Current approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 181, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2000, Pages

  Efstratiou, Androulla ^a   Engler, Kathryn H ^a   Mazurova, Izabella K ^b   Glushkevich, Tatiana ^c   Vuopio Varkila, Jaana ^d   Popovic, Tanja ^e  

^a CENTRAL PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b GN Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology   (Russian Federation)

^c Ukrainian C of the N S and E S   (Ukraine)

^d NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^e NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXOTOXIN;

ARTICLE; CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE; DIPHTHERIA; DISEASE CARRIER; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0034051196     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/315552     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. 1. Dittman S. Epidemic diphtheria in the Newly Independent States of the former USSR - situation and lessons learned. Biologicals 1997; 25:179-86.
2. 2. Galazka AM, Robertson SE. Diphtheria: changing patterns in the developing world. Eur J Epidemiol 1995; 11:107-17.
3. 3. Efstratiou A, Maple PAC. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. Copenhagen: Expanded Programme on Immunization in the European Region of World Health Organisation, 1994; ICP/EPI 038(C).
4. 4. Efstratiou A, George RC. Microbiology and epidemiology of diphtheria. Rev Med Microbiol 1996; 7:31-42.
5. 5. Brooks R. Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. World Health Organization, 1981; Lab 81.7.
6. 6. Efstratiou A, Roure C, members of the European Laboratory Working Group on Diphtheria. The European aboratory Working Group on Diphtheria: a global microbiologic network. J Infect Dis 2000; 181(suppl 1):S146-51.
7. 7. Clarridge JE, Popovic T, Inzana TJ. Diphtheria and other corynebacterial and coryneform infections. In: Hausler WJ, Sussman M, eds. Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998:347-71.
8. 8. Bisgard KM, Hardy IRB, Popovic T, et al. Respiratory diphtheria in the United States, 1980 through 1995. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:787-91.
9. 9. Colman G, Weaver E, Efstratiou A. Screening tests for pathogenic corynebacteria. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45:46-8.
10. 10. Efstratiou A, Engler KH, De Zoysa A. Diagnosis and epidemiology of diphtheria. In: Woodford N, Johnson AP, eds. Methods in molecular medicine. Molecular bacteriology, protocols and clinical applications. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998; 15:191-212.
11. 11. Elek SD. The plate virulence test for diphtheria. J Clin Pathol 1949; 2:250-8.
12. 12. Efstratiou A, Engler KH, Dawes CS, Sesardic D. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the detection of diphtheria toxin amongst isolates of pathogenic corynebacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:3173-7.
13. 13. Feldman YM, Makhaneva LG, Glushkevich TG. Determination of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxigenicity due to indicator paper disks. Russian J Microbiol 1987; 4:32-3.
14. 14. Engler KH, Glushkevich TG, Mazurova IK, George RC, Efstratiou A. A modified Elek test for the detection of toxigenic corynebacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:495-8.
15. 15. Reinhardt DJ, Lee A, Popovic T. Antitoxin-in-membrane and antitoxin-in-well assays for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:207-10.
16. 16. Aravena-Roman M, Bowman R, O'Neill G. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Pathology 1995; 27:71-3.
17. 17. Hauser D, Popoff MR, Kiredjian M, Boquet P, Bimet F. Polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains correlation with ADP-ribosylation activity assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2720-3.
18. 18. Mikhailovich VM, Melnikov MG, Mazurova IK, et al. Application of PCR for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated during the Russian diphtheria epidemic, 1990 through 1994. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:3061-3.
19. 19. Nakao H, Popovic T. Development of a direct PCR for detection of the diphtheria toxin gene. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1651-5.
20. 20. Pallen MJ. Rapid screening for toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44:1025-6.
21. 21. Pallen MJ, Hay AJ, Puckey LH, Efstratiou A. Polymerase chain reaction for screening clinical isolates of corynebacteria for the production of diphtheria toxin. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47:353-6.
22. 22. Nakao H, Pruckler JM, Mazurova IK, et al. Heterogeneity of diphtheria toxin gene, tox, and its regulatory element, dtxR, in Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains causing epidemic diphtheria in Russia and Ukraine. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:1711-6.
23. 23. Bisgard KM, Vitek C, Golaz A, Popovic T. Diphtheria. In: Wharton M, Roush S, eds. Vaccine-preventable diseases surveillance manual. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997.
24. 24. Groman N, Cianciotto N, Bjorn M, Rabin M. Detection and expression of DNA homologous to the tox gene in non-toxigenic isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Infect Immun 1983; 42:48-56.
25. 25. Gluskevich TG, Zherebko N. Study of the role of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains on the aetiology of diphtheria in the Ukraine (abstract). In: Programme and abstracts of the 5th International Meeting of the European Laboratory Working Group on Diphtheria (Halkidiki, Greece, June 1998). London: Public Health Laboratory Service, 1998:32.
26. 26. Mazurova IK, Borisova O, Kombarova SY, et al. Characterisation of non-toxigenic tox bearing Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the waning Russian epidemic (abstract). In: Programme and abstracts of the 5th International Meeting of the European Laboratory Working Group on Diphtheria (Halkidiki, Greece, June 1998). London: Public Health Laboratory Service, 1998:33.
27. 27. Kobaidze K, Popovic T, Nakao H. Quick L. Direct polymerase chain reaction for Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains from the Republic of Georgia after prolonged storage. J Infect Dis 2000; 181(suppl 1):S152-5.
28. 28. Engler KH, Efstratiou A. A rapid ELISA for confirmation of diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium spp. (abstract 1522). In: Abstracts of the 8th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Lausanne, Switzerland, May 1997). Clin Microbiol Infect 1997; 3(suppl 2): 14.
29. 29. Formiga LCD, Guaraldi AL. Diphtheria: current status and laboratory procedures for diagnosis. Rev Bras Pat Clin Virol 1993; 29:93-6.
30. 30. Bonnet J, Begg N. Control of diphtheria: guidelines for consultants in communicable disease control. Commun Dis Public Health 1999; 2:242-9.
31. 31. Efstratiou A, George RC. Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans. Commun Dis Public Health 1999; 2:250-7.
32. 32. Public Health Laboratory Service. Diphtheria acquired during a cruise in the Baltic Sea. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 1997; 7:207.
33. 33. Public Health Laboratory Service. Throat infection with toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae acquired in a laboratory. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 1998; 8:57, 60.