Clinical and biologic diversity of leukemias occurring in patients with mastocytosis

Leukemia and Lymphoma

Volumn 37, Issue 5-6, 2000, Pages 473-486

  Sperr, Wolfgang R ^a   Horny, Hans P ^b   Lechner, Klaus ^b   Valent, Peter ^b  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b NONE

Author keywords

AML; c kit; CML; CMML; Mast cells; Tryptase

Indexed keywords

CHLOROACETIC ACID; ESTERASE; MYELOPEROXIDASE; STEM CELL FACTOR; TRYPTASE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; TUMOR MARKER;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; CELL STRUCTURE; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; MAST CELL; MAST CELL LEUKEMIA; MASTOCYTOSIS; MYELOID LEUKEMIA; MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ACUTE DISEASE; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CELL LINEAGE; CLASSIFICATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; PATHOLOGY;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CELL LINEAGE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; INTERFERON-ALPHA; LEUKEMIA, MAST-CELL; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC; LEUKEMIA, MYELOMONOCYTIC, ACUTE; LYMPHOMA, B-CELL; MAST CELLS; MASTOCYTOSIS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0034050944     PISSN: 10428194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10428190009058500     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Kirshenbaum, A.S., Goff, J.P., Kessler, S.W., Mican, J.M., Zsebo, K.M. and Metcalfe, D.D. (1992) Effects of IL-3 and stem cell factor on the appearance of human basophils and mast cells from CD34+ pluripotent progenitor cells. Journal of Immunology, 148, 772-777.
2. -, colony forming cell. Journal of Immunology, 151, 4221-4227.
3. - cell population. Blood, 84, 2489-2496.
4. Valent, P. (1994) The Riddle of The Mast Cell: c-kit Ligand as Missing Link? Immunology Today, 15, 111-114.
5. Galli, S.J. (1990) New insights into "the riddle of the mast cells": microenvironmental regulation of mast cell development and phenotypic heterogeneity. Laboratory Investigation, 62, 5-33.
6. Valent, P., Sillaber, C. and Bettelheim, P. (1991) The growth and differentiation of human mast cells. Progress in Growth Factor Research, 3, 27-41.
7. Valent, P. and Bettelheim, P. (1992) Cell surface structures on human basophils and mast cells: Biochemical and functional characterization. Advances in Immunology, 52, 333-421.
8. Scheck, O., Horny, H.-P., Ruck, P., Schmelzle, R. and Kaiserling, E. (1987) Solitary mastocytoma of the eyelid. A case report with special reference to the immunocytology of human tissue mast cells, and a review of the literature. Virchows Archiv, 412, 31-36.
9. Valent, P., Ashman, L.K., Hinterberger, W., Eckersberger, F., Majdic, O., Lechner, K., Maurer, D. and Bettelheim, P. (1989) Mast cell typing: Demonstration of a distinct hemopoietic cell type and evidence for immunophenotypic relationship to mononuclear phagocytes. Blood, 73, 1778-1785.
10. Agis, H., Füreder, W., Bankl, H.C., Kundi, M., Sperr, W.R., Willheim, M., Boltz-Nitulescu, G., Butterfield, J.H., Kishi, K., Lechner, K. and Valent, P. (1996) Comparative phenotypic analysis of human mast cells, blood monocytes and blood basophils: Dissection of three distinct myeloid cell lineages. Immunology, 87, 535-543.
11. Födinger, M., Fritsch, G., Winkler, K., Emminger, W., Mitterbauer, G., Gadrer, H., Valent, P. and Mannhalter, C. (1994) Origin of human mast cells: development from transplanted hematopoietic stem cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 84, 2954-2959.
12. Irani, A.M., Nilsson, G., Miettinen, U., Craig, S.S., Ashman, L. K., Ishizaka, T., Zsebo, K.M. and Schwartz, L.B. (1992) Recombinant human stem cell factor stimulates differentiation of human mast cells from dispersed fetal liver cells. Blood, 80, 3009-3016.
