A clinical approach to the management of the patient with coronary (Co) and/or carotid (Ca) artery disease who presents with leg ischaemia (Lis)

International Angiology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 97-125

  Clement, D L ^a   Boccalon, H ^b   Dormandy, J ^c   Durand Zaleski, I ^d   Fowkes, G ^e   Brown, T ^f  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^b CHU RANGUEIL   (France)

^c ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^f Laboratoires LIPHA   (France)

Author keywords

Angioplasty; Costs and cost analysis; Disease management; Electrocardiography, ambulatory methods; Magnetic resonance angiography; Peripheral vascular diseases; Risk factors; Tomography, emission computed, single photon; Ultrasonography doppler duplex; Vasodilator agents

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DOBUTAMINE; THALLIUM; VASOACTIVE AGENT;

ANGIOPLASTY; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; LEG ISCHEMIA; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; VASCULAR SURGERY;

ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CORONARY DISEASE; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; HUMANS; ISCHEMIA; LEG; MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0034045953     PISSN: 03929590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Mitchell JRA, Schwartz CJ. Arterial disease. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1965:68-86.
2. Fowkes FGR, Housley E, Cawood EHH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: The prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral atherosclerosis in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:384-92.
3. Fowkes FGR. Epidemiology of atherosclerotic arterial disease in the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Surg 1988;2:283-91.
4. Dormandy J, Mahir M, Ascady G, Balsano F, De Leeuw P, Blombery P et al. Fate of the patient with chronic leg ischaemia. J Cardiovasc Surg 1989;30:50-7.
5. Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, Polak J, Fried LP, Borhani NO et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1993;88:837-45.
6. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, McCann TJ et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-6.
7. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised blinded trial of Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events. Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
8. Fernandez-Ortiz A, Badimon JJ, Falk E, Fuster V, Meyer B, Mailhac A et al. Characterisation of the relative thrombogenecity of atherosclerotic plaque components - Implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1562-9.
9. Libby P. Molecular basis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995;91:2844-50.
10. Lowe G. Pathophysiology of critical leg ischaemia. In: Dormandys, Stock, editors. Critical leg ischaemia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
11. Ray S, Rowley MR, Loh A, Talbot SA, Bevan DH, Taylor RS et al. Hypercoagulable states in patients with leg ischaemia. Br J Surg 1994;81:811-4.
12. Gallagher PM, Meleady R, Shields DC, Tan KS, McMaster D, Rozen R et al. Homocysteine and risk of premature coronary heart disease. Evidence for a common gene mutation. Circulation 1996;94:2154-8.
13. Marenberg ME, Risch N, Berkman LF, Floderus B, de Faire U. Genetic susceptibility to death from coronary heart disease in a study of twins. N Engl J Med 1994;330: 1041-6.
14. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. BMJ 1994;308:81-106.
15. Dormandy JA. Cardiovascular diseases. In: Chien S, Dormandy J, Ernst E, Matrai, editors. Clinical human rheology'. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1987.
16. Hickman P, McCollum PT, Belch JJF. Neutrophils may contribute to the morbidity and mortality of claudicants. Br J Surg 1994;81:790-8.
17. Drummond M, Stoddart G, Torrance G. Methods for economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
18. Robinson R. Economic evaluation and health care: what does it mean? BMJ 1993;307:670-3.
19. Smith WL, Erkonen WE, Hough DE. Calculating the costs of an undergraduate medical education in radiology. Invest Radiol 1994;29:856-8.
20. Barrett B, Parfney P, Foley R, Detsky A. An economic analysis of strategics for the use of contrast media for diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Med Decis Making 1994;14:325-35.
21. Posnett J, Jan S. Indirect cost in economic evaluation: the opportunity cost of unpaid inputs. Health Economics 1996;5:13-23.
22. Leung DP, Dixon AK. Clinico-radiological meetings: are they worthwhile? Clinic Radiol 1992;46:279-80.
23. Russell LB, Gold MR, Siegel JE, Daniels N, Weinstein MC. For the panel on cost effectiveness in health and medicine. The role of cost-effectiveness analysis in health and medicine. JAMA 1996;276:1172-7.
