The welfare function of the South African government before and after apartheid

Social Work

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-22

  Van Eeden, E S ^a   Ryke, E H ^a   De Necker, I C M ^a  

^a Department of History ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APARTHEID; RACIAL DISPARITY; RACIAL SEGREGATION; SERVICE PROVISION; WELFARE PROVISION;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0034044527     PISSN: 00378054     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. A government consists of a set of legal and political establishments that have the legal and executive power to regulate the relations between members of the community and between communities and outsiders. These institutions have the power to make decisions about maintaining law and order in the community and other mutual goals. Governments differ in size. A government within tribal context can comprise of a headman or of a headman and a council of elders. On the other hand, the present-day so-called super powers and international authorities can be constituted from the representatives of various countries. Till recently it was possible for certain authorities to govern kingdoms that not only included their own people, but also people and countries of various national ethnical groups and languages. Examples of these are the British Empire who ruled over countries such as India, Australia and South Africa as well as France who were the rulers in Canada and the Ivory Coast. The present-day government includes various levels, namely local, provincial and national role players. Compare H.J. Kotzé and J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek (Johannesburg: 1980), pp.161, 175-176; M. Hall, The changing past: Farmers, kings and traders in Southern Africa (Cape Town: 1987), 200-1860, p.63.
2. A government consists of a set of legal and political establishments that have the legal and executive power to regulate the relations between members of the community and between communities and outsiders. These institutions have the power to make decisions about maintaining law and order in the community and other mutual goals. Governments differ in size. A government within tribal context can comprise of a headman or of a headman and a council of elders. On the other hand, the present-day so-called super powers and international authorities can be constituted from the representatives of various countries. Till recently it was possible for certain authorities to govern kingdoms that not only included their own people, but also people and countries of various national ethnical groups and languages. Examples of these are the British Empire who ruled over countries such as India, Australia and South Africa as well as France who were the rulers in Canada and the Ivory Coast. The present-day government includes various levels, namely local, provincial and national role players. Compare H.J. Kotzé and J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek (Johannesburg: 1980), pp.161, 175-176; M. Hall, The changing past: Farmers, kings and traders in Southern Africa (Cape Town: 1987), 200-1860, p.63.
3. Compare W.D. Hammond-Tooke (ed.), The Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa (London: 1974), pp.60-78; M. Wilson and L. Thompson, A history of South Africa to 1870 (London: 1982), p.41.
4. Compare W.D. Hammond-Tooke (ed.), The Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa (London: 1974), pp.60-78; M. Wilson and L. Thompson, A history of South Africa to 1870 (London: 1982), p.41.
5. T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern history, 4th edition (Macmillan: 1991), pp.20-22.
6. H.J. van Aswegen, Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika tot 1854 (Pretoria: 1989), pp.80-82.
7. M.C. Potgieter, Maatskaplike sorg in Suid-Afrika: 'n Ontleding van die aard, omvang, funksieverdeling en finansiering van die dienste gelewer deur die Staat en Partikuliere Welsynsorganisasies (Stellenbosch: 1973), pp.27-28; H. Tennant and E.M. Jackson (ed.), Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652-1895 vol. III, 1887-1895 (Cape Town:1906), pp.2950-3436.
8. M.C. Potgieter, Maatskaplike sorg in Suid-Afrika: 'n Ontleding van die aard, omvang, funksieverdeling en finansiering van die dienste gelewer deur die Staat en Partikuliere Welsynsorganisasies (Stellenbosch: 1973), pp.27-28; H. Tennant and E.M. Jackson (ed.), Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope, 1652-1895 vol. III, 1887-1895 (Cape Town:1906), pp.2950-3436.
9. W. Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa, pp.61-63; T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.183-187. Also see section 2 and 3 of this article.
10. W. Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa, pp.61-63; T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.183-187. Also see section 2 and 3 of this article.
11. Compare J. Esterhuizen, Die ekonomiese en maatskaplike toestand van die gewese Republikeinse burgers in die Transvaalkolonie, 1900-1910 (sn:1965), pp. 66, 68, 79, 92; R.T.J. Lombard, Stigting van die Vaalhartsbesproeiingskema as heenkome vir hawelose blankes", Contree, 24, (1988), pp.13-20.
12. Compare J. Esterhuizen, Die ekonomiese en maatskaplike toestand van die gewese Republikeinse burgers in die Transvaalkolonie, 1900-1910 (sn:1965), pp. 66, 68, 79, 92; R.T.J. Lombard, Stigting van die Vaalhartsbesproeiingskema as heenkome vir hawelose blankes", Contree, 24, (1988), pp.13-20.
13. Compare C.J.P. le Roux, "Grondtoekenning en landelike vestiging in die Oranjerievierkolonie/Oranje-Vrystaat, 1900-1912", Contree, 27, (1990), pp.12-17; D.A. van der Bank, "Mushroom Valley-onderstandskamp", Contree, 30, (1991), pp.5-9.
14. Compare C.J.P. le Roux, "Grondtoekenning en landelike vestiging in die Oranjerievierkolonie/Oranje-Vrystaat, 1900-1912", Contree, 27, (1990), pp.12-17; D.A. van der Bank, "Mushroom Valley-onderstandskamp", Contree, 30, (1991), pp.5-9.
15. See T. Pakenham, The Boer War (London: 1979).
16. P. Warwick, Black people and the South African War, 1899-1902 (Cambridge: 1983), p.165.
17. Compare the aspects debated in section 2 and 3.
18. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.205-206.