13. Valent, P., Spanblöchl, E., Sperr, W.R., Sillaber, C., Zsebo, K.M., Agis, H., Strobl, H., Geissler, K., Bettelheim, P. and Lechner, K. (1992) Induction of differentiation of human mast cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF)/kit ligand in long term culture. Blood, 80, 2237-2245.
14. Mitsui, H., Furitsu, T., Dvorak, A.M., Irani, A.M., Schwartz, L.B., Inagaki, N., Takei, M., Ishizaka, K., Zsebo, K.M., Gillis, S. and Ishizaka, T. (1993). Development of human mast cells from umbilical cord blood cells by recombinant human and murine c-kit ligand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 735-739.
15. Sillaber, C., Strobl, H., Bevec, D., Ashman, L.K., Butterfield, J.H., Lechner, K., Maurer, D., Bettelheim, P. and Valent, P. (1991) IL-4 regulates c-kit proto-oncogene product expression in human mast and myeloid progenitor cells. Journal of Immunology, 147, 4224-4228.
16. Lennert, K. and Parwaresch, M.R. (1979) Mast cells and mast cell neoplasia: a review. Histopathology, 3, 349-356.
17. Parwaresch, M.R., Horny, H.-P. and Lennert, K. (1985) Tissue mast cells in health and disease. Pathology Research and Practice, 179, 439-461.
18. Metcalfe, D.D. (1991) Classification and diagnosis of mastocytosis: current status. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 96, 2S-4S.
19. Valent, P. (1996) Biology, classification and treatment of human mastocytosis. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 108, 385-397.
20. Nagata, H., Worobec, A.S., Oh, C.K., Chowdhury, B.A., Tannenbaum, S., Suzuki, Y. and Metcalfe, D.D. (1995) Identification of a point mutation in the catalytic domain of the protooncogene c kit in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients who have mastocytosis with an associated hematologic disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 10560-10564.
21. Longley, B.J., Tyrrell, L., Lu, S.Z., Ma, Y.S., Langley, K., Ding, T.G., Duffy, T., Jacobs, P., Tang, L.H. and Modlin, I. (1996) Somalic c-kit activating mutation in urticaria pigmentosa and aggressive mastocytosis: establishment of clonality in a human mast cell neoplasm. Nature Genetics, 12, 312-314.
22. Worobec, A.S., Semere, T., Nagata, H. and Metcalfe, D.D. (1998) Clinical correlates of the presence of the Asp816Val c-kit mutation in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with mastocytosis. Cancer, 83, 2120-2129.
23. Pignon, J.M., Giraudiers, S., Duquesnoy, P., Jouault, H., Imbert, M., Vainchenker, W., Vernant, J.P. and Tuliez, M. (1997) A new c-kit mutation in a case of aggressive mast cell disease. British Journal of Haematology, 96, 374-376.
24. Buttner, C., Henz, B.M., Welker, P., Sepp, N.T. and Grabbe, J. (1998) Identification of activating c-kit mutations in adult-, but not childhood-onset indolent mastocytosis: a possible explanation for divergent clinical behaviour. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 111, 1227-1231.
25. Longley, B.J., Metcalfe, D.D., Tharp, M., Wang, X., Tyrrell, L., Lu, S.-Z., Heitjan, D. and Ma, Y. (1999) Activating and dominant inactivating c-kit catalytic domain mutations in distinct forms of human mastocytosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 1609-1614.
26. Escribano, L., Orfao, A., Villarrubia, J., Martin, F., Madruga, J.I., Cuevas, M., Velasco, J.L., Rios, A. and San Miguel, J.F. (1997) Sequential immunophenotypic analysis of mast cells in a case of systemic mast cell disease evolving to a mast cell leukemia. Cytometry, 30, 98-102.