24. Detsky A, Naglie G. A clinician's guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:147-54.
25. Donaldson MC. Evaluation of patients with suspected hypercoagulability: What tests to order? Semin Vasc Surg 1996;9:277-83.
26. Hirsch AT, Treat-Jacobson D, Lando HA, Hatsukami DK. The role of tobacco cessation, antiplatelet and lipid lowering therapies in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 1997;2:243-51.
27. Gardner AW, Poehlman ET. Exercise rehabilitation programme for the treatment of claudication pain. A meta analysis. JAMA 1995;274:975-80.
28. Regensteiner JG, Meyer TJ, Krupski WC, Cranford LS, Hiatt WR. Hospital versus home-based exercise rehabilitation for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Angiology 1997;48:291-300.
29. Phillips CJ, Prowle MJ. Economics of a reduction in smoking: case study from Heartbeat Wales. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993;47:215-23.
30. Meenan RT, Stevens VJ, Hornbrook MC, La Chance PA, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF et al. Cost effectiveness of a hospital-based smoking cessation intervention. Med Care 1998;36:670-8.
31. Adhoute G, Bacourt F, Barrel M, Cardon JM, Chevalier JM, Cuny A et al. Naftidrofuryl in chronic arterial disease. Results of a six-month controlled multi-centre study using naftidrofuryl tablets 200 mg. Angiology 1986;37: 160-7.
32. Lindgarde F, Jelnes R, Bjorkman H, Adielsson G, Kjellstrom T, Palmquist I et al. Scandinavian Study Group: Conservative drug treatment in patients with moderately severe chronic occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1989;80:1549-56.
33. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Drug therapy for peripheral vascular disease. A national clinical guideline. SIGN Publication Number 2, 1998.
34. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998;352:837-53.
35. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998;352:854-65.
36. World Hypertension League. WHL workshop: economics of hypertension control. World Hypertens News 1991; 20:4.
37. Menard J, Cornu P, Day M. Cost of hypertension treatment and the price of health. J Hum Hypertens 1992;6: 447-58.
38. Moser M. Can the cost of care be contained and quality of care maintained in the management of hypertension? Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1665-72.
39. Moser M, Hebert P. An overview of the meta-analyses of the hypertension trials. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1277-9.
40. Goldhaber SZ, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, La Motte F, Rosner B, Buring JE et al. Low dose Aspirin and subsequent peripheral arterial surgery in the physicians' health study. Lancet 1992;340:143.
41. Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA 1993;269:3015-23.
42. Editorial. The use of statins: The case of misleading priorities. BMJ 1997;315:8269.
43. Haq IU, Yeo WW, Jackson PR. The case for cholesterol reduction in peripheral vascular disease. Critical Ischaemia 1997;7:15.
44. Goldman L, Weinstein MC. Cost effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1991;265:1145-51.
45. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
46. Jonsson B, Johannesson M, Kjekshurst J. Cost effectiveness of cholesterol lowering: results from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Eur Heart J 1996;17: 1001-7.
47. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, Olsson AG, Wilhelmsen L, Wedel H et al. Cholesterol lowering and the use of healthcare resources. Results of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 1996;93:796-802.
48. Aitkenhead AR. Postoperative ischaemia: cardiac morbidity after non-cardiac surgery. Lancet 1993;342:731-2.
49. Eagle KA, Boucher CA. Cardiac risk of non-cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1330-2.
50. Hernandez F, McDaniel MD for the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. The effect of peripheral vascular disease on in-hospital mortality rates with coronary artery bypass surgery. J Vasc Surg 1995; 21:445-52.
51. Ranhosky A, Kempthorne-Rawson J for the Intravenous Dipyridamole Thallium Imaging Study Group. The safety of intravenous dipyridamole thallium myocardial perfusion imaging. Circulation 1990;81:1205-9.
52. Gersh BJ, Rihal CS, Rooke TW, Ballard DJ. Evaluation and management of patients with both peripheral vascular and coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18:203-14.
53. Rose EL, Liu XJ, Henley M, Lewis JD, Raftery EB, Lahiri A. Prognostic value of non-invasive cardiac tests in the assessment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:40-4.
54. Raby KE, Goldman L, Creager MA, Cook EF, Weisberg MC, Whittemore AD et al. Correlation between preoperative ischemia and major cardiac events after peripheral vascular surgery. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1296-300.