19. Although the concept ideology is comprehensive by nature, it can in short be described as a system of interdependent ideas of social groups and or societies, which justify their specific political, social, moral, religious and economic interests. An ideology serves as a logical and fundamental justification of a group or society's behavior patterns, attitudes, objectives etc. The premise of an ideology is accepted as truth and as dogma, rather than as tentative philosophy or theoretical formulation. Terminology Committee of Social Work, New dictionary of social work, p.37; also compare R.L. Barker, The social work dictionary, p.355; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, pp.13-17; H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek, p.78; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in Konflik, pp.14-15.
20. Although the concept ideology is comprehensive by nature, it can in short be described as a system of interdependent ideas of social groups and or societies, which justify their specific political, social, moral, religious and economic interests. An ideology serves as a logical and fundamental justification of a group or society's behavior patterns, attitudes, objectives etc. The premise of an ideology is accepted as truth and as dogma, rather than as tentative philosophy or theoretical formulation. Terminology Committee of Social Work, New dictionary of social work, p.37; also compare R.L. Barker, The social work dictionary, p.355; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, pp.13-17; H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek, p.78; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in Konflik, pp.14-15.
21. Although the concept ideology is comprehensive by nature, it can in short be described as a system of interdependent ideas of social groups and or societies, which justify their specific political, social, moral, religious and economic interests. An ideology serves as a logical and fundamental justification of a group or society's behavior patterns, attitudes, objectives etc. The premise of an ideology is accepted as truth and as dogma, rather than as tentative philosophy or theoretical formulation. Terminology Committee of Social Work, New dictionary of social work, p.37; also compare R.L. Barker, The social work dictionary, p.355; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, pp.13-17; H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek, p.78; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in Konflik, pp.14-15.
22. Although the concept ideology is comprehensive by nature, it can in short be described as a system of interdependent ideas of social groups and or societies, which justify their specific political, social, moral, religious and economic interests. An ideology serves as a logical and fundamental justification of a group or society's behavior patterns, attitudes, objectives etc. The premise of an ideology is accepted as truth and as dogma, rather than as tentative philosophy or theoretical formulation. Terminology Committee of Social Work, New dictionary of social work, p.37; also compare R.L. Barker, The social work dictionary, p.355; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, pp.13-17; H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek, p.78; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in Konflik, pp.14-15.
23. Although the concept ideology is comprehensive by nature, it can in short be described as a system of interdependent ideas of social groups and or societies, which justify their specific political, social, moral, religious and economic interests. An ideology serves as a logical and fundamental justification of a group or society's behavior patterns, attitudes, objectives etc. The premise of an ideology is accepted as truth and as dogma, rather than as tentative philosophy or theoretical formulation. Terminology Committee of Social Work, New dictionary of social work, p.37; also compare R.L. Barker, The social work dictionary, p.355; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, pp.13-17; H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek, p.78; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in Konflik, pp.14-15.
24. The institutional model is conceptualised as an emphasis on interventions that play a 'front-line' role, treating social provisions as a normal integral part of society. A large-scale government involvement, collective involvement, and universality of coverage and long term provision usually accompany the intervention. See J. Midgley, "The developmental perspective in social welfare. Transcending residual and institutional models", Social Work Practice, 1(96) March 1996, p.1; N. Gilbert, H. Specht & P. Terral, Dimensions of Social Welfare Policy. Third edition (New Jersey: 1993), pp.8-9.
25. The institutional model is conceptualised as an emphasis on interventions that play a 'front-line' role, treating social provisions as a normal integral part of society. A large-scale government involvement, collective involvement, and universality of coverage and long term provision usually accompany the intervention. See J. Midgley, "The developmental perspective in social welfare. Transcending residual and institutional models", Social Work Practice, 1(96) March 1996, p.1; N. Gilbert, H. Specht & P. Terral, Dimensions of Social Welfare Policy. Third edition (New Jersey: 1993), pp.8-9.
26. Compare D.H. van der Bank, "Mushroom Valley - 'n onderstandskamp", Contree, 39, (1991), pp.5-9.
27. Compare C.J.P. le Roux, "Grondtoekenning en landelike vestiging in die Oranjerivierkolonie/ Oranje-Vrystaat, 1900-1912", Contree, 27, (1990), pp.12-17.
28. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.205-206; Reader's Digest Association of South Africa, Illustrated History of South Africa: the real story (Cape Town: C1989), pp.330-331.
29. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.205-206; Reader's Digest Association of South Africa, Illustrated History of South Africa: the real story (Cape Town: C1989), pp.330-331.
30. P. Warwick (ed.), The South African War, the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 (Harlow: 1980), pp.203, 351.
31. I.J. van Eeden, Armoede in sosiologiese perspektief (Pretoria: 1980), p.50.
32. C.M. de Necker, Die rol van die owerheid in die voorsiening van georganiseerde maatskaplike welsynsdiens in Suid-Afrika, 1902-1995 (MA dissertation, PU for CHE: 1998), pp.33-34.
33. Anon., Further correspondence relating to affairs in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony (in continuation of [Cd.3025] and [Cd.3028] p.87; P. Warwick, Black people and the South African war 1899-1902, p.165.
34. Anon., Further correspondence relating to affairs in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony (in continuation of [Cd.3025] and [Cd.3028] p.87; P. Warwick, Black people and the South African war 1899-1902, p.165.
35. Compare P. Smit, "Historiese grondslae van swart verstedeliking in Suid-Afrika", Suid-Afrikaanse Historiese Joernaal, 19, (1987), pp.7-29; L. Chrisholm, "Class, colour and gender in child welfare in South Africa, 1902-1918", South African Historical Journal, 23(1990), pp.100-121.