27. Escribano, L., Orfao, A., Villarrubia, J., Diaz-Agustin, B., Cerveró, C., Rios, A., Velasco, J.L., Ciudad, J., Navarro, J.L. and San Miguel, J.F. (1998) Immunophenotypic characterization of human bone marrow mast cells. A flow cytometric study of normal and pathologic bone marrow samples. Analytical Cellular Pathology, 16, 151-159.
28. Escribano, L., Orfao, A., Diaz-Agustin, B., Villarrubia, J., Cerveró, C., López, A., Marcos, M.A., Bellas, C., Fernández-Canadas, S., Cuevas, M., Sánchez, A., Velasco, J.L., Navarro, J.L. and Miguel, J.F. (1998) Indolent systemic mast cell disease in adults: immunophenotypic characterization of bone marrow mast cells and its diagnostic implications. Blood, 91, 2731-2736.
29. Prokocimer, M. and Polliack, A. (1981) Increased bone marrow mast cells in preleukemic syndromes, acute leukemia, and lymphoproliferative disorders. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 75, 34-38.
30. Yoo, D., Lessin, L.S. and Jensen, W.N. (1978) Bone marrow mast cells in lymphoproliferative disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine, 88, 753-757,.
31. Yoo, D. and Lessin, L.S. (1982) Bone marrow mast cells content in preleukemic syndrome. American Journal of Medicine, 73, 539-542.
32. Horny, H.-P., Parwaresch, M.R. and Lennert, K. (1985) Bone marrow findings in systemic mastocytosis. Human Pathology, 16, 808-814.
33. Brunning, R.D., McKenna, R.W., Rosai, J., Parkin, J.L. and Risdall, R. (1983) Systemic mastocytosis, extracutaneous manifestations. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 7, 425-438.
34. Horny, H.-P. and Kaiserling, E. (1988) Lymphoid cells and tissue mast cells of bone marrow lesions in systemic mastocytosis: a histological and immunohistological study. British Journal of Haematology, 69, 449-455.
35. Horny, H.-P., Ruck, M.T. and Kaiserling, E. (1992) Spleen findings in generalized mastocytosis. A clinicopathologic study. Cancer, 70, 459-468.
36. Horny, H.-P., Kaiserling, E., Parwaresch, M.R. and Lennert, K. (1992) Lymph node findings in generalized mastocytosis. Histopathology, 21, 439-446.
37. Caplan, R.M. (1963) The natural course of urticaria pigmentosa. Analysis and follow up of 112 cases. Archives of Dermatology, 87, 146-157.
38. Horan, R.F. and Austen, K.F. (1991) Systemic mastocytosis: retrospective review of a decade's clinical experience at the Brigham and Women's hospital. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 96, 5-13.
39. Travis, W.D., Li, C.Y., Bergstralh, E.J., Yam, L.T. and Swee, R.G. (1988) Systemic mast cell disease. Analysis of 58 cases and literature review. Medicine, 67, 345-368.
40. Friedman, B.I., Will, J.J., Freiman, D.G. and Braunstein, H. (1958) Tissue mast cell leukemia. Blood, 13, 70-78.
41. Efrati, P., Klajman, A. and Spitz, H. (1957) Mast cell leukemia? Malignant mastocytosis with leukemia-like manifestations. Blood, 12, 869-882.
42. Travis, W.D., Li, C.Y., Hoagland, H.C., Travis, L.B. and Banks, P.M. (1986) Mast cell leukemia: report of a case and review of the literature. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 61, 957-966.
43. Dalton, R., Chan, L., Batten, E. and Eridani., S. (1986) Mast cell leukaemia: evidence for bone marrow origin of the pathological clone. British Journal of Haematology, 64, 397-406.
44. Baghestanian, M., Bankl, H.C., Sillaber, C., Beil, W.J., Radaszkiewicz, Th., Füreder, W., Preiser, J., Veselly, M., Schernthaner, G., Lechner K. and Valent, P. (1996) A case of malignant mastocytosis with circulating mast cell precursors: biologic and phenotypic characterization of the malignant clone. Leukemia, 10, 159-166.
