Ambulatory care pharmacy services: Has the agenda changed?

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 772-787

  Carter, Barry L ^a,c   Helling, Dennis K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Ambulatory care; Clinical pharmacy services

Indexed keywords

AMBULATORY CARE; ANTICOAGULATION; FAMILY MEDICINE; HUMAN; MANAGED CARE; PHARMACY; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0034046204     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.19333     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Carter BL, Helling DK. Ambulatory care pharmacy services: the incomplete agenda. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:701-8.
2. Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990;47:533-43.
3. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: a cost-of-illness model. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1949-56.
4. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1997; 54:554-8.
5. Catizone C, Mrtek RG. Office-based pharmacy in the United States: the development of a practice alternative. Am Pharm 1984;24:24-32.
6. McKenney JM, Slining JM, Henderson HR, Devins D, Barr M. The effect of clinical pharmacy services on patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1973;48:1104-11.
7. McKenney JM, Brown ED, Necsary R, Reavis HL. Effect of pharmacist drug monitoring and patient education on hypertensive patients. Contemp Pharm Pract 1978;1:50-6.
8. Park JJ, Kelly P, Carter BL, Burgess PP. Comprehensive pharmaceutical care in the chain setting. J Am Pharm Assoc 1996;36:443-51.
9. Carter BL, Barnette DJ, Chrischilles E, Mazzotti GJ, Asali ZJ. Evaluation of hypertensive patients after care provided by community pharmacists in a rural setting. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:1274-85.
10. Rupp MT, McCallian DJ, Sheth KK. Developing and marketing a community pharmacy-based asthma management program. J Am Pharm Assoc 1997;37:694-9.
11. Shibley MCH, Pugh CB. Implementation of pharmaceutical care services for patients with hyperlipidemias by independent community pharmacy practitioners. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:713-9.
12. Bluml BM, McKenney JM, Cziraky MJ, Elswick RK Jr. Interim report from project ImPACT: hyperlipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc 1998;38: 529-34.
13. Rovers JP, Currie JD, Hagel HP, McDonough RP, Sobotka JL. A practical guide to pharmaceutical care. Washington. DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1998:1-242.
14. Munroe WP, Rosenthal TG. Implementing pharmaceutical care: evolution vs. revolution. Am Pharm 1994;34:57-67.
15. Currie JD, Chrischilles EA, Kuehl AK, Buser RA. Effect of a training program on community pharmacists' detection of and intervention in drug-related problems. J Am Pharm Assoc 1997;37:182-91.
16. Knowlton CH, Zarus SA, Voltis O. Pharmacy-based therapeutic drug monitoring. Am Pharm 1993;33:57-64.
17. Barnette DJ, Murphy CM, Carter BL. Clinical skill development for community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc 1996;36:573-81.
18. Grainger-Rousseau TJ, Miralles MA, Hepler CD, Segal R, Doty RE, Ben-Joseph R. Therapeutic outcomes monitoring: application of pharmaceutical care guidelines to community pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc 1997;37:647-61.
19. Rupp MT. Value of community pharmacists' interventions to correct prescribing errors. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:1580-4.
20. Dobie RL, Rascati KL. Documenting the value of pharmacist interventions. Am Pharm 1994;34:50-4.
21. Knapp KK, Katzman H, Hambright JS, Albrant DH. Community pharmacist interventions in a capitated pharmacy benefit contract. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:1141-5.
22. Hepler CD. Looking toward a market for pharmaceutical care. J Am Pharm Assoc 1997;37:625-6.
23. Kradjan WA, Schulz R, Christensen DB, Stergachis A, Sullivan S, Fullerton DSP, et al, Patients' perceived benefits and satisfaction with asthma-related services. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:658-66.
24. Miller LG, Scott DM. Documenting indicators of pharmaceutical care in rural community pharmacies. J Managed Care Pharm 1996;2:659-66.
25. Christensen DB, Holmes, Fassett WE, Neil N, Andrilla CH, Smith DH, et al. Influence of a financial incentive on cognitive services: CARE project design/implementation. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:629-39.