55. Poldermans D, Fioretti PM, Forster T, Thomson IR, Boersma E, el-Said EM et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Circulation 1993;87:1506-12.
56. Pasternack PF, Imparato AM, Riles TS, Baumann FG, Bear G, Lamparello PJ et al. The value of the radionuclide angiogram in the prediction of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures. Circulation 1985;72 (Suppl II):13-7.
57. Maddahi J, Gambhir S. Cost-effective selection of patients for coronary angiography. J Nucl Cardiol 1997;4:S141-51.
58. Patterson RE, Eisner RL, Horowitz SE. Comparison of cost-effectiveness and utility of exercise ECG, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and coronary angiography for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995;91:54-65.
59. Mc Elwee N, Johnson E. Potential economic impact of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in improving outcomes of patients with acute ischemic coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:39B-43B.
60. Kuntz K, Tsevat J, Goldman L, Weinstein M. Cost-effectiveness of routine coronary angiography after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996;94:957-65.
61. Patterson RE. Cost-effectiveness analysis in diagnosis of cardiac disease: a review of its rationale and method. J Nucl Cardiol 1996;3:334-41.
62. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, Southwick FS, Krogstad D, Murray B et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 1977;297:845-50.
63. Detsky AS, Abrams HB, Forbath N, Scott JG, Hilliard JR. Cardiac assessment for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a multifactorial clinical risk index. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:2131-4.
64. Wong T, Detsky AS. Preoperative cardiac risk assessment for patients having peripheral vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:743-53.
65. Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, van Boven AJ, Schwartz L, Title LM et al. Aggressive lipid lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1999;341(2):70-6.
66. Mason JJ, Owens DK, Harris RA, Cooke JP, Hlatky MA. The role of coronary angiography and coronary revascularisation before non-cardiac vascular surgery. JAMA 1995;273:1919-25.
67. Ellis SG, Miller DP, Brown KJ, Omoigui N, Howell GL, Kutner M et al. In-hospital costs of percutaneous coronary revascularization. Critical determinants and implications. Circulation 1995;92:741-7.
68. Kinlay S. Cost-effectiveness of coronary angioplasty versus medical treatment: the impact of cost-shifting. Aust N Z Med 1996;26:20-6.
69. Fitzgerald ST, Merrill A, Aversano T, Sorkin A. Direct and indirect costs of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Cardiology 1994;85:298-302.
70. Cohen DJ, Krumholz HM, Sukin CA, Ho KK, Siegrist RB, Cleman M et al. In-hospital and one-year economic outcomes after coronary stenting or balloon angioplasty. Results from a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 1995; 92:2480-7.
71. Califf R. Restenosis: the costs to society. Am Heart J 1995;130:680-4.
72. Patterson RE. Cost-effectiveness analysis in diagnosis of cardiac disease: a review of its rationale and method. J Nucl Cardiol 1996;3:334-41.
73. Cohen DJ, Breall J, Ho KK, Kuntz RE, Goldman L, Baim DS et al. Evaluating the potential cost-effectiveness of stenting as a treatment for symptomatic single vessel coronary disease. Circulation 1994;89: 1859-74.
74. van Hout BA, Simoons ML. Costs and effects of c7E3 in high risk PTCA patients. Eur Heart J 1995;16:L81-L85.
75. van den Brandt M, and the European Angioplasty Survey Group. Utilization of coronary angioplasty and cost of angioplasty disposables in 14 western European countries. Eur Heart J 1993;14:391-7.
76. Cohen DJ, Breall J, Ho KK. Economics of elective coronary revascularization: comparison of costs and charges for conventional angioplasty, directional atherectomy, stenting and bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22: 1052-9.
77. Nino CL, Freed M, Blankenship L, Grines CL, O'Neill WW, Safian RD. Procedural costs of new interventional devices. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:1165-6.
78. Sculpher MJ, Seed P, Henderson RA, Buxton MJ, Pocock SJ, Parker J et al. Health service costs of coronary angioplasty bypass surgery: the Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA). Lancet 1994;344:927-30.
79. Hemenway D, Sherman H, Mudge GH, Flatley M, Lindsey NM, Goldman L. Comparative costs versus symptomatic benefits of medical and surgical treatments of stable angina pectoris. Med Care 1985;23:133-41.
80. Wittels E, Hay J, Gotto A. Medical costs of coronary artery disease in the United States. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:432-40.
81. Williams A. Economics of coronary artery bypass grafting. BMJ 1985;291:326-9.
82. Keon W, Menzies S, Lay C. Cost of coronary artery bypass surgery: a pilot study. Can J Surg 1985;28:283-5.