45. Horny, H.-P., Parwaresch, M.R., Kaiserling, E., Müller, K., Olbermann, M., Mainzer, K. and Lennert, K. (1986) Mast cell sarcoma of the larynx. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 39, 596-602.
46. Kojima, M., Nakamura, S., Itoh, H., Ohno, Y., Masawa, N., Joshita, T. and Suchi, T. (1999) Mast cell sarcoma with tissue eosinophilia arising in the ascending colon. Modern Pathology, 12, 739-743.
47. Guenther, P.P., Huebner, A., Sobottka, S.B., Neumeister, V., Weissbach, G., Todt, H. and Parwaresch, R. Intracranial mast cell sarcoma: what do we treat? submitted.
48. Lawrence, J.B., Friedman, B.S., Travis, W.D., Chinchilli, V.M., Metcalfe, D.D. and Gralnick, H.R. (1991) Hematologic manifestations of systemic mast cell disease: a prospective study of laboratory and morphologic features and their relation to prognosis. American Journal of Medcine, 91, 612-624.
49. Travis, W.D., Li, CY., Yam, L.T., Bergstralh, E.J. and Swee, R.G. (1988) Significance of systemic mast cell disease with associated hematologic disorders. Cancer, 62, 965-972.
50. Horny, H.-P., Ruck, M., Wehrmann, M. and Kaiserling, E. (1990) Blood findings in generalized mastocytosis: evidence of frequent simultaneous occurrence of myeloproliferative disorders. British Journal of Haematology, 76, 186-193.
51. Hutchinson, R.M. (1992) Mastocytosis and co-existent Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloproliferative disorders. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 7, 29-36.
52. Travis, W.D., Li, C.Y. and Bergstralh, E.J. (1989) Solid and hematologic malignancies in 60 patients with systemic mast cell disease. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 113, 365-368.
53. Bennett, J.M., Catovsky, D., Daniel, M.T., Flandrin, G., Galton, D.A.G., Gralnick, H.R. and Sultan, C. (1985) Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French-American-British group. Annals of Internal Medicine, 103, 626-629.
54. Bennett, J.M., Catovsky, D., Daniel, M.T., Flandrin, G., Galton, D.A.G., Gralnick, H.R. and Sultan, C. (1991) Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia. British Journal of Haematology, 78, 325-329.
55. Horny, H.-P., Sillaber, C., Menke, D., Kaiserling, E., Wehrmann, M., Stehberger, B., Chott, A., Lechner, K., Lennert, K. and Valent P. (1998) Diagnostic value of immunostaining for tryptase in patients with mastocytosis. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 22, 1132-1140.
56. Valent, P. (1995) Mast cell differentiation antigens: Expression in normal and malignant cells and use for diagnostic purposes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 25, 715-720.
57. Fukuda, T., Kamishima, T., Tsuura, Y., Suzuki, T., Kakihara, T., Naito, M., Kishi, K., Matsumoto, K., Shibata, A. and Saito, T. (1995) Expression of the c-kit gene product in normal and neoplastic mast cells hut not in neoplastic basophil / mast cell precursors from chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Journal of Pathology, 177, 139-146.
58. Valent, P., Escribano, L., Parwaresch, R., Schemmel. V., Schwartz, L.B., Sotlar, K., Sperr, W.R. and Horny, H.-P. (1999) Recent advances in mastocytosis research. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 120, 1-7.
59. Li, W.V., Kapadia, S.B., Sonmez-Alpan, E., Steven, M.S. and Swerdlow, S.H. (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of mast cell disease in paraffin sections using tryptase, CD68, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and CD20 antibodies. Modern Pathology, 9, 982-988.
60. Sagher, F., Liban, E., Ungar, H. and Schorr, S. (1956) Urticaria pigmentosa with bone marrow involvement, mast cell aggregates in bones and myelosclerosis found at autopsy in a case dying of monocytic leukemia. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 27, 355-368.
