Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Current treatment concepts

Indian Pediatrics

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 397-406

  Arya, L S ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ASPARAGINASE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; EPIPODOPHYLLOTOXIN; ETOPOSIDE; HYDROCORTISONE; MERCAPTOPURINE; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISOLONE; STEROID; TENIPOSIDE; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN RADIATION; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHILD; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CYTOGENETICS; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SECOND CANCER;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIA; INFANT; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, ACUTE; MALE; PROGNOSIS; RADIOTHERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0034053435     PISSN: 00196061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Pui CH. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997; 4: 831-846.
2. Pui CH, Evans WE. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 605-615.
3. Gurney JG, Severson RK, Davis S, Robinson L. Incidence of cancer in children in the United States. Cancer 1995; 75: 2186-2195.
4. Young J, Gloeckler RL, Silverberg E, Horm J, Miller R. Cancer incidence, survival and mortality for children younger than age 15 years. Cancer 1986; 58: 598-602.
5. Pui CH. Childhood leukemias. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1618-1630.
6. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Fiandrin G, Galion DAG, Grainick HR, et al. The French-American-British (FAB) cooperative group. The morphological classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Concordance among observers and clinical correlations. Br J Hematol 1981; 47: 553-561.
7. Williams DL, Harber J, Murphy SB, Look A, Kalwinski D. Chromosomal translocations play a unique role in influencing prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1986; 68: 205-212.
8. Look AT, Roberson PK, Williams DL. Prognostic importance of blast cell DNA content in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1985; 65: 1079-1086.
9. Jackson JF, Boyett J, Pullen J, Brock B, Patterson R, Land V, et al. Favorable prognosis associated with hyperdiploidy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia correlates with extra chromosome 6: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Cancer 1990; 66: 1183-1189.
10. Trueworthy R, Shuster J, Look T, Crist W, Borowitz M, Carroll A, et al. Ploidy of lymphoblasts is the strongest predictor of treatment outcome in B-progenitor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 606-613.
11. Pui CH, Franket LS, Carroll AJ, Raimondi SC, Shuster J, David R, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the t(4;11) (q21;q23): A collaborative study of 40 cases. Blood 1991; 77: 440-447.
12. Fletcher JA, Lynch EA, Kimbal VM, Ramana T, Donnelly M, Ellan SS. Translocation (9;22) is associated with extremely poor prognosis in intensively treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1991; 77: 435-439.
13. Pui CH, Crist WM. Biology and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 491-503.
14. Pui CH, Behm FG, Downing JR, Hancock M, Shurtleff AS, Riberio CR, et al. 11 q 23/MLL rearrangement confers a poor prognosis in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 909-915.
15. Look AT. Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukemias. Science 1997; 278: 1059-1064.
16. Riehm H, Gadner H, Henze G, Kornhuber B, Lampert F, Niethammer D, et al. Results and significance of six randomized trials in four consecutive ALL-BFM studies. Hematol Blood Trans 1990; 33: 439-450.
17. Bowman WP, Shuster JJ, Cook B, Griffin T, Behm H, Jeanette P, et al. Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small noncleaved-cell lymphoma: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1252-1261.
18. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, Lampert F, Harbott J, Henze G, et al. Favorable outcome of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. A report of three consecutive studies of the BFM group. Blood 1992; 20: 2471-2478.
19. Chessels JM, Richards SM, Bailey CC, Lilleyman JS, Eden OB. Gender and treatment outcome in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia: Report from the MRC UK ALL trials. Br J Hematol 1995; 89: 364-372.
20. Chessels JM, Bailey C, Richards SM. Intensification of treatment and survival in all children with lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of UK Medical Research Council trial UK ALL X. Lancet 1995; 345: 143-148.
21. Lanning M, Garwicz S, Hertz H, Jonmundson G, Kreuger A, Lie So, et al. Superior treatment results in females with high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. Acta Pediatr 1992; 81: 66-68.
22. Raimondi SC. Current status of cytogenetic research in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1993; 81: 2237-2251.
23. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, Hiddemann W, Sauter S, Henze G, et al. Chemotherapy in 998 unselected acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Results and conclusions of the multi-center trial ALL-BFM 86. Blood 1994; 84: 3122-3133.
24. Steinhertz P, Gaynon P, Breneman JC, Cherlow M, Grossman NJ, Kessey JH. Cytoreduction and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia-The importance of early marrow response report from the children's cancer group. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 389-398.
25. Smith M, Arthur D, Camitta B, Caroll AJ, Crist W, Gaynon P, et al. Uniform approach to risk classification and treatment assignment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 18-24.
