The challenge of hypothermia a six-proposition manifesto for small island territories

Round Table

Volumn , Issue 353, 2000, Pages 65-79

  Baldacchino, Godfrey ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC IMPACT; NATIONAL ECONOMY; SMALL ISLAND STATE; VULNERABILITY;

EID: 0034059092     PISSN: 00358533     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/750459455     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. For example, R. Baker, Public Administration in Small and Island States, Kumarian Press, West Hertford, CT, 1992; Special Issue on the Impact of External Relations in the Domestic Policies and Institutions of Microstates, Public Administration and Development (PAAD), Vol 18, No 2, 1998.
2. For example, R. Baker, Public Administration in Small and Island States, Kumarian Press, West Hertford, CT, 1992; Special Issue on the Impact of External Relations in the Domestic Policies and Institutions of Microstates, Public Administration and Development (PAAD), Vol 18, No 2, 1998.
3. E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, Beckenham, 1985; D. L. McKee and C. A. Tisdell, Developmental Issues in Small Island Economies, Praeger, New York, 1990.
4. E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, Beckenham, 1985; D. L. McKee and C. A. Tisdell, Developmental Issues in Small Island Economies, Praeger, New York, 1990.
5. M. Bray, Educational Planning in Small Countries, UNESCO, Paris, 1992; M. Bray and S. Packer, Education in Small States: Concepts, Challenges and Strategies, Pergamon, Oxford, 1993.
6. M. Bray, Educational Planning in Small Countries, UNESCO, Paris, 1992; M. Bray and S. Packer, Education in Small States: Concepts, Challenges and Strategies, Pergamon, Oxford, 1993.
7. L. Briguglio, B. H. Archer, J. Jafari and G. Wall (eds), Sustainable Tourism in Small and Island States: Vol 1: Issues, Pinter, London, 1996;
8. D. Lockhart and D. Drakakis-Smith, Island Tourism: Problems and Perspectives, Mansell, London, 1997.
9. E. Laclau, Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time, Verso, London, 1990, p 190; P. Sztompka, 'Conceptual frameworks in comparative enquiry: divergent or convergent?', in M. Albrow and E. King (eds), Globalization, Knowledge & Society, Sage, London, 1990, pp 45-65, especially p 55.
10. E. Laclau, Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time, Verso, London, 1990, p 190; P. Sztompka, 'Conceptual frameworks in comparative enquiry: divergent or convergent?', in M. Albrow and E. King (eds), Globalization, Knowledge & Society, Sage, London, 1990, pp 45-65, especially p 55.
11. B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, Routledge, London, 1922;
12. R. Firth, We, the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia, Unwin, London, 1936;
13. M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, Penguin, London, 1949.
14. Commonwealth Secretariat, Educational Development: The Small States of the Commonwealth, report of a pan-Commonwealth Experts Meeting, Mauritius, 1985, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1986, p 6.
15. Bray, op cit, Ref 3.
16. D. Smawfield, 'Notions of smallness: What are they and what are their implications?', in K. M. Lillis, (ed), Policy, Planning & Management of Education in Small States, UNESCO, Paris, 1993, pp 25-47.
17. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
18. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
19. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
20. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
21. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
22. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
23. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
24. C. E. Diggines, 'The problem of small states', Round Table, No 295, 1985, pp 191-205; A. Dolman, 'Paradise lost? The past performance and future prospects of small island developing countries', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 40-69; F. Doumenge, 'The viability of small inter-tropical islands', in E. C. Dommen and P. L. Hein (eds), States, Microstates and Islands, Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp 70-118; Commonwealth Consultative Group, Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1985; S. Harden, Small is Dangerous: Micro-States in a Macro-World, Pinter, London, 1985; P. Lyon, Small States and the Commonwealth, Butterworth, London, 1985; P. Bune, 'Vulnerability of small island states: the case of the South Pacific Region', The Courier, No 104, 1987, pp 85-87; C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987.