26. Christensen DB, Hansen RW. Characteristics of pharmacies and pharmacists associated with the provision of cognitive services in the community setting. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:640-9.
27. Smith DH, Fassett WE, Christensen DB. Washington state CARE project: downstream cost changes associated with the provision of cognitive services by pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:650-7.
28. Christensen DB. Lessons learned from the Washington state CARE project. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:606-7.
29. Lewis RK, Carter BL, Glover DG, Hutchinson RA. Comprehensive services in an ambulatory care pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995; 52:1793-7.
30. Lin AC, Jang R, Sedani D, Thomas S, Barker KN, Flynn EA. Re-engineering a pharmacy work system and layout to facilitate patient counseling. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996;53:1558-64.
31. Reinders TP, Steinke WE. Pharmacist management of anticoagulant therapy in ambulant patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:645-8.
32. Nappi JM. Measuring the effectiveness of an anticoagulation clinic managed by a pharmacist. Wisc Pharm 1980;6:164-8.
33. Davis FB, Sczupak CA. Outpatient oral anticoagulation: guidelines for long-term management. Postgrad Med 1979;66:100-9.
34. Cohen IA, Hutchinson TA, Kirking DM, Shue ME. Evaluation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. J Clin Hosp Pharm 1985;10:167-75.
35. Conte RR, Kehoe WA, Nielson N, Lodhia H. Nine-year experience with a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986; 43:2460-5.
36. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Gray DR, Sax MJ, Ruffalo RL. Retrospective evaluation of a pharmacist-managed warfarin anticoagulation clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1985;42:304-8.
37. Gray DR, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Chretien SD. Cost-justification of a clinical pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1985;19:575-80.
38. Bussey HI, Rospond RM, Quandt CM, Clark GM. The safety and effectiveness of long-term warfarin therapy in an anticoagulation clinic. Pharmacotherapy 1989;9:214-9.
39. Alsuwaidan S, Malone DC, Billups SJ, Carter BL. Characteristics of ambulatory care clinics and pharmacists in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:68-72.
40. Billups SJ, Okano G, Malone D, Carter BL, Valuck R, Barnette DJ, et al. Assessing the structure and process for providing pharmaceutical care in Veterans Affairs medical centers. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:29-39.
41. Foss MT, Schoch PH, Sintek CD. Efficient operation of a high-volume anticoagulation clinic. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:443-9.
42. Chriquette E, Amato MG, Bussey HI. Comparison of an anticoagulation clinic with usual medical care. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1641-7.
43. Witt DM, Lyons E, Beall DG, Rook L. A controlled retrospective evaluation of a clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service (abstract). Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:514.
44. Witt DM, Tillman DJ. Clinical pharmacy anticoagulation services in a group model health maintenance organization. Pharm Pract Manage Q 1998;18:34-55.
45. Charland SL, Tillman DJ, Davis DD. The use of low-molecular weight heparin in the outpatient treatment of venous thrombosis (abstract). Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:183.
46. Lousberg TR, Witt DM, Beall DG, Carter BL, Malone DC. Evaluation of excessive anticoagulation in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:528-34.
47. Charland SL, Davis DD, Tillman DJ. Activity of enoxaparin sodium in tuberculin syringes for 10 days. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:1296-8.
48. Wilt VM, Gums JG, Ahrned OI, Moore LM. Outcome analysis of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15: 732-9.
49. Norton JL, Gibson DL. Establishing an outpatient anticoagulation clinic in a community hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996;53:1151-7.
50. Ansell JE, Buttaro ML, Thomas OV, Knowlton CH, the Anticoagulation Guidelines Task Force. Consensus guidelines for coordinated outpatient oral anticoagulation therapy management. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31: 604-15.
51. Baumgartner RP, Land MJ, Hauser LD. Rural health care: opportunity for innovative pharmacy services. Am J Hosp Pharm 1972;29:394-400.
52. Reinders TP, Rush DR, Baumgartner RP, Graham AW. Pharmacist's role in management of hypertensive patients in an ambulatory care clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1975;32:590-4.