36. Compare P. Smit, "Historiese grondslae van swart verstedeliking in Suid-Afrika", Suid-Afrikaanse Historiese Joernaal, 19, (1987), pp.7-29; L. Chrisholm, "Class, colour and gender in child welfare in South Africa, 1902-1918", South African Historical Journal, 23(1990), pp.100-121.
37. T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.319,544.
38. B.M. McKendrick, Introduction to Social Work in South Africa (Pinetown: 1978), p.10.
39. M.C. Potgieter, Maatskaplike sorg in Suid-Afrika ..., p.30.
40. Compare L. Chisholm, "Class colour and gender in child welfare in South Africa, 1902-1918", South African Historical Journal, 23, (1990), pp.100-121, Dec. 1991.
41. G.B. Pyrah, Imperial policy and South Africa, 1910-10 (ca. 1960), pp.96-97, 195.
42. Compare E. van Heyningen, "Poverty, self-help and community: The survival of the poor in Cape Town, 1889-1910", South African Historical Journal, 24, (1991), pp.128-143.
43. C.M. de Necker, Die rol van die owerheid ..., p.41.
44. T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., p.231
45. Compare G.D. Scholtz, Die ontwikkeling van die politieke denke van die Afrikaner, Deel V, 1899-1910 (Johannesburg: 1978), p.577; B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies (eds.), South Africa in the 20th century (Pretoria: 1993), pp.55, 61.
46. Compare G.D. Scholtz, Die ontwikkeling van die politieke denke van die Afrikaner, Deel V, 1899-1910 (Johannesburg: 1978), p.577; B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies (eds.), South Africa in the 20th century (Pretoria: 1993), pp.55, 61.
47. The Re-united National Party established in 1934 by Dr. D.F. Malan, is the political party connected with the 1948 Apartheids government and not the 1914-NP.
48. F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente by die studie van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis 1648-1961 (Goodwood: 1980), pp.206-209; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, p.24.
49. F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente by die studie van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis 1648-1961 (Goodwood: 1980), pp.206-209; I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, p.24.
50. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.245-247.
51. W. Beinart, Twentieth-century South Africa, pp.74-133.
52. B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies (eds.), South Africa ..., pp.56, 74; R.E. van der Ross, The rise and decline of apartheid. A study of political movements among the Coloured people of South Africa 1880-1985 (Cape Town: 1986), p.69.
53. B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies (eds.), South Africa ..., pp.56, 74; R.E. van der Ross, The rise and decline of apartheid. A study of political movements among the Coloured people of South Africa 1880-1985 (Cape Town: 1986), p.69.
54. B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies (eds.), South Africa ..., pp.180-200.
55. Government departments such as Education, Forestry, Native Affairs and Health initiated various schemes in the years after 1910 in order to improve social conditions. Die ekonomiese opkoms van die Afrikaner 1939-1965 (sa. 1966), p.18.
56. Compare with W. Keizer, Die ekonomiese opkoms van die Afrikaner, 1939-1965, p.18.
57. J. Grobler, A decisive clash: A short history of black protest politics in South Africa, 1875-1976 (Pretoria: 1988), pp.72-74.
58. Compare I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, pp.26-27.
59. Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurverenigings. See T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.290-292.
60. W. Keizer, Die ekonomiese opkoms van die Afrikaner, 1939-1965, p.18.
61. M.C. Potgieter, Maatskaplike Sorg in Suid-Afrika ..., pp.34, 36-37.
62. D. Joubert, Toe witmense arm was: uit die Carnegie-verslag (Kaapstad: 1972); Carnegie Commission, The poor white problem in South Africa (Stellenbosch: 1932).
63. D. Joubert, Toe witmense arm was: uit die Carnegie-verslag (Kaapstad: 1972); Carnegie Commission, The poor white problem in South Africa (Stellenbosch: 1932).
64. Compare De Westelike Stem, 17 May 1929; 1 July 1930.
65. Compare B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies, South Africa ..., pp.275-284.
66. M.C. Potgieter, Maatskaplike sorg in Suid-Afrika ..., pp.35-36; E. Theron, H.F. Verwoerd as welsynsbeplanner, 1932-1936 (Stellenbosch: 1970).
67. M.C. Potgieter, Maatskaplike sorg in Suid-Afrika ..., pp.35-36; E. Theron, H.F. Verwoerd as welsynsbeplanner, 1932-1936 (Stellenbosch: 1970).
68. Historically the concept 'Afrikaner' refers to the white ancestors of European descent, who settled after 1652 in South Africa. The use of the concept 'Afrikaner' was probably used for the first time in 1707. Since then this group of people have developed an unique language and tradition. The concept Nationalism refers to a loyalty and emotional connectedness to a specific community or nation. Afrikaner Nationalism is an ideological paradigm that gained support from especially the thirties of this century. Dr. D.F. Malan and the purified National Party is associated with this paradigm. See H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek (Johannesburg: 1980), pp.117-118; C.C. Saunders (ed.). An illustrated dictionary of South African history (Sandton: 1994), pp.7-11. Also compare with NP policy principles in F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente ....., pp.206-209; I. Liebenberg, Idiologie in konflik, p.28.
69. Historically the concept 'Afrikaner' refers to the white ancestors of European descent, who settled after 1652 in South Africa. The use of the concept 'Afrikaner' was probably used for the first time in 1707. Since then this group of people have developed an unique language and tradition. The concept Nationalism refers to a loyalty and emotional connectedness to a specific community or nation. Afrikaner Nationalism is an ideological paradigm that gained support from especially the thirties of this century. Dr. D.F. Malan and the purified National Party is associated with this paradigm. See H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek (Johannesburg: 1980), pp.117-118; C.C. Saunders (ed.). An illustrated dictionary of South African history (Sandton: 1994), pp.7-11. Also compare with NP policy principles in F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente ....., pp.206-209; I. Liebenberg, Idiologie in konflik, p.28.