25. L. Briguglio, 'Small island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities', World Development, Vol 23, No 9, 1995, pp 1615-1632. The Vulnerability Index is composed of three measurable variables, with a respective weighting of 50, 40 and 10 per cent: exposure to foreign conditions (measured in terms of ratio of trade to GDP); insularity and remoteness (measured in terms of transport and freight costs in relation to exports); and proneness to natural disasters (measured in terms of the economic costs of such events as recorded by UNDRO data).
26. G. Baldacchino, 'Far better to serve in Heaven than reign in Hell: the logic of Malta's relationship with the EU', in G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998, pp 225-227; S. Carse, 'Sustaining small island development: the Isle of Man', in G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998, pp 268-291, especially p 277.
27. G. Baldacchino, 'Far better to serve in Heaven than reign in Hell: the logic of Malta's relationship with the EU', in G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998, pp 225-227; S. Carse, 'Sustaining small island development: the Isle of Man', in G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998, pp 268-291, especially p 277.
28. H. M. Hintjens and M. D. D. Newitt (eds), The Political Economy of Small Inter-Tropical Islands: The Importance of being Small, University of Exeter Press, Exeter, 1992.
29. For example, R. Kaplinsky, 'Prospering at the periphery: the special case', in R. Cohen (ed), African Islands and Enclaves, Sage, London, 1983, pp 195-215.
30. For example, G. C. Abbott, 'Small states: the paradox of their existence', in P. Selwyn (ed), Development Policy in Small Countries, Croom Helm, London, 1975, pp 105-114.
31. This is tantamount to another criticism of the Vulnerability Index, since the methodology behind nits derivation is cross-sectional rather than longitudinal, hence, the impact of vulnerability on the long term growth performance of micro-economies is not considered (my emphasis). H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'The phantom of liberty? Economic growth and the vulnerability of micro-states', paper presented at the Conference on Small States in the International Economy, University of Birmingham, UK, April.
32. Remember the economic crisis of Newfoundland following the collapse of the fishery; the fiscal crisis of the Faroe Islands; the stock market collapse in South East Asia; ...
33. The Big 10 would be: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Japan, Bangladesh and Nigeria. Total = 3420 million people. The Smallest 10 would be: St Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Grenada, Kiribati, Seychelles, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis, Tuvalu, and Nauru. Total = 650 000 people. Data from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Development Report 1997, United Nations, New York, 1998.
34. H. W. Armstrong, R. Jouan de Kervenoeal, X. Li and R. Read, 'A comparison of the economic performance of different micro-states and between micro-states and larger countries', World Development, Vol 26, No 4, 1998, pp 539-556.
35. 'Little countries: small but perfectly formed', The Economist, 3 January 1998, pp 63-65.
36. G. Baldacchino, 'Bursting the bubble: the pseudo-development strategies of micro-states', Development & Change, Vol 24, No 1, 1993, pp 29-51.
37. T. I. J. Fairbairn, 'Indigenous entrepreneurship and business development in the Cook Islands', in Island Entrepreneurs: Problems and Performance in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii, 1988, pp 55-76, especially p 75.
38. Commonwealth Secretariat, Overcoming Vulnerability: A Future for Small States, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1997, pp 29-30.
39. For example, A. J. Butter, An Introduction to Mini-Economics, B. R. Gruner Publishing, Amsterdam, 1985.
40. C. A. McRobie, Small is Possible, Cape, London, 1981; M. Max-Neef, From the Outside Looking In, Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, Uppsala, 1982.
41. C. A. McRobie, Small is Possible, Cape, London, 1981; M. Max-Neef, From the Outside Looking In, Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, Uppsala, 1982.
42. R. Lamusse, 'Labour policy in the plantation islands', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 1035-1050; Bray and Packer, op cit, Ref 3.
43. R. Lamusse, 'Labour policy in the plantation islands', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 1035-1050; Bray and Packer, op cit, Ref 3.