61. Pennacchio, L. and Mele, G. (1970) Forma intermedia fra leucemia acuta a promielociti basofili e mastocitosi sistemica. Minerva Medica, 62, 3747-3749.
62. Cains, L.J. (1972) Systemic mastocytosis. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 13, 111-113.
63. Vilter, R.W. and Wiltse, D. (1985) Preleukemia and urticaria pigmentosa followed by acute myelomonoblastic leukemia. Archives of Internal Medicine, 145, 349-352.
64. Wong, K.F., Chan, J.K., Chan, J.C., Kwong, Y.L., Ma, S.K. and Chow, T.C. (1991) Concurrent acute myeloid leukemia and systemic mastocytosis. American Journal of Hematology, 38, 243-244.
65. Lindner, P.S., Pardanani, B., Angadi, C. and Frieri, M. (1992) Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in systemic mastocytosis with biclonal gammopathy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 90, 410-412.
66. Kyriakou, D., Kouroumalis, E., Konsolas, J., Ockonomaki, H., Tzardi, M., Kanavaros, P., Manoussos, O. and Eliopoulos, G.D. (1998) Systemic mastocytosis: a rare cause of noncirrhotic portal hypertension simulating autoimmune cholangitis-report of four cases. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 93, 106-108.
67. Sperr, W.R., Walchshofer, S., Horny, H.-P., Födinger, M., Simonitsch, I., Fritsche-Polanz, R., Schwarzinger, I., Tschachler, E., Sillaber, C., Hagen, W., Geissler, K., Chott, A., Lechner, K. and Valent, P. (1998) Systemic mastocytosis associated with acute myeloid leukaemia: report of two cases and detection of the c-kit mutation Asp-816 to Val. British Journal of Haematology, 103, 740-749.
68. Shaw, D.W., Hocking, W. and Ahmed, A.R. (1983) Generalized cutaneous mastocytosis and acute myelogenous leukemia. International Journal of Dermatology, 22, 109-112.
69. Safyan, E.L., Veerabagu, M.P., Swerdlow, S.H., Lee, R.G. and Rakela, J. (1997) Intrahepatic cholestasis due to systemic mastocytosis: a case report and review of literature. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 92, 1197-1200.
70. Cooper, A.J., Winkelmann, R.K. and Wiltsie, J.C. (1982) Hematologic malignancies occurring in patients with urticaria pigmentosa. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 7, 215-220.
71. Parwaresch, M.R., Horny, H.-P. and Bödewadt-Radzun, S. (1992) Mast cell disease. In Neoplastic Hematopathology. edited by D.M. Knowles, pp. 1485-1515. New York, William & Wilkins.
72. Petit, A., Pulik, M., Gaulier, A., Lionnet, F., Mahe, A. and Sigal, M. (1995) Systemic mastocytosis associated with chronic myelomonocylic leukemia: clinical features and response to interferon alpha therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 32, 850-853.
73. Lewis, J.P., Welborn, J.L., Meyers, F.J., Levy, N.B. and Roschak, T. (1987) Mast cell disease followed by leukemia with clonal evolution. Leukemia Research, 11, 769-773.
74. Smith, J.D. and Lazarchick, J. (1999) Systemic mast cell disease with marrow and splenic involvement associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 32, 391-394.
75. Pulik, M., Lionnet, F., Petit, A., Genet, P. and Gaulier, A. (1992) Long term response to interferon alpha in a patient with systemic mastocytosis and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia [letter]. American Journal of Hematology, 47, 66.
76. Agis, H., Beil, W.J., Bankl, H.-C., Füreder, W., Sperr, W.R., Ghannadan, M., Baghestanian, M., Sillaber, C., Bettelheim, P., Lechner, K. and Valent, P. (1996) Basophil-versus mast cell lineage involvement in myelodysplastic and leukemic disorders. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 22, 187-204.