26. Pinkel D. Five year follow-up of "total therapy" of childhood leukemia. JAMA 1971; 216: 648-652.
27. RiveraGK, Pinkel D, Simone JV, Hancock ML, Crist WM. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 30 year's experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1289-1295.
28. Rivera OK, Raimondi SC, Hancock ML. Improved outcome in childhood actue lymphoblastic leukemia with reinforced early treatment and rotational combination chemotherapy. Lancet 1991; 337: 61-66.
29. Gaynon PS, Steinhertz PG, Bleyer WA, Albin AR, Albo VC, Finklestein JZ, et al. Improved therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and unfavorable presenting features: A follow-up report of the Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-106. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2234-2242.
30. Veerman AJP, Hahlen K, Kamps WA, Van Leeuwen EF, De Vaan GAM, Solbu G, et al. High cure rate with a moderately intensive treatment regimen in non-high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of protocol ALL VI from the Dutch childhood leukemia study group. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 911-918.
31. Evanc WE, Relling MV, Rodman JH, Crom WR, Boyett JM, Pui CH. Conventional compared with individualized chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 499-505.
32. Nuchman J, Sather HN, Cherlow JM, Sensel MG, Gaynon PS, Lukens JN, et al. Response to children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with and without cranial irradiation: A report from the children's cancer group. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 920-930.
33. Pui CH, Mahmoud HH, Rivera GK. Early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy virtually eliminates central nervous system relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1998; 92: 411-415.
34. Eden OB, Lilleyman JS, Richards S, Shaw MP, Peto J. Results of medical research council childhood leukemia trial UK ALL VIII. Br J Hematol 1991; 78: 187-196.
35. Childhood ALL Collaborative Group. Duration and intensity of maintenance chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Overview of 42 trials involving 12,000 randomized children. Lancet 1996; 347: 1783-1788.
36. Nesbit MJ, Sather H, Robinson L, Ortega J, Littman PS, Giulio J, et al. Presymptomatic central nervous system therapy in previously untreated childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Comparision of 1800 rad and 2400 rad. A report for children cancer study group. Lancet 1981; 1: 461-465.
37. Bleyer W, Poplack D. Prophylaxis and treatment of leukemia in the central nervous system and other sanctuaries. Semin Oncol 1985; 12: 131-138.
38. Comp D, Fermendez CH, Falletta JM, Ragab HA, Humphrey GB, Jeanette P, et al. CNS prophylaxis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Comparision of two methods. A southwest oncology group study. Cancer 1982; 50: 1031-1036.
39. Pullan J, Boyett J, Shuster J, Crist W, Land V, Frankel L, et al. Extended triple intrathecal chemotherapy trial in prevention of CNS relapse in good-risk and poor-risk patients with B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A Pediatric Oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 839-849.
40. Abromowitch M, Ochs JS, Pui CH, Kalwinsky D, Rivera GK, Thomas A, et al. High-dose methotrexate improves clinical outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. St. Jude total therapy study X. Med Pediatr Oncol 1988; 16: 297-303.
41. Conter V, Schrappe M, Arico M, Reiter A, Rizzari C, Valsecchi MG, et al. Role of cranial radiotherapy for childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with high WBC count and good response to prednisolone. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2786-2791.
42. Schorin MA, Blattner S, Gelber KD, Tarbell NJ, Donnelly M, Dalton V, et al. Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Children's Hospital Acute lymphoblastic leukemia consortium protocol 85-01. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 740-747.
43. Patte C, Michon J, Frappaz D. Therapy of Burkitt's and other B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma. Experience with the LMB protocols of the SFOP (French Pediatric Oncology Society) in children and adults. Ballieres Clin Hematol 1994; 7: 339-348.
44. Bleyer WA, Sather HN, Nickerson HJ. Monthly pulses of vincristine and prednisolone prevents bone marrow and testicular relapse in low-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A report of the CCG-161 study by the children's cancer study group. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1012-1021.
45. Hale JP, Lilleyman JS. Importance of 6-mercaptopurine dose in lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66: 462-466.
46. Chessells JM, Harrison G, Lilleyman JS, Bailey CC, Richards SM. Continuing (maintenace) therapy in lymphoblastic leukemia. Lessons from MRC UK ALL X. Br J Hematol 1997; 98: 945-951.
47. Magrath IT, Gad-el-Mawla N, Lin HP, Williams C, Shanta V, Advani S, et al. Strategies for applying the principles of Pediatric Oncology to the developing world. In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. Eds. Pizzo PA, Poplack DG. Philadelphia, J.B, Lipincott, 1989; pp 1053-1074.
48. Meadows AT, Kramer S, Hopson R, Lustbader E, Jarrett P, Evans AE. Survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Effect of protocol and place of treatment. Cancer Invest 1983; 1: 49-55.