70. Historically the concept 'Afrikaner' refers to the white ancestors of European descent, who settled after 1652 in South Africa. The use of the concept 'Afrikaner' was probably used for the first time in 1707. Since then this group of people have developed an unique language and tradition. The concept Nationalism refers to a loyalty and emotional connectedness to a specific community or nation. Afrikaner Nationalism is an ideological paradigm that gained support from especially the thirties of this century. Dr. D.F. Malan and the purified National Party is associated with this paradigm. See H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek (Johannesburg: 1980), pp.117-118; C.C. Saunders (ed.). An illustrated dictionary of South African history (Sandton: 1994), pp.7-11. Also compare with NP policy principles in F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente ....., pp.206-209; I. Liebenberg, Idiologie in konflik, p.28.
71. Historically the concept 'Afrikaner' refers to the white ancestors of European descent, who settled after 1652 in South Africa. The use of the concept 'Afrikaner' was probably used for the first time in 1707. Since then this group of people have developed an unique language and tradition. The concept Nationalism refers to a loyalty and emotional connectedness to a specific community or nation. Afrikaner Nationalism is an ideological paradigm that gained support from especially the thirties of this century. Dr. D.F. Malan and the purified National Party is associated with this paradigm. See H.J. Kotzé en J.J. van Wyk, Basiese konsepte in die politiek (Johannesburg: 1980), pp.117-118; C.C. Saunders (ed.). An illustrated dictionary of South African history (Sandton: 1994), pp.7-11. Also compare with NP policy principles in F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente ....., pp.206-209; I. Liebenberg, Idiologie in konflik, p.28.
72. Compare B.J.Spies and S.B. Liebenberg, South Africa ..., p.304; Compare A.J.H. van der Walt, 'n Volk op trek of 'n kort geskiedenis van die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die Ossewa Brandwag (Johannesburg: 1994), pp.48-53; B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies, South Africa ..., p.304.
73. Compare B.J.Spies and S.B. Liebenberg, South Africa ..., p.304; Compare A.J.H. van der Walt, 'n Volk op trek of 'n kort geskiedenis van die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die Ossewa Brandwag (Johannesburg: 1994), pp.48-53; B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies, South Africa ..., p.304.
74. Compare B.J.Spies and S.B. Liebenberg, South Africa ..., p.304; Compare A.J.H. van der Walt, 'n Volk op trek of 'n kort geskiedenis van die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die Ossewa Brandwag (Johannesburg: 1994), pp.48-53; B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies, South Africa ..., p.304.
75. The residual model appears to favour limited and selective state intervention, a high degree of personal responsibility, the extensive involvement of non-profit organisations and the full utilisation of the market. See J. Midgley, "The developmental perspective in social welfare: Transcending residual and institutional models", Social Work Practice, 1(96), March 1996, p.2.
76. See section 1.4
77. W. Keizer, Die ekonomiese opkoms van die Afrikaner vanaf die Eerste Ekonomiese Volkskongres van 1939 en 'n ontleding van sy huldige posisie in die landsekonomie (s.a.: 1966).
78. Ekonomiese Volkskongres, Verslag van die Tweede Ekonomiese Volkskongres, 4-6 Oktober (Johannesburg: c.1950).
79. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.327-328; D. Posel, The making of apartheid 1948-1961. Conflict and compromise, (Oxford: 1997), p.69.
80. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., pp.327-328; D. Posel, The making of apartheid 1948-1961. Conflict and compromise, (Oxford: 1997), p.69.
81. See section 1.3 for an explanation of Afrikaner Nationalism.
82. Compare I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, p.30; F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 basiese dokumente ..., pp.243, 245, 249.
83. Compare I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, p.30; F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 basiese dokumente ..., pp.243, 245, 249.
84. D. Posel, The making of Apartheid ..., p.69.
85. V. George and R. Page, Modern thinkers on welfare (London: 1995), pp.311-312.
86. I. Liebenberg, Ideologie in konflik, p.32.
87. The Department responsible for the development of the black communities in South Africa, was up until 1958 named the Department of Native Affairs. Several name changes followed after 1958. For the purpose of this article the name used in a specific timeframe will be kept to. A comprehensive list of all the Departments responsible for the different communities appears in the Table in section 3.
88. Unie van Suid-Afrika. Departement van Volkswelsyn, Jaarverslag van die Departement van Volkswelsyn vir die tydperk I Oktober 1937 tot 31 Maart 1949 (UG 36/1950), p.6; Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Kleurlingsake, Verslag vir die tydperk 1 Januarie 1959 tot 31 Desember 1961 (RP 11/1963), p.20; Departement van Indiërsake, Verslag van die departement van Indiërsake vir die tydperk 3 Augustus 1961 tot 31 Desember 1970 (RP 51/1971), p.1.
89. Unie van Suid-Afrika. Departement van Volkswelsyn, Jaarverslag van die Departement van Volkswelsyn vir die tydperk I Oktober 1937 tot 31 Maart 1949 (UG 36/1950), p.6; Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Kleurlingsake, Verslag vir die tydperk 1 Januarie 1959 tot 31 Desember 1961 (RP 11/1963), p.20; Departement van Indiërsake, Verslag van die departement van Indiërsake vir die tydperk 3 Augustus 1961 tot 31 Desember 1970 (RP 51/1971), p.1.