44. L. Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author, translated by E. Storer, Dover, London, 1998.
45. H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'Trade and growth in small states: the impact of global trade liberalization', World Economy, Vol 21, No 4, 1998, pp 563-585; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16; G. Baldacchino, 'The other way round: manufacturing as an extension of services in small island states', Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol 39, No 3, 1998, pp 267-279; G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999; D. Milne, Ten Lessons for Economic Development in Small Jurisdictions: the European Perspective, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1999.
46. H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'Trade and growth in small states: the impact of global trade liberalization', World Economy, Vol 21, No 4, 1998, pp 563-585; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16; G. Baldacchino, 'The other way round: manufacturing as an extension of services in small island states', Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol 39, No 3, 1998, pp 267-279; G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999; D. Milne, Ten Lessons for Economic Development in Small Jurisdictions: the European Perspective, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1999.
47. H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'Trade and growth in small states: the impact of global trade liberalization', World Economy, Vol 21, No 4, 1998, pp 563-585; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16; G. Baldacchino, 'The other way round: manufacturing as an extension of services in small island states', Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol 39, No 3, 1998, pp 267-279; G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999; D. Milne, Ten Lessons for Economic Development in Small Jurisdictions: the European Perspective, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1999.
48. H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'Trade and growth in small states: the impact of global trade liberalization', World Economy, Vol 21, No 4, 1998, pp 563-585; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16; G. Baldacchino, 'The other way round: manufacturing as an extension of services in small island states', Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol 39, No 3, 1998, pp 267-279; G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999; D. Milne, Ten Lessons for Economic Development in Small Jurisdictions: the European Perspective, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1999.
49. H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'Trade and growth in small states: the impact of global trade liberalization', World Economy, Vol 21, No 4, 1998, pp 563-585; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16; G. Baldacchino, 'The other way round: manufacturing as an extension of services in small island states', Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol 39, No 3, 1998, pp 267-279; G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999; D. Milne, Ten Lessons for Economic Development in Small Jurisdictions: the European Perspective, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1999.
50. E. Warrington, 'Introduction: Gulliver and Lilliput in a new world order: the impact of external relations in the domestic policies and institutions of micro-states', Public Administration and Development, Vol 18, No 2, 1998, pp 101-105.
51. G. Baldacchino, 'The political economy of the edge: a novel approach to island studies', paper presented at the Vth World Congress of the International Small Island Studies Association, Mauritius, July 1998.
52. I. G. Bertram and R. F. Watters, 'The MIRAB economy in South Pacific micro-states', Pacific Viewpoint, Vol 26, No 3, 1985, pp 497-519, especially p 499.
53. H. W. Armstrong and R. Read, 'Trade, competition and market structure in small states: the role of contestability', Malta, Bank of Valletta Review, No 18, 1998, pp 1-18.
54. Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16.
55. J. D. Hache, 'Towards a political approach to the island question', in G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998, pp 31-68, especially p 54.
56. One must emphasise here that there are many possible constitutional variations of 'self-rule' or 'shared rule': these include unions, federations, confederations, federacies, associated states and condominiums. See D. J. Elazar (ed), Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal & Autonomy Relationships, 2nd edition, Longman, Harlow, Essex, 1994; R. L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s, Institute for Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University in association with McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingston, Ontario, 1996; R. L. Watts, 'Constitutional models for islands: a survey', in G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke (forthcoming).
57. One must emphasise here that there are many possible constitutional variations of 'self-rule' or 'shared rule': these include unions, federations, confederations, federacies, associated states and condominiums. See D. J. Elazar (ed), Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal & Autonomy Relationships, 2nd edition, Longman, Harlow, Essex, 1994; R. L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s, Institute for Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University in association with McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingston, Ontario, 1996; R. L. Watts, 'Constitutional models for islands: a survey', in G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke (forthcoming).
58. One must emphasise here that there are many possible constitutional variations of 'self-rule' or 'shared rule': these include unions, federations, confederations, federacies, associated states and condominiums. See D. J. Elazar (ed), Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal & Autonomy Relationships, 2nd edition, Longman, Harlow, Essex, 1994; R. L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s, Institute for Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University in association with McGill-Queen's University Press, Kingston, Ontario, 1996; R. L. Watts, 'Constitutional models for islands: a survey', in G. Baldacchino and D. Milne (eds), A Political Economy for Small Islands: The Resourcefulness of Jurisdiction, Macmillan, Basingstoke (forthcoming).
59. Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 21.
60. R. Hoefte and G. Oostindie, 'The Netherlands and the Dutch Caribbean: dilemmas of decolonization', in P. Sutton (ed), Europe and the Caribbean, Macmillan, London, 1990, pp 71-98.
61. Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 16.
62. Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 21 ; H. Kakazu, Sustainable Development of Small Island Economies, Westview Press, New York, 1994; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 32.
63. Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 21 ; H. Kakazu, Sustainable Development of Small Island Economies, Westview Press, New York, 1994; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 32.
64. Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 21 ; H. Kakazu, Sustainable Development of Small Island Economies, Westview Press, New York, 1994; Armstrong and Read, op cit, Ref 32.
65. For example, L. M. Alexander, 'Centre and periphery: the case of island systems', in J. Gottmann (ed), Centre and Periphery, Sage Focus, London, 1980, pp 135-147.
66. Hache, op cit, Ref 34, pp 54-57.
67. For example, G. Baldacchino, Global Tourism and Informal Labour Relations: The Small Scale Syndrome at Work, Mansell, London, 1997; R. King, 'The geographical fascination of islands', in D. Drakakis-Smith, D. G. Lockhart and J. A. Schembri (eds), The Development Process in Small Island States, Routledge, London, 1993, pp 13-37; D. Pitt, 'Sociology, islands and boundaries', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 1051-1059.
68. For example, G. Baldacchino, Global Tourism and Informal Labour Relations: The Small Scale Syndrome at Work, Mansell, London, 1997; R. King, 'The geographical fascination of islands', in D. Drakakis-Smith, D. G. Lockhart and J. A. Schembri (eds), The Development Process in Small Island States, Routledge, London, 1993, pp 13-37; D. Pitt, 'Sociology, islands and boundaries', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 1051-1059.
69. For example, G. Baldacchino, Global Tourism and Informal Labour Relations: The Small Scale Syndrome at Work, Mansell, London, 1997; R. King, 'The geographical fascination of islands', in D. Drakakis-Smith, D. G. Lockhart and J. A. Schembri (eds), The Development Process in Small Island States, Routledge, London, 1993, pp 13-37; D. Pitt, 'Sociology, islands and boundaries', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 1051-1059.
70. For example, S. Kuznets, 'Economic growth of small nations', in E. A. G. Robinson (ed), The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations, Macmillan, London, 1960, pp 14-32, especially p 28; A. D. Knox, 'Some economic problems of small countries', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 35-44, especially p 44; E. C. Dommen, 'Some distinguishing characteristics of island states', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 931-944, especially p 942.
71. For example, S. Kuznets, 'Economic growth of small nations', in E. A. G. Robinson (ed), The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations, Macmillan, London, 1960, pp 14-32, especially p 28; A. D. Knox, 'Some economic problems of small countries', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 35-44, especially p 44; E. C. Dommen, 'Some distinguishing characteristics of island states', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 931-944, especially p 942.
72. For example, S. Kuznets, 'Economic growth of small nations', in E. A. G. Robinson (ed), The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations, Macmillan, London, 1960, pp 14-32, especially p 28; A. D. Knox, 'Some economic problems of small countries', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 35-44, especially p 44; E. C. Dommen, 'Some distinguishing characteristics of island states', World Development, Vol 8, No 12, 1980, pp 931-944, especially p 942.
73. B. Benedict, 'Sociological aspects of smallness', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 45-55; J. Richards, 'Politics in small independent communities: conflict or consensus?', Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol 20, No 2, 1982, pp 155-171, especially p 155; Butter, op cit, Ref 24, p 35; D. Lowenthal, 'Social features', in C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987, pp 26-49, especially p 39.