49. Stiller CA. Centralisation of treatment and survival rates for cancer. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 23-30.
50. Wagner HP, Dingeldein-Bettler I, Berchthold W, Luthy AR, Hirt A, Pluss HJ, et al. Childhood NHL in Switzerland: Incidence and survival of 120 study and 42 non-study patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995; 24: 281-286.
51. Bleyer WA, Sather H, Hammond GD. Prognosis and treatment after relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer 1986; 58: 590-594.
52. Chessells JM. Relapsed lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Br J Hematol 1998; 102: 423-438.
53. Dopier R, Henze G, Bende r-Gotze C, Ebell W, Ehninger G, Gadner H, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission after intensive primary and relapse therapy according to the BFM and CO ALL-protocols: Results of the German Cooperative Study. Blood 1991; 78: 2780-2784.
54. Barett AJ, Horowitz MM, Pollock BH, Zhang MJ, Bortin MM, Buchanan GR, et al. Bone marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings as compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1253-1258.
55. Moussalem M, Esprou BH, Devergie A, Baruchel A, Ribaud P. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission: Factors predictive of survi val, relapse and graft-versus-host disease. Bone marrow Transplantation 1995; 15: 943-947.
56. Feig SA, Harris RE, Sather HN. Bone marrow transplantation versus chemotherapy for maintenance of second remission of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A study of the children's cancer group (CCG-1884). Med Pediatr Oncol 1997; 29; 534-540.
57. Borgmann A, Schmid H, Hartmann R, Baumgarten E, Hermann K, Klingebiel T, et al. Autologous bone-marrow transplants compared with chemotherapy for children with ALL in a second remission: A matched-pair analysis. Lancet 1995; 346: 873-876.
58. Doney K, Buckner C, Fisher L, Petersen F, Sanders J, Appelbaum F, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone marrow Transplant 1993; 12: 315-321.
59. Cousens P, Waters B, Said J. Cognitive effects of cranial irradiation in leukemia: A survey and meta anlaysis. J Clin Psychol Psychiat 1988; 29: 839-852,
60. Neglia JP, Meadows AT, Robinson LL. Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 1991; 325; 1330-1336.
61. Pui CH, Ribeiro RC, Hancock ML. Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1682-1687.
62. Pui CH, Relling MV, Rivera GK. Epipodophyllotoxin-related acute myeloid leukemia: A study of 35 cases. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1990-1996.
63. Hokken-Koelega ACS, VanDoom JWD, Hahlen K. Long term effects of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with and without cranial irradiation on growth and puberty: A comparative study. Pediatr Res 1993; 33: 577-588.
64. Gilsanz V, Carlson ME, Roe TF, Ortega JA. Osteoporosis after cranial irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr 1990; 117: 238-244.
65. Kirk JA, Stevens MM, Manser MA, Raghupathy P, Marry B, Tink A, et al. Growth failure and growth hormone deficiency after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Lancet 1987; 1: 190-193.
66. Lipshultz SE, Colan SD, Gelber RD. Late cardiac effects of doxorubicin therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 808-815.
67. Hale JP, Lewis IJ. Anthracyclines: Cardiotoxicity and its prevention. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71: 457-462.
68. Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Mene SM. Female sex and higher drug dose as risk factors for late cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin therapy for childhood cancer. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1738-1743.
69. Advani SH, Iyer RS, Pai SK, Gopal R, Saikia TK, Nair CN, et al. Four agent induction consolidation therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An Indian experience Am J Hematol 1992; 39: 242-248.
70. Advani S, Pai S, Venzon D, Adde M, Kurkure PK, Nair CN, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in India: An analysis of prognostic factors using a single treatment regimen. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 167-176.
71. Arys LS, Jain Y, Bhargava M, Gupta S, Tomar S. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of an aggressive induction consolidation regimen in India. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999; 33: 152.
72. Chandy M. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in India: An approach to management in a three-tier society. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995; 25: 197-203.
73. Arya LS. Childhood Cancer: Where do we stand? Indian Pediatr 1998; 34: 583-587.
74. Bhargava M, Kumar R, Karak A, Kochupillai V, Arya LS, Mohankumar T. Immunologic subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in North India. Leuk Res 1988; 12: 673-678.
75. Gurbuxani S, Lacorte JM, Raina V, Arya LS, Pépins D, Sazawal S, et al. Detection of BCR-ABL transcripts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Indian patients. Leuk Res 1998; 22: 77-80.
76. Gurbuxani S, Zhou D, Simoni G, Raina V, Arya LS, Sazawal S, et al. Expression of genes implicated in multidrug resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in India. Ann Hematol 1998; 76: 195-200.