90. Unie van Suid-Afrika. Departement van Volkswelsyn, Jaarverslag van die Departement van Volkswelsyn vir die tydperk I Oktober 1937 tot 31 Maart 1949 (UG 36/1950), p.6; Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Kleurlingsake, Verslag vir die tydperk 1 Januarie 1959 tot 31 Desember 1961 (RP 11/1963), p.20; Departement van Indiërsake, Verslag van die departement van Indiërsake vir die tydperk 3 Augustus 1961 tot 31 Desember 1970 (RP 51/1971), p.1.
91. The concept Homeland(s) refers to the authorities and self-governed areas founded by the National Party during their reign of the apartheid policy. Since 1 August 1978 these areas were officially known as "Black States" and by name were the Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, Gazankulu, Lebowa, KaNgwane, Qwaqwa, KwaZulu and Ciskei, as well as the South-Ndebele Territorial Authority. See I.O.H.M. Mapena, Policy for urban blacks in the Republic of South Africa, p.1. Compare also National Archive (NA), Pretoria, Department of the Prime Minister (URU); File 6686, Tape 1347, Department of the Prime Minister/Minutes no. 1347, 23 September 1975; File 6755, Tape 95, Department of the Prime Minister, Minutes no. 95, 3 February 1976; File 6930, Tape 299, Department of the Prime Minister/Minutes no. 299, 4 March 1977.
92. F.G.N. Harman, (red.), Ons vir jou Suid-Afrika (Pretoria: 1979), p.196.
93. Compare D. Posel, The making of apartheid, 1948-1961 ..., p.69.
94. Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Departement van Nasionale Gesondheid en Bevolkingsontwikkeling, Maatskaplike welsynsbeleid en strukture van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, April 1988, pp.4-5.
95. B.J. Liebenberg and S.B. Spies, South Africa ..., pp.477-480.
96. Compare Table in section 3 for an exposition of the different government departments involved in social welfare services since 1910.
97. Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Volkswelsyn en Pensioene, Struktuur van en beleid ten opsigte van welsynsdienste in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, pp.3-9.
98. All government departments who provided social or welfare services, were represented on this Committee. Republic of South Africa. Department of Social Welfare and Pensions, Report of the Department of Social Welfare and Pensions for the period 1st April, 1962 to 31st March, 1964 (RP 32/1964) pp. 2-3; Report of the Department of Social Welfare and Pensions for the period 1st April, 1964 to 31st March, 1966 (RP 67/1966) p. 3; en Jaarverslag 1976 (RP 30/1978) p. 27.
99. Unie van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Volkswelsyn, Jaarverslag van die Departement van Volkswelsyn vir die tydperk 1 Oktober 1937 tot 31 Maart 1949 (UG 36/1950), p. 5; Department of Social Welfare and Pensions, Report of the Department of Social Welfare and Pensions for the period 1st April, 1964 to 31st March, 1966 (RP 67/1966), pp.2, 21.
100. Republic of South Africa, Department of Social Welfare and Pensions, Report of the Department of Social Welfare and Pensions for the period 1st April 1966 to 31 March, 1970 (RP 83/1970), p.iv; Verslag vir die tydperk 1970-1971 (RP 96/1971), pp.22-23; Departement van Kleurlingsake, Verslag van die Departement van Kleurlingsake vir die tydperk 1 Januarie 1959 tot 31 Desember 1961 (RP11/1963), p.20.
101. Republic of South Africa, Department of Social Welfare and Pensions, Report of the Department of Social Welfare and Pensions for the period 1st April 1966 to 31 March, 1970 (RP 83/1970), p.iv; Verslag vir die tydperk 1970-1971 (RP 96/1971), pp.22-23; Departement van Kleurlingsake, Verslag van die Departement van Kleurlingsake vir die tydperk 1 Januarie 1959 tot 31 Desember 1961 (RP11/1963), p.20.
102. Republic of South Africa, Department of Social Welfare and Pensions, Report of the Department of Social Welfare and Pensions for the period 1st April 1966 to 31 March, 1970 (RP 83/1970), p.iv; Verslag vir die tydperk 1970-1971 (RP 96/1971), pp.22-23; Departement van Kleurlingsake, Verslag van die Departement van Kleurlingsake vir die tydperk 1 Januarie 1959 tot 31 Desember 1961 (RP11/1963), p.20.
103. Republic of South Africa, Department of Social Welfare and Pensions. Report on the period 1972-1974 (RP 91/1975), pp.1,3,4.
104. F. Wilson and M. Ramphele, Uprooting poverty. The South African Challenge. Report for the Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa, pp. 342-342; C.C. Saunders, "Putting the history of white poverty on the agenda", South African Historical Journal, 28, (1993), pp.242-248.
105. F. Wilson and M. Ramphele, Uprooting poverty. The South African Challenge. Report for the Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa, pp. 342-342; C.C. Saunders, "Putting the history of white poverty on the agenda", South African Historical Journal, 28, (1993), pp.242-248.
106. Compare L. Patel, Restructuring social welfare. Options for South Africa, pp.48-49.
107. Compare Table in section 3; Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994 (RP 104/1995)1, p.2.; M. Wiechers, "Menseregte en Maatskaplike Werk", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 24(1) (1988), pp.2-5; F. Lund, "State restructuring of welfare", Transformation (1994), pp.22-27.
108. Compare Table in section 3; Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994 (RP 104/1995)1, p.2.; M. Wiechers, "Menseregte en Maatskaplike Werk", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 24(1) (1988), pp.2-5; F. Lund, "State restructuring of welfare", Transformation (1994), pp.22-27.