53. Schilling KW. Pharmacy program for monitoring diabetic patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977;34:1242-5.
54. D'Achille KM, Swanson LN, Hill WT Jr. Pharmacist-managed patient assessment and medication refill clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1978;35:66-70.
55. Sczupak CA, Conrad WF. Relationship between patient-oriented pharmaceutical services and therapeutic outcomes of ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977;34:1238-42.
56. Hawkins DW, Fiedler FP, Douglas HL, Eschbach RC. Evaluation of a clinical pharmacist in caring for hypertensive and diabetic patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:1321-5.
57. McKenney JM, Wyant SL, Atkins D, Davis L, Carasiti ME. Drug therapy assessments by pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm 1980;37:824-8.
58. Monson R, Bond CA, Schuna A. Role of the clinical pharmacist in improving drug therapy: clinical pharmacists in outpatient therapy. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1441-4.
59. Bond CA, Monson R. Sustained improvement in drug documentation, compliance, and disease control: a four-year analysis of an ambulatory care model. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:1159-62.
60. McKenney JM, Witherspoon JM, Pierpaoli PG. Initial experiences with a pharmacy clinic in a hospital-based group medical practice. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981;38:1154-8.
61. Scrivens JJ Jr. Magalian P, Crozier GA. Cost-effective clinical pharmacy services in a Veterans Administration drop-in clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1983;40:1952-3.
62. Morse GD, Douglas JB, Upton JH, Rodgers S, Gal P. Effect of pharmacist intervention on control of resistant hypertension. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986;43:905-9.
63. Stimmel GL, McGhan WF. The pharmacist as prescriber of drug therapy: the USC pilot project. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1981;15:665-72.
64. Conte RR. Training and activities of pharmacist prescribers in a California pilot project. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986;43:375-80.
65. McGhan WF, Stimmel GL, Hall TG, Gilman TM. A comparison of pharmacists and physicians on the quality of prescribing for ambulatory hypertensive patients. Med Care 1983;21:435-44.
66. Stergachis A, Fors M, Wagner EH, Sims DD, Penna P. Effect of clinical pharmacists on drug prescribing in a primary-care clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1987;44:525-9.
67. Tiggelaar JM. Protocols for the treatment of essential hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus by pharmacists in ambulatory care clinics. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987;21:521-9.
68. Raehl CL, Bond CA, Pitterle ME. Ambulatory pharmacy services affiliated with acute care hositals. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:618-25.
69. Koecheler JA, Abramowitz PW, Swim SE, Daniels CE. Indicators for the selection of ambulatory patients who warrant pharmacist monitoring. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989;46:729-32.
70. Lobas NH, Lepinski PW, Abramowitz PW. Effects of pharmaceutical care on medication cost and quality of patient care in an ambulatory-care clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992;49:1681-8.
71. Carter BL, Malone DC, Valuck RJ, Barnette DJ, Sintek CD, Billups SJ. The IMPROVE study: background and study design. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:62-7.
72. Schmader KE, Hanlon JT, Landsman PB, Samsa GP, Lewis IK, Weinberger M. Inappropriate prescribing and health outcomes in elderly veteran outpatients. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:529-33.
73. Shelton PS, Hanlon JT, Landsman PB, Scott MA, Lewis IK, Schmader KE, et al. Reliability of drug utilization evaluation as an assessment of medication appropriateness. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:533-42.
74. Fitzgerald LS, Hanlon JT, Shelton PS, Landsman PB, Schmader KE, Pulliam CC, et al. Reliability of a modified medication appropriateness index in ambulatory older persons. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:543-8.
75. Hanlon JT, Weinberger M, Samsa GP, Schmader KE, Uttech KM, Lewis IK, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a clinical pharmacist intervention to improve inappropriate prescribing in elderly outpatients with polypharmacy. Am J Med 1996;100:428-37.
76. Cowper PA, Weinberger M, Hanlon JT, Landsman PB, Samsa GP, Uttech KM. et al. The cost-effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist intervention among elderly outpatients. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:327-32.