83. Weinstein M, Statson W. Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 1982;66:III-56-65.
84. Krueger H, Goncalves JL, Caruth FM, Hayden RI. Coronary artery bypass grafting: how much does it cost? Can Med Assoc J 1992;146:163-8.
85. Dougenis D, Naik S, Brown AH. Is repeated coronary surgery for recurrent angina effective? Eur Heart J 1992; 13:9-14.
86. Peigh PS, Swartz MT, Vaca KJ, Lohmann DP, Naunheim KS. Effect of advancing age on costs and outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58: 1362-7.
87. Hall R, Ash A, Ghali W, Moskowitz M. Hospital cost of complications associated with coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1680-2.
88. Dudley RA, Harrell FE, Smith LR, Mark DB, Califf RM, Pryor DB et al. Comparison of analytic models for estimating the effect of clinical factors on the cost of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:261-71.
89. Sherman D, Ryan T. Coronary angioplasty versus bypass grafting. Cost-benefit considerations. Med Clin North Am 1995;79:1085-95.
90. Weinstein M, Statson W. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat coronary heart disease. Am Rev Public Health 1985;6:41-63.
91. Reeder GS, Krishan I, Nobrega FT, Naessens J, Kelly M, Christianson JB et al. Is percutaneous coronary angioplasty less expensive than bypass surgery? N Engl J Med 1984;311:1157-62.
92. Alexandrova NA, Gibson WC, Norris JW, Raggisano R. Carotid artery stenosis in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 1996;23:645-9.
93. el-Barghouty N, Nicolaides A, Bahal V, Geroulakos G, Androulakis A. The identification of the high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996;11:470-8.
94. Jackson MR, Chang AS, Robles HA, Gillespie DL, Olsen SB, Kaiser WJ et al. Determination of 60% or greater carotid stenosis: a prospective comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasound with conventional angiography. Ann Vasc Surg 1998;12:236-43.
95. Fillinger M, Zwolak R, Musson A, Cronenwett J. Vascular laboratory cost analysis and the impact of resource-based relative value scale payment system. J Vasc Surg 1993;17:267-79.
96. Vanninen R, Manninen H, Soimakallio S. Imaging of carotid artery stenosis: clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1875-83.
97. Kent KC, Kuntz KM, Patel MR, Kim D, Klufas RA, Whittemore AD et al. Perioperative imaging strategies for carotid endarterectomy. An analysis of morbidity and cost-effectiveness in symptomatic patients. JAMA 1995;274:888-93.
98. Garrard CL, Manord JD, Ballinger BA, Kateiva JE, Sternbergh WC, Bowen JC et al. Costs savings associated with the nonroutine use of carotid angiography. Am J Surg 1997;174:650-3.
99. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445-53.
100. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991;337:1235-43.
101. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS). Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273: 1421-8.
102. Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, Whittemore AD, Harbaugh RE, Dempsey RJ et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for Healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;97:501-9.
103. Becquemin JP, Qvarfordt P, Castier Y, Melliere D. Carotid angioplasty: is it safe? J Endovasc Surg 1996;3: 35-41.
104. Melissano G, Castellano R, Mazzitelli S, Zoppei G, Chiesa R. Safe and cost-effective approach to carotid surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997;14:164-9.
105. Ammar AD. Cost-efficient carotid surgery. A comprehensive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1996;24:1050-6.
106. Back MR, Harward TR, Huber TS, Carlton LM, Flynn TC, Seeger JM. Improving the cost-effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:456-62.
107. Musser DJ, Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ, Raviola CA, DeLaurentis DA. Safety and cost-efficiency of 24-hour hospitalization for carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 1996;10:143-6.
108. Ballard JL, Deiparine MK, Bergan JJ, Bunt TJ, Killeen JD, Smith LL. Cost-effective evaluation and treatment of carotid disease. Arch Surg 1997;132:268-71.
109. Patel MI, Hardman DT, Fisher CM, Lane R, Appleberg M. The economic cost of elective carotid endarterectomy. Aust NZ J Surg 1995;65:475-9.
110. Luna G, Adye B. Cost-effective carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg 1995;169:516-8.
111. Kraiss LW, Kilberg L, Critch S, Johansen KJ. Short-stay carotid endarterectomy is safe and cost-effective. Am J Surg 1995;169:512-5.
112. Daily PO, Freeman RK, Dembitsky WP, Adamson RM, Moreno-Cabral RJ, Marcus S et al. Cost reduction by combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:1185-92.
113. Yadav JS, Roubin GS, Iyer S, Vitek J, King P, Jordan WD et al. Elective stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Circulation 1997;95:376-81.