109. Compare Table in section 3; Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994 (RP 104/1995)1, p.2.; M. Wiechers, "Menseregte en Maatskaplike Werk", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 24(1) (1988), pp.2-5; F. Lund, "State restructuring of welfare", Transformation (1994), pp.22-27.
110. Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Welsyn, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994 (RP 104/1995),p.2.
111. In its original meaning, democracy refers to people of a country that rule themselves. Later this basic definition was enlarged to include political and economical equality or justice. Today democracy points to the complexity of political, economical and social relationships of the human being. Modern thinkers agree that enhanced social movability is the logical result of political democracy. Oppressed communities especially make use of political power to ensure representation and to convince the government of their economical and social needs. See J. Dunner, (ed.), Handbook of world history, (London: ca.1995), pp. 274, 283; J. Kruger, "Regstaat, kultuurstaat, welvaartstaat: bestanddele van 'n nuwe staatsmodel?", Stellenbosch Law Review, 5(1), (1994), pp. 15-32.
112. In its original meaning, democracy refers to people of a country that rule themselves. Later this basic definition was enlarged to include political and economical equality or justice. Today democracy points to the complexity of political, economical and social relationships of the human being. Modern thinkers agree that enhanced social movability is the logical result of political democracy. Oppressed communities especially make use of political power to ensure representation and to convince the government of their economical and social needs. See J. Dunner, (ed.), Handbook of world history, (London: ca.1995), pp. 274, 283; J. Kruger, "Regstaat, kultuurstaat, welvaartstaat: bestanddele van 'n nuwe staatsmodel?", Stellenbosch Law Review, 5(1), (1994), pp. 15-32.
113. L. Patel, Restructuring social welfare. Options for South Africa, pp.151, 156-159.
114. Democratic socialists have been the most fervent supporters of the welfare state, but they have always seen it as a staging post towards socialism. They advocate universalist social services partly because they believe that the very nature of such services creates a more altruistic social climate, which is an indispensable ingredient of a socialist society. V. George and R. Page, Modern thinkers on welfare, p.131.
115. V. George and R. Page, Modern thinkers on welfare, pp.132-133; Compare also A.W. Stadler, "A contribution to the conditions of democracy debate", International Affairs Bulletin, 12(3), pp.25-34.
116. V. George and R. Page, Modern thinkers on welfare, pp.132-133; Compare also A.W. Stadler, "A contribution to the conditions of democracy debate", International Affairs Bulletin, 12(3), pp.25-34.
117. The Interim Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 200 of 1993 was replaced by the Constitutions of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996.
118. Republic of South Africa, The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996.
119. Republic of South Africa, Ministry of Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, White Paper for Welfare, (Pretoria: 1997), pp.13,15. See the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Section 156 and read together with Schedule 4B.
120. Editorial, "Towards a single Department of Welfare at a national and provincial level: A argument for", "Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work," 31(2), (1995), pp.iv-vi.
121. Republic of South Africa ..., White Paper for Welfare, p.15.
122. Republic of South Africa, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996); Republic of South Africa, White paper for Welfare (1997); Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft document), (1998).
123. Republic of South Africa, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996); Republic of South Africa, White paper for Welfare (1997); Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft document), (1998).
124. Republic of South Africa, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996); Republic of South Africa, White paper for Welfare (1997); Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft document), (1998).
125. First generation rights are civil and political rights, while second generation rights are economic, social and cultural rights. These rights are interdependent, but cannot be protected in the same way. Second generation rights require positive state action and in particular state expenditure. Compare M.Robinson, Human rights for South Africans (Cape Town: 1990), p.9.
126. M.F. Howes, "The implications of a human rights culture in social work practice", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(3), (1996), pp.205-214; B. Porter, "The importance of including social and economic rights in the South African Constitution - A Canadian perspective, unpublished paper; J. Boulle. Input to the constitutional assembly on social and economic rights, unpublished paper. P.Bulger, "Self-help, self-reliance the keys. Pretoria cannot afford its noble intentions", The Star, 13 June1998, p.12.
127. M.F. Howes, "The implications of a human rights culture in social work practice", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(3), (1996), pp.205-214; B. Porter, "The importance of including social and economic rights in the South African Constitution - A Canadian perspective, unpublished paper; J. Boulle. Input to the constitutional assembly on social and economic rights, unpublished paper. P.Bulger, "Self-help, self-reliance the keys. Pretoria cannot afford its noble intentions", The Star, 13 June1998, p.12.
128. M.F. Howes, "The implications of a human rights culture in social work practice", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(3), (1996), pp.205-214; B. Porter, "The importance of including social and economic rights in the South African Constitution - A Canadian perspective, unpublished paper; J. Boulle. Input to the constitutional assembly on social and economic rights, unpublished paper. P.Bulger, "Self-help, self-reliance the keys. Pretoria cannot afford its noble intentions", The Star, 13 June1998, p.12.
129. M.F. Howes, "The implications of a human rights culture in social work practice", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(3), (1996), pp.205-214; B. Porter, "The importance of including social and economic rights in the South African Constitution - A Canadian perspective, unpublished paper; J. Boulle. Input to the constitutional assembly on social and economic rights, unpublished paper. P.Bulger, "Self-help, self-reliance the keys. Pretoria cannot afford its noble intentions", The Star, 13 June1998, p.12.
130. African National Congress, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, (Johannesburg, 1994), p. 1; F.N.M. Mazibuko, "Social workers and social policy: related functions and skills in practice", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 32(1), 1996, pp. 148-161.
131. African National Congress, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, (Johannesburg, 1994), p. 1; F.N.M. Mazibuko, "Social workers and social policy: related functions and skills in practice", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 32(1), 1996, pp. 148-161.