77. Ellis S, Billups SJ, Malone DC, Carter BL, Covey D, Mason B, et al. The types of interventions made by ambulatory care clinical pharmacists in the IMPROVE study. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20:429-35.
78. Gourley DR, Gourley GA, Solomon DK, Portner TS, Bass GE, Holt JM, et al. Part 1. Development, implementation, and evaluation of a multicenter pharmaceutical care outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc 1998;38: 567-73.
79. Solomon DK, Portner TS, Bass GE, Gourley DR, Gourley GA, Holt JM, et al. Part 2. Clinical and economic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc 1998; 38:574-85.
80. Gourley GA, Portner TS, Gourley DR, Rigolosi EL, Holt JM, Solomon DK, et al. Part 3. Humanistic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc 1998;38:586-97.
81. Pauley TR, Magee MJ, Cury JD. Pharmacist-managed, physician-directed asthma management program reduces emergency department visits. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:5-9.
82. Knoell DL, Pierson JF, Marsh CB, Allen JN, Pathak DS. Measurement of outcomes in adults receiving pharmaceutical care in a comprehensive asthma outpatient clinic. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:1365-74.
83. Erickson SR, Slaughter R, Halapy H. Pharmacists' ability to influence outcomes of hypertension therapy. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:140-7.
84. Jaber LA, Halapy H, Fernet M, Tummalapalli S, Diwakaran H. Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care model on diabetes management. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:238-43.
85. Coast-Senior EA, Kroner BA, Kelley CL, Trilli LE. Management of patients with type 2 diabetes by pharmacists in primary care clinics. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:636-41.
86. Furmaga EM. Pharmacist management of a hyperlipidemia clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993;50:91-5.
87. Patchin GM, Wieland KA, Carmichael JM. Six months' experience with a pharmacist-run Helicobacter pylori treatment clinic. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996;53:2081-2.
88. Gattis WA, Hasselblad V, Whellan DJ, O'Connor CM. Reduction in heart failure events by the addition of a clinical pharmacist to the heart failure management team. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1939-45.
89. Cassidy IB, Keith MR, Coffey EL. Noyes MA. Impact of pharmacist-operated general medicine chronic care refill clinics on practitioner time and quality of care. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:745-51.
90. Helling DK. Family practice pharmacy service: part I. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1981;15:971-7.
91. Helling DK. Family practice pharmacy service: part II. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1982;16:35-48.
92. Juhl RP, Perry PJ, Norwood GJ, Martin LR. The family practitioner -clinical pharmacist group practice: a model clinic. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:572-5.
93. Perry PJ, Hurley SC. Activities of the clinical pharmacist practicing in the office of a family practitioner. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1975;9:129-33.
94. Maudlin RK. The clinical pharmacist and the family physician. J Fam Pract 1976;3:667-8.
95. Moore TD. Pharmacist faculty member in a family medicine residency program. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977;34:973-5.
96. Davis RE, Crigler WH, Martin H Jr. Pharmacy and family practice: concept, roles and fees. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1977;11:616-21.
97. Johnston TS, Heffron WA. Clinical pharmacy in family practice residency programs. J Fam Pract 1981;13:91-4.
98. Love DW, Hodge NA, Foley WA. The clinical pharmacist in a family practice residency program. J Fam Pract 1980;10:67-72.
99. Robertson DL, Groh MJ, Papadopoulos DA. Family pharmacy and family medicine: a viable private practice alliance. J Fam Pract 1980; 11:273-7.
100. Robertson DL, Groh M. Activities of a clinical pharmacist in a private family practice. Fam Pract Res J 1982;1:188-94.
101. Eichelberger BN. Family practice-clinical pharmacy opportunities in the community setting. Am J Hosp Pharm 1980;37:740-2.
102. Nelson AA, Beno CE, Davis RE. Task and cost analysis of integrated clinical pharmacy services in private family practice centers. J Fam Pract 1983;16:111-6.
103. Chrischilles EA, Helling DK, Rowland CR. Clinical pharmacy services in family practice: cost-benefit analysis. I. Physician time and quality of care. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1984;18:333-41.