77. Wakem, C.J. and Bennett, J.M. (1970) Acute mast cell leukemia: cytochemical and clinical features (abstract). Clinical Research, 16, 687.
78. Daniel, M.-T., Flandrin, G. and Bernard, J. (1975) Leucémie aigue a mastocytes: etude cytochimique et ultrastructurale, à propos d'une observation. Nouvelle Revue Francaise d Hematologie, 15, 319-332.
79. Clancy, R.T., Gauldie, J., Vallieres, M., Bienenstock, J., Day, R.P. and Pineo, R.F. (1976) An approach in immunotherapy using antibody to IgE in mast cell leukemia. Cancer, 37, 673-696.
80. Popa, G. and Iordacheanu, L. (1977) Leucémie a mastocytes. Revista Medico Chirurgicala Societatii Medici Naturalisti Din Iasi., 81, 519-520.
81. Kimura, A., Tanaka, R., Taketomi, Y., Dohi, H., Fujimura, K., Kamada, N., Kuramoto, A., Kajihara, H., Aoki, Y. and Yamamoto, S. (1979) A case of mastocytoma with leukemic manifestation of its immature form in the terminal stage. Rinsho Ketsueki, 20, 1137-1146.
82. Coser, P., Quaglino, D., De Pasquale, A., Colombetti, V. and Prinoth, O. (1980) Cytobiological and clinical aspects of tissue mast cell leukemia. British Journal of Haematology, 45, 5-12.
83. Pauls, J. D., Brems, J., Pockros, P. J., Saven, A., Wagner, R.L., Weber, R., Metcalfe, D. and Christiansen, S.C. (1999) Mastocytosis: diverse presentations and outcomes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 401-405.
84. Butterfield, J.H., Weiler, D., Dewald, G. and Gleich, G.J. (1988) Establishment of an immature mast cell line from a patient with mast cell leukemia. Leukemia Research, 12, 345-355.
85. Szweda, J.A., Abraham, J.P., Fine, G., Nixon, R.K. and Rupe, C.E. (1962) Systemic mast cell disease: A review and report of three cases. American Journal of Medicine, 32, 227-239.
86. Treske, U., Altenähr, E. and Lindner, J. (1968) Histomorphologische und cytologische Befunde bei einem Fall von Gewebsmastzell-Retikulose mit akutem leukämieartigem Verlauf. Blut, 17, 287-293.
87. Mutter, R. D., Tannenbaum, M. and Ultmann, J.E. (1963) Systemic mast cell disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 59, 887-906.
88. Torrey, E., Simpson, K., Wilbur, S., Munoz, P. and Skikne, B. (1990) Malignant mastocytosis with circulating mast cells. American Journal of Hematology, 34, 283-286.
89. Valent, P., Spanblochl, E., Bankl, H.C., Sperr, W.R., Marosi, C., Pirc Danoewinata, H., Virgolini, I., Eichler, H.G., Agis, H., Sillaber, C., Bettelheim, P. and Lechner, K. (1994) Kit ligand/mast cell growth factor independent differentiation of mast cells in myelodysplasia and chronic myeloid leukemic blast crisis. Blood, 84, 4322-4332.
90. Wimazal, F., Sperr, W.R., Horny, H.-P., Carroll, V., Binder. B.R., Fonatsch, C., Walchshofer, S., Födinger, M., Schwarzinger, I., Samorapoompichit, P., Chott, A., Dvorak, A.M., Lechner, K. and Valent, P. (1999) Hyperfibrinolysis in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome with leukemic spread of mast cells. American Journal of Hematology, 61, 66-77.
91. Nagata, H., Worobec, A.S., Semere, T. and Metcalfe, D.D. (1998) Elevated expression of the proto oncogene c kit in patients with mastocytosis. Leukemia, 12, 175-181.