132. In colloquial language, non-governmental organisations are often referred to as NGOs (Non-governmental Organisations). For the purpose of this study, the abbreviation is used.
133. African National Congress (ANC), The reconstruction and development programme: A policy framework, pp. 2-3, 52-57.
134. Compare ANC, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, p. 54.
135. Compare ANC, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, p. 52; V. Sewpaul, "The RDP: implications for social work practice and social welfare policy development in South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 27(1), (1997), pp. 1-9.
136. Compare ANC, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, p. 52; V. Sewpaul, "The RDP: implications for social work practice and social welfare policy development in South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 27(1), (1997), pp. 1-9.
137. Compare ANC, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, pp. 52-53; F.N.M. Mazibuko, "Social workers and social policy: related functions and skills in practice", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 32(2), (1996), pp. 148-161.
138. Compare ANC, The reconstruction and development programme: a policy framework, pp. 52-53; F.N.M. Mazibuko, "Social workers and social policy: related functions and skills in practice", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 32(2), (1996), pp. 148-161.
139. Editorial, Social Work Practice, 2,(1994), p.1.
140. Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Welsyn, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994. (RP 104/1995), pp. 5-7.
141. Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Report of the Department of Welfare for the year 1995-1996, p. 6.
142. Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Report of the Department of Welfare for the year 1995-1996, p. 9.
143. Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Welsyn, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994 (RP 104/1995), p. 4.
144. Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Departement van Welsyn, Verslag van die Departement van Welsyn vir die jaar 1994 (RP 104/1995), p. 15.
145. Compare H. Strydom, "Die inhoud van 'n kursus in multikulturele maatskaplike werk", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 31(2), (1995), pp. 115-125; R. Taback, "The movement towards indigenization of social service delivery in South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 27(3), (1991), pp. 268-271.
146. Compare H. Strydom, "Die inhoud van 'n kursus in multikulturele maatskaplike werk", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 31(2), (1995), pp. 115-125; R. Taback, "The movement towards indigenization of social service delivery in South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 27(3), (1991), pp. 268-271.
147. M. Gray, "Social Work ..., Adapt or dye", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 31(3), (1996), pp.vii-viii; W.A. Mitchell, "The end of Social Work", The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher, 9(3), (1996), pp.157-158; Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft Document), 1998.
148. M. Gray, "Social Work ..., Adapt or dye", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 31(3), (1996), pp.vii-viii; W.A. Mitchell, "The end of Social Work", The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher, 9(3), (1996), pp.157-158; Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft Document), 1998.
149. M. Gray, "Social Work ..., Adapt or dye", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 31(3), (1996), pp.vii-viii; W.A. Mitchell, "The end of Social Work", The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher, 9(3), (1996), pp.157-158; Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft Document), 1998.
150. Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Report of the Department of Welfare for the year 1995-1996, p.6.
151. Departement van Welsyn, 'n Bylaag oor die konsepwitskrif vir Maatskaplike Welsyn, 'n Nuwe missie vir Welsyn in Suid-Afrika, Februarie 1996, p.1 ; Departement van Welsyn, 'n Bylaag oor die Konsepwitskrif vir Maatskaplike Welsyn, NRO's: Die Regering se welsynsvennoot, Februarie 1996, p.4.
152. Departement van Welsyn, 'n Bylaag oor die konsepwitskrif vir Maatskaplike Welsyn, 'n Nuwe missie vir Welsyn in Suid-Afrika, Februarie 1996, p.1 ; Departement van Welsyn, 'n Bylaag oor die Konsepwitskrif vir Maatskaplike Welsyn, NRO's: Die Regering se welsynsvennoot, Februarie 1996, p.4.
153. The term welfare state generally refers to countries which undertake to protect and/or to provide for their population in the manner once thought to be the field of the family, religious institutions, voluntary organisations or the marketplace. The welfare state also expressed an ideology that government, as an embodiment of the popular will, was responsible for providing welfare, just as it provided education, defence, roadways, and so forth. See D. Macarov, Social Welfare. Structure and Practice (Thousand Oaks: 1995), p.7.
154. Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Report of the Department of Welfare for the year 1995-1996, p. 8; P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 33:(3), (1997), pp. 184-192.
155. Republic of South Africa, Department of Welfare, Report of the Department of Welfare for the year 1995-1996, p. 8; P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 33:(3), (1997), pp. 184-192.
156. Republic of South Africa ..., White Paper for Welfare, p.6.
157. J. Jacobz, "Klemverskuiwing in HOP vind plaas", Sake-Beeld, 2 November 1995, p.5.
158. Politieke redaksie, "Sluiting van die HOP kantoor is afgehandel", Beeld, 5 Desember 1995, p.4.
159. Anon., "HOP grootliks met uitdeling verwar", Sake-Beeld, 18-04-1996. Beeld is probably referring to typical programmes of the Department of Welfare such as the preferential programme for unemployed women with children under five years and a new system of grants for families with young children. Compare Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Die grondslag vir 'n beter lewe gelê, Die Regering se half-termynverslag aan die nasie, pp. 42-43.
160. Anon., "HOP grootliks met uitdeling verwar", Sake-Beeld, 18-04-1996. Beeld is probably referring to typical programmes of the Department of Welfare such as the preferential programme for unemployed women with children under five years and a new system of grants for families with young children. Compare Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Die grondslag vir 'n beter lewe gelê, Die Regering se half-termynverslag aan die nasie, pp. 42-43.