104. Chrischilles EA, Helling DK, Rowland CR. Clinical pharmacy services in family practice: cost-benefit analysis. II. Referrals, appointment compliance, and costs. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1984;18:436-41.
105. Chrischilles EA, Helling DK, Rowland CR. Cost-benefit analysis of clinical pharmacy services in three Iowa family practice offices. J Clin Hosp Pharm 1985;10:59-66.
106. Helling DK, Thies PW, Rakel RE. The effect of clinical pharmacy services on family practice residents' attitudes: a nationwide study. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986;20:493-6.
107. Helling DK, Hepler CD, Jones ME. Effect of direct clinical pharmaceutical services on patients' perceptions of health care quality. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:325-9.
108. Brown DJ, Helling DK, Jones ME. Evaluation of clinical pharmacist consultations in a family practice office. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36: 912-5.
109. Brown JM, Helling DK, Alexander MM, Burmeister LF. Comparative evaluation of clinical pharmacists and physicians in the management of medication-related telephone calls in family practice offices. Am J Hosp Pharm 1982;39:437-43.
110. Carter BL, Helling DK, Jones ME, Moessner H. Waterbury CA Jr. Evaluation of family physician prescribing: influence of the clinical pharmacist. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1984;18:817-21.
111. Chrischilles EA, Helling DK, Aschoff CR. Effect of clinical pharmacy services on the quality of family physician prescribing and medication costs. DICP 1989;23:417-21.
112. Haxby DG, Weart CW, Goodman BW Jr. Family practice physicians' perceptions of the usefulness of drug therapy recommendations from clinical pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988;45:824-7.
113. Pharmacy in managed care: vision for the future: proceedings of an invitational conference conducted by the ASHP Center on Managed Care Pharmacy and sponsored by the ASHP Research and Education Foundation. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:1473-502.
114. Reeder CE, Kozma CM, O'Malley C. ASHP survey of ambulatory care responsibilities of pharmacists in integrated health systems -1997. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1998;55:35-43.
115. Cohen P. Managed care pharmacy: leading pharmaceutical care integration forward. J Managed Care Pharm 1997;3:139-47.
116. Sardinha C. Managed care pharmacists: leading the way for the new millennium. J Managed Care Pharm 1997;3:383-8.
117. Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Principles of educational outreach ("academic detailing") to improve clinical decision making. JAMA 1990;263:549-56.
118. Barreuther A. Academic detailing to influence prescribing. J Managed Care Pharm 1997;3:631-8.
119. Baran RW, DuChane J, Parker L, Cornwell S, Franic D, Erwin WG. Effectiveness of academic detailing in the managed care environment: improving prescribing of lipid-lowering agents. J Managed Care Pharm 1996;2:148-57.
120. Borgsdorf LR, Miano JS, Knapp KK. Pharmacist-managed medication review in a managed care system. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994;51:772-7.
121. Murphy JE, Sickels J, Bradberry JC, Curry CE Jr, Jungnickel PW, Prosser T. Opportunities for pharmacy specialists as the delivery of care changes. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:1342-7.
122. Pierpaoli PG. An iconoclastic perspective on progress in pharmacy practice. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1995;52:1763-70.
123. Implementing effective change in meeting the demands of community pharmacy practice in the United States [cited 1999 Aug]. Available from: URL: http://www.nacds.org/news/releases/white_paper.html.
124. Carter BL, Helling DK, Anderson J, Raebel M. Description of a formal affiliation between a school of pharmacy and a managed care organization. J Managed Care Pharm 1999;5:43-7.
125. ACCP Clinical Practice Affairs Committee. Clinical pharmacy practice in the noninstitutional setting. Pharmacotherapy 1992;12:358-64.
126. ACCP. Establishing and evaluating clinical pharmacy services in primary care. Pharmacotherapy 1994;14:743-58.
127. ASHP statement on the pharmacist's role in primary care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:1665-7.
128. ASHP guideline: minimum standard for pharmaceutical services in ambulatory care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:1744-53.
129. Kennedy DT, Ruffin DM, Goode JVR, Small RE. The role of academia in community-based pharmaceutical care. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17: 1352-6.