74. B. Benedict, 'Sociological aspects of smallness', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 45-55; J. Richards, 'Politics in small independent communities: conflict or consensus?', Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol 20, No 2, 1982, pp 155-171, especially p 155; Butter, op cit, Ref 24, p 35; D. Lowenthal, 'Social features', in C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987, pp 26-49, especially p 39.
75. B. Benedict, 'Sociological aspects of smallness', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 45-55; J. Richards, 'Politics in small independent communities: conflict or consensus?', Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol 20, No 2, 1982, pp 155-171, especially p 155; Butter, op cit, Ref 24, p 35; D. Lowenthal, 'Social features', in C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987, pp 26-49, especially p 39.
76. B. Benedict, 'Sociological aspects of smallness', in B. Benedict (ed), Problems of Smaller Territories, Athlone Press, London, 1967, pp 45-55; J. Richards, 'Politics in small independent communities: conflict or consensus?', Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol 20, No 2, 1982, pp 155-171, especially p 155; Butter, op cit, Ref 24, p 35; D. Lowenthal, 'Social features', in C. G. Clarke and A. Payne (eds), Politics, Development & Security in Small States, Allen & Unwin, London, 1987, pp 26-49, especially p 39.
77. Bray, op cit, Ref 3, p 26.
78. Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 42.
79. F. van Waarden, 'Employers and employers' associations', in J. Van Ruysseveldt, R. Huiskamp and J. van Hoof (eds), Comparative Industrial & Employment Relations, Sage, London, 1995, pp 68-108, especially p 97.
80. P. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1985.
81. R. A. Dahl and E. R. Tufte, Size and Democracy, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1973; Richards, op cit, Ref 44.
82. R. A. Dahl and E. R. Tufte, Size and Democracy, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1973; Richards, op cit, Ref 44.
83. J. S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory, Belknap Press, London, 1990.
84. The Isle of Man's Tynwald is the oldest continuing legislative body in the Western World. Iceland's Althing is older but has an interrupted history. In the eastern hemisphere, the oldest legislature is that of Bermuda (1615), closely followed by that in Barbados.
85. E. Trist, 'The environment and system response capability', Futures, Vol 12, No 2, 1980, pp 113-127; G. Morgan, Riding the Waves of Change: Developing Managerial Competences for a Turbulent World, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1988; J. Chieuw, 'Smallness of scale: obstacle or opportunity? Reframing the issue of scale', in K. M. Lillis (ed), Policy, Planning & Management of Education in Small States, UNESCO, Paris, 1993, pp 48-58.
86. E. Trist, 'The environment and system response capability', Futures, Vol 12, No 2, 1980, pp 113-127; G. Morgan, Riding the Waves of Change: Developing Managerial Competences for a Turbulent World, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1988; J. Chieuw, 'Smallness of scale: obstacle or opportunity? Reframing the issue of scale', in K. M. Lillis (ed), Policy, Planning & Management of Education in Small States, UNESCO, Paris, 1993, pp 48-58.
87. E. Trist, 'The environment and system response capability', Futures, Vol 12, No 2, 1980, pp 113-127; G. Morgan, Riding the Waves of Change: Developing Managerial Competences for a Turbulent World, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1988; J. Chieuw, 'Smallness of scale: obstacle or opportunity? Reframing the issue of scale', in K. M. Lillis (ed), Policy, Planning & Management of Education in Small States, UNESCO, Paris, 1993, pp 48-58.
88. T. R. Burns and A. M. Stalker, The Management of Innovation, Tavistock, London, 1984 (originally published in 1961).
89. Baldacchino (1998).
90. Malta and Mauritius were are the main examples here, with a manufacturing contribution to GDP exceeding 30 per cent in 1995. See Commonwealth Secretariat, Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1996, Tables 3 and 26; Commonwealth Secretariat, op cit, Ref 23, Table 4.1.
91. Malta and Mauritius were are the main examples here, with a manufacturing contribution to GDP exceeding 30 per cent in 1995. See Commonwealth Secretariat, Small States: Economic Review and Basic Statistics, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1996, Tables 3 and 26; Commonwealth Secretariat, op cit, Ref 23, Table 4.1.
