D., and Godsil, P. J. 1968. Tracer measurement of stream reaeration. II. Field studies. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 40(2), part 1, 285-305.
109. U.S. EPA. 1996. AQUatic toxidty Information REtrieval database (AQUIRE). EPA Environ. Res. Lab. electronic data files, retrieved May, 1996. Duluth, MN.
110. Voice, T. C., Rice, C. P., and Weber, W. J., Jr. 1983. Effect of solids concentration on the sorptive partitioning of hydrophobic pollutants in aquatic systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(9), 513-518.
111. Voice, T. C. and Weber, W. J., Jr. 1983. Sorption of hydrophobic compounds by sediments, soils and suspended solids. I. Theory and background. Wat. Res. 17(10), 1433-1441.
112. Washington, J. W. 1995. Hydrolysis rates of dissolved volatile organic compounds - principles, temperature effects and literature review. Ground Water 33(3), 415-424.
113. Wiggins, B. A., Jones, S. H., and Alexander, M. 1987. Explanations for the acclimation period preceding the mineralization of organic chemicals in aquatic environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53(4), 791-796.
114. Wilhoit, R. C. and Zwolinski, B. J. 1971. Handbook of Vapor Pressures and Heats of Vaporization of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. College Station, Tex., Thermodyn. Res. Cent., Tex. A&M Univ., Am. Petroleum Inst. Res. Proj. 44.
115. Wilson, G. T. and Macleod, N. 1974. A critical appraisal of empirical Eqs. and models for the prediction of the coefficient of reaeration of deoxygenated water. Wat. Res. 18, 341-366.
116. Zepp, R. G. and Cline, D. M. 1977. Rates of direct photolysis in aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11(4), 359-366.
117. Zogorski, J. S. and Faust, S. D. 1973. Atmospheric reaeration capacity of streams. I. Critical review of methods available to measure and to calculate the atmospheric reaeration rate constant. Environ. Lett. 4(1), 35-39.