92. Cox, J.V., Balaban, E.P., Demian, S.E. and Sheehan, R.G. (1991) An eosinophilic fibrohistolytic lesion of bone marrow in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Cancer, 68, 1824-1827.
93. Saletti, P.H., Ghielmini, M., Scali, G., Pedrinis, E., Guéneau, M. and Cavalli, F. (1999) Hodgkin's and Castleman's disease in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. Annals of Hematology, 78, 97-100.
94. Petrella, T., Depret, O., Arnould, L., Maynadie, M., Guy, H., Dalac, S., Caillot, D., Casasnovas, O. and Lombard, J.N. (1997) Systemic mast cell disease associated with hairy cell leukaemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 25, 593-595.
95. Hagen, W., Schwarzmeier, J., Walchshofer, S., Zojer, N., Chott, A., Sillaber, C., Ackermann, J., Simonitsch, I., Bühring, H.J., Drach, J., Lechner, K., Horny, H.-P. and Valent, P. (1998) A case of bone marrow mastocytosis associated with multiple myeloma. Annals of Hematology, 76, 167-174.
96. Meggs, W.J., Frieri, M., Costello, R., Metcalfe, D.D. and Papadopoulos, N.M. (1985) Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in mastocytosis. Annals of Internal Medicine., 103, 894-895.
97. Kröber, S.M., Horny, H.-P. Ruck, P., Kammerer, U., Geiselhart, A., Handgretinger, R., Griesser, H., Menke, D.M. and Kaiserling, E. (1997) Mastocytosis: reactive or neoplastic? Journal of Clinical Pathology, 50, 525-527.
98. Cervero, C., Escribano, L., San Miguel, J.F., Diaz Agustin, B., Bravo, P., Villarrubia, J., Garcia Sanz, R., Velasco, J.L., Herrera, P., Vargas, M., Gonzalez, M., Navarro, J.L. and Orfao, A. (1999) Expression of Bcl 2 by human bone marrow mast cells and its overexpression in mast cell leukemia. American Journal of Hematology, 60, 191-195.
99. Sotlar, K., Marafioti, T., Griesser, H., Theil, J., Aepinus, C., Jaussi, R., Menke, D. M., Stein, H., Valent, P. and Horny, H.-P. Detection of c-kit point mutation Asp816→Val in microdissected bone marrow infiltrates in a case of systemic mastocytosis associated with CMML submitted.
100. Akin, C., Kirshenbaum, A., Scott, L. M., Semere, T. and Metcalfe, D.D. (1998) Demonstration of an activating c-kit mutation in myeloid and lymphoid cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow in mastocytosis. Blood (suppl). 92, 210a.
101. Afonja, O., Amorosi, E., Ashman, L. and Takeshita, K. (1998) Multilineage involvement and erythropoietin "independent" erythroid progenitor cells in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. Annals of Hematology, 77, 183-186.
102. Metcalfe, D.D. (1991) The treatment of mastocytosis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 96, 55S-56S.
103. Parker, R.I. (1991) Hematologic aspects of mastocytosis. II. management of hematologic disorders in association with systemic mast cell disease. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 96, 52S-53S.
104. Kluin-Nelemans, H.C., Jansen, J.H., Breukelman, H., Wolthers, B.G., Kluin, P. M., Kroon, H.M. and Willemze, R. (1992) Response to interferon alpha-2b in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 619-623.
105. Worobec, A.S., Kirshenbaum, A.S., Schwartz, L.B. and Metcalfe, D.D. (1996) Treatment of three patients with systemic mastocytosis with interferon alpha-2b. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 22, 501-508.
106. Przepiorka, D., Giralt, S., Khouri, I., Champlin, R. and Bueso Ramos, C. (1998) Allogeneic marrow transplantation for myeloproliferative disorders other than chronic myelogenous leukemia: review of forty cases. American Journal of Hematology, 57, 24-28.
107. Butterfield, J.H. (1998) Response of severe systemic mastocytosis to interferon alpha. British Journal of Dermatology, 138, 489-495.