92. G. Hyden, No Shortcuts to Progress, Heinemann, London, 1983, p 60; J. J. Schahczenski, 'Development administration in the small developing state', in R. Baker (ed), Public Administration in Small and Island States, Kumarian Press, West Hertford, CT, 1992, pp 34-48, especially p 41.
93. G. Hyden, No Shortcuts to Progress, Heinemann, London, 1983, p 60; J. J. Schahczenski, 'Development administration in the small developing state', in R. Baker (ed), Public Administration in Small and Island States, Kumarian Press, West Hertford, CT, 1992, pp 34-48, especially p 41.
94. This candid observation is attributed to Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern in explaining one of Ireland's advantages when it comes to exercising flexibility and rapid responsiveness in relation to the exigencies of potential foreign investors (personal communication).
95. The notion of 'economic capacity' is credited to participants at the Aspen Institute Planning Meeting on 'Economic Development in Plain English', November 1997, Queenstown, MA, USA.
96. Further research is needed to identify the diverse economic strategies entered into by different socioeconomic groups and classes of small islanders. Simply stating 'a people' or 'a community' is likely to discount internal differences and possible conflicts.
97. H. M. Hintjens, 'France in the Caribbean', in P. Sutton (ed), Europe and the Caribbean, Macmillan, London, 1991, pp 37-70.
98. The life histories of diverse microstate citizens, from Isaac Caines in St Kitts (B. C. Richardson, Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St Kitts & Nevis, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN, 1983, pp 54-55 ) to Kawagl, a South Pacific Melanesian (H. C. Brookfield, Colonialism, Development and Independence: The Case of the Melanesian Islands in the South Pacific, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972, pp 167-168 ) to hotel employees in Malta and Barbados (Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 42, pp 126-128) readily demonstrate and flesh out such 'skills'.
99. The life histories of diverse microstate citizens, from Isaac Caines in St Kitts (B. C. Richardson, Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St Kitts & Nevis, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN, 1983, pp 54-55 ) to Kawagl, a South Pacific Melanesian (H. C. Brookfield, Colonialism, Development and Independence: The Case of the Melanesian Islands in the South Pacific, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972, pp 167-168 ) to hotel employees in Malta and Barbados (Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 42, pp 126-128) readily demonstrate and flesh out such 'skills'.
100. The life histories of diverse microstate citizens, from Isaac Caines in St Kitts (B. C. Richardson, Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St Kitts & Nevis, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN, 1983, pp 54-55 ) to Kawagl, a South Pacific Melanesian (H. C. Brookfield, Colonialism, Development and Independence: The Case of the Melanesian Islands in the South Pacific, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972, pp 167-168 ) to hotel employees in Malta and Barbados (Baldacchino, op cit, Ref 42, pp 126-128) readily demonstrate and flesh out such 'skills'.
101. T. Courchene, 'Glocalization: the regional/international interface', Canadian Journal of Regional Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences Regionales, Vol 18, No 1, 1995, pp 1-20.
102. For example, G. Fischer and P. Encontrre, 'The economic disadvantages of island developing countries: problems of smallness, remoteness and economies of scale', in G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998, pp 69-85.
103. G. Baldacchino and R. Greenwood (eds), Competing Strategies of Socio-Economic Development for Small Islands, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, 1998.
104. See, for example, the 'special relationship' of the Isle of Man, Åaland, Faroe and Channel Islands - none of which are sovereign states - with the EU (N. Fagerlund, 'Autonomous European island regions enjoying a special relationship with the European Union', in L. Lyck (ed), Constitutionalism and Economic Space of the Small Nordic Jurisdictions, NordREFO, Copenhagen, 1997, pp 90-121).
105. The most successful here are probably the 'ultra peripheral regions' of the European Union, all of which (except French Guiana) are islands. These have now achieved an even stronger recognition of the permanence of their 'major structural backwardness' in Article 299 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. See Hache, op cit, Ref 34, pp 58, 65.