Stability and change of attachment at 14, 24, and 58 months of age: Behavior, representation, and life events

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 381-388

  Bar Haim, Yair ^a   Sutton, D Barbara ^a   Fox, Nathan A ^a   Marvin, Robert S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Attachment; Life events; Longitudinal studies

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; EMOTIONAL STABILITY; FAMILY LIFE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIFE EVENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; NORMAL HUMAN; PERSONALITY TEST; SEPARATION ANXIETY;

ANXIETY, SEPARATION; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; OBJECT ATTACHMENT;

EID: 0034057772     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021963099005272     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Achermann, J., Dinneen, E., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1991). Clearing up at 2.5 years. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 365-376.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932-937.
3. Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4. Ainsworth, M. D., & Witting, B. A. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior IV. London: Methuen.
5. Bates, J. E., Maslin, C. A., & Frankel, K. A. (1985). Attachment security, mother-child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age 3 years. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 167-193.
6. Belsky, J., Campbell, S. B., Cohn, J. F., & Moore, G. (1996). Instability of infant-parent attachment security. Developmental Psychology, 32, 921-924.
7. Belsky, J., Rovine, M., & Taylor, D. G. (1984). The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, 3: The origins of individual differences in infant-mother attachment: Maternal and infant contributions. Child Development, 55, 718-728.
8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1: Attachment (2nd ed). New York: Basic Books.
9. Bowlby, J. (1991). Ethological light on psychoanalytic problems. In P. Bateson (Ed.), The development and integration of behavior: Essays in honor of Robert Hinde (pp. 301-313). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 3-35.
11. Brim, O. G. Jr, & Kagan, J. (1980). Constancy and change: A view of the issue. In O. G. Brim Jr & J. Kagan (Eds.), Constancy and change in human development (pp. 1-25). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (1992). The relations among infant temperament, security of attachment, and behavioral inhibition at 24 months. Child Development, 63, 1456-1472.
13. Cassidy, J. (1990). Theoretical and methodological considerations in the study of attachment and the self in young children. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 87-119). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Cassidy, J., & Marvin, R. S. (1992). Attachment organization in three- and four-year olds: Coding guidelines. Unpublished manuscript.
15. Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E. M., Greenberg, M. T., & Marvin, R. S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 3-49). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16. Connell, D. B. (1976). Individual differences in attachment: An investigation into stability, implications, and relationships to structure of early language development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University.
17. Fox, N. A. (1995). Of the way we were: Adult memories about attachment experiences and their role in determining infantparent relationships. A commentary on van Ijzendoorn. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 404-410.
18. Fox, N. A., Kimmerly, N. L., & Schafer, W. D. (1991). Attachment to mother/attachment to father: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 62, 210-225.
19. Frodi, A., Grolnick, W., & Bridges, L. (1985). Maternal correlates of stability and change in infant-mother attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 6, 60-67.
20. Goldberg, S., Washington, J., Myhal, N., Janus, M., Simmons, R. J., MacLusky, I., & Fowler, R. S. (1998). Stability and change in attachment from infancy to preschool. Unpublished manuscript, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto.
21. Goossens, F. A., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Tavecchio, L. W., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1986). Stability of attachment across time and context in a Dutch sample. Psychological Reports, 58, 23-32.
22. Greenberg, M. T., DeKlyen, M., Speltz, M., Endriga, L., & Marya, C. (1997). The role of attachment processes in externalizing psychopathology in young children. In L. Atkinson & K. Zucker (Eds.), Attachment and psychopathology (pp. 196-222). New York: Guilford Press.
23. Hansburg, H. G. (1972). Adolescent separation anxiety: A method for the study of adolescent separation problems. Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas.
24. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, New Haven, CT: Yale University, Department of Sociology.
25. Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
26. Kaplan, N. (1984). Internal representations of separation experiences in six year olds: Related to actual experiences of separation. Unpublished Masters's thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
27. Klagsburn, M., & Bowlby, J. (1976). Responses to separation from parents: A clinical test for young children. British Journal of Projective Psychology, 21, 7-27.
28. Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W., Charnov, E. L., & Estes, C. (1984). Security of attachment as assessed in the Strange Situation: Its study and biological interpretation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 127-147.
29. Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C., & Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development, 55, 123-126.
30. Mahler, M., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books.
31. Main, M. (1981). Avoidance in the service of attachment: A working paper. In K. Immelmann, G. Barlow, L. Petrinovich, & M. Main (Eds.), Behavioral development: The Bielefeld interdisciplinary project. New York: Cambridge University Press.
32. Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1987). Reunion-based classifications of child-parent attachment organization at 6 years of age. Unpublished scoring manual, University of California at Berkeley.
33. Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with parent at age six: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a one month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 415-426.
34. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood. and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66-104.
35. Main, M., & Weston, D. R. (1981). The quality of the toddler's relationship to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52, 932-940.
36. Marvin, R. S., & Pianta, R. C. (1996). Mother's reactions to their child's diagnosis: Relations with security of attachment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 436-445.
37. Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., & Saintonge, J. (1998). Correlates of attachment at school age: Maternal reported stress, mother-child interaction, and behavior problems. Child Development, 69, 1390-1405.
38. Owen, M. T., Easterbrooks, M. A., Chase-Lansdale, L., & Goldberg, W. A. (1984). The relation between maternal employment status and the stability of attachments to mother and father. Child Development, 55, 1894-1901.
39. Shouldice, A., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1992). Coping with security distress: The separation anxiety test and attachment classification at 4.5 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 331-348.
40. Slough, N. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (1990). Five-year-olds' representations of separation from parents: Responses from the perspective of self and other. New Directions for Child Development, 48, 67-84.
41. Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (1986). Attachment and the construction of relationship. In W. Hartup & Z. Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development (pp. 51-72). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
42. Stevenson-Hinde, J., & Marshall, P. J. (1999). Behavioral inhibition, heart period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: An attachment perspective. Child Development, 70, 805-816.
43. Stevenson-Hinde, J., & Shouldice, A. (1993). Wariness to strangers: A behavior systems perspective revisited. In K. H. Rubin & J. B. Asendorpf (Eds.), Social withdrawal, inhibition and shyness in childhood (pp. 101-117). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
44. Stevenson-Hinde, J., & Shouldice, A. (1995). Maternal interactions and self-reports related to attachment classifications at 4.5 years. Child Development, 66, 538-596.
45. Stifter, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (1990). Infant reactivity: Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Developmental Psychology, 26, 1-7.
46. Thompson, R. A., Lamb, M. E., & Estes, D. (1982). Stability of infant-mother attachment and its relationship to changing life circumstances in an unselected middle-class sample. Child Development, 53, 144-148.
47. Thompson, R. A., Lamb, M. E., & Estes, D. (1983). Harmonizing discordant notes: A reply to Waters. Child Development, 54, 521-524.
48. Touris, M., Kromelow, S., & Harding, H. C. (1995). Mother-firstborn attachment and the birth of a sibling. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 293-297.
49. Turner, P. J. (1991). Relations between attachment, gender, and behavior with peers in preschool. Child Development, 62, 1475-1488.
50. van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange situation. Child Development, 59, 147-156.
51. Vaughn, B., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1979). Individual differences in infant-mother attachment at 12 and 18 months: Stability and change in families under stress. Child Development, 50, 971-975.
52. Wartner, U. G., Grossmann, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Suess, G. (1994). Attachment patterns at age 6 in south Germany: Predictability from infancy and implications for preschool behavior. Child Development, 65, 1014-1027.
53. Waters, E. (1978). The reliability and stability of individual differences in infant attachment. Child Development, 49, 483-494.
54. Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. A. (1999). The nature of individual differences in infantcaregiver attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical application (pp. 68-88). New York: Guilford Press.
55. Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment: Studies in the Theory of emotional development. New York: International University Press.