161. W. Naude, "Kom GEAR in rat?", Woord en Daad, 1998. pp. 11-13, 16-17.
162. T. du Plessis, "Mbeki nou SA se 'transformasie tsaar'", Naweek-Beeld, 20 April 1996.
163. Naweek-Beeld, 18 April 1996.
164. Republic of South Africa ..., White Paper for Welfare, p.2.
165. H. Swart, "Regering het geld vir armes nog nie bestee. Plan teen armoede gou bekend", Sake-BeeldBeeld, 22 September 1997, p.3.
166. Compare W. Naudé, "Kom GEAR in rat?" Woord en Daad, 1998, pp.16-17.
167. V. Sewpaul, "The RDP: Implications for social work practice and social welfare policy development in South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 27(1), (1997), pp.1-9.
168. White Paper for Welfare, p.5.
169. Developmental social welfare, according to the White Paper, refers to social welfare as one of the dimensions of social development and is in line with the approach emerging from the World Summit for Social Development, 6 to 12 March 1995. Compare White Paper on Welfare, p.68.
170. Departement van Welsyn, "Supplement on the Draft White Paper for Social Welfare, 'n Nuwe Missie vir Welsyn in Suid-Afrika", February 1996, p.1; Republic of South Africa, White Paper on Welfare, p.5.
171. Departement van Welsyn, "Supplement on the Draft White Paper for Social Welfare, 'n Nuwe Missie vir Welsyn in Suid-Afrika", February 1996, p.1; Republic of South Africa, White Paper on Welfare, p.5.
172. D. Macarov, Social Welfare. Structure and Practice, p.7.
173. See footnote 14 and 51 for a definition of the institutional and residual approaches.
174. M. Gray, "Towards an understanding of developmental social welfare", Social Work Practice, 1, 1996, pp. 9-13; A. Lombard, "Developmental social welfare in South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(2), (1996), pp.162-172; J. Midgley, Social Development: The development perspective in social welfare. (London: 1995); P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 33(3), (1997), pp.184-192.
175. M. Gray, "Towards an understanding of developmental social welfare", Social Work Practice, 1, 1996, pp. 9-13; A. Lombard, "Developmental social welfare in South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(2), (1996), pp.162-172; J. Midgley, Social Development: The development perspective in social welfare. (London: 1995); P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 33(3), (1997), pp.184-192.
176. M. Gray, "Towards an understanding of developmental social welfare", Social Work Practice, 1, 1996, pp. 9-13; A. Lombard, "Developmental social welfare in South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(2), (1996), pp.162-172; J. Midgley, Social Development: The development perspective in social welfare. (London: 1995); P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 33(3), (1997), pp.184-192.
177. M. Gray, "Towards an understanding of developmental social welfare", Social Work Practice, 1, 1996, pp. 9-13; A. Lombard, "Developmental social welfare in South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 32(2), (1996), pp.162-172; J. Midgley, Social Development: The development perspective in social welfare. (London: 1995); P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 33(3), (1997), pp.184-192.
178. M. Gray, "Towards an understanding of developmental social welfare", Social Work Practice, 1, (1996), pp.9-13; P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 33(3), (1997), pp.192.
179. M. Gray, "Towards an understanding of developmental social welfare", Social Work Practice, 1, (1996), pp.9-13; P. Rankin, "Developmental social welfare: Challenges facing South Africa", Maatskaplike Werk/Social Work, 33(3), (1997), pp.192.
180. V. Sewpaul, "The RDP: Implications for social work practice and social welfare policy development in South Africa", Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 27(1), (1997), pp.1-9.
181. Ministry for Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, Social Welfare Action Plan (Draft Document), 1998.
182. M. Ferreira, "Of pensions, cares and homes for the aged," Southern African Journal of Gerontology, 7(1), (1998), pp.1-2.
183. S. Lawson, "Private welfare organisations in limbo as subsidies pondered," Eastern Province Herald, 31 December 1997, p.5.
184. W. Saunderson-Meyer, "In South Africa, charity begins, and ends, at home", The Saturday Paper, 4 October 1997, p.8.
185. P. Bulger, "Self-help, self-reliance the keys. Pretoria cannot afford its noble intentions", The Star, 13 January 1998, p.12.
186. The identification of criteria was done by means of D.G. Gil, "Framework for analysis", in which the social policy of a government is analysed. Gil's approach was combined with the historical method. According to this, criteria were identified as a result of the main events indicated within the provision of social services by specific governments in South Africa as discussed in the text. See D.G. Gil, Unravelling social policy, Revised 4th ed., (Vermont:1990).
187. Compare F.A. van Jaarsveld, 100 Basiese dokumente by die studie van Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis, 1648-1961, pp.243-252 in which the colour policy of the National Party is discussed - and traces of democratic principles are visible.
188. Black nationalism which can be conceptualised as a patriotism and love for what is associated with black people and belongs to black people, has early origins in South Africa. It can, however, be argued that the roots of black nationalism are embedded in the Black Conscious Movement starting in the sixties. The movement's aim basically was to rebuild and recondition the mind of the oppressed in such a way that they would be ready forcefully to demand what was rightfully theirs. In essence this is visible in the Governments present approach to welfare. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., p.378-379; A. Marx, Lessons of struggle. South Africa internal opposition, 1960-1990 (Cape Town: 1992), pp.5,6,10-14.
189. Black nationalism which can be conceptualised as a patriotism and love for what is associated with black people and belongs to black people, has early origins in South Africa. It can, however, be argued that the roots of black nationalism are embedded in the Black Conscious Movement starting in the sixties. The movement's aim basically was to rebuild and recondition the mind of the oppressed in such a way that they would be ready forcefully to demand what was rightfully theirs. In essence this is visible in the Governments present approach to welfare. Compare T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa ..., p.378-379; A. Marx, Lessons of struggle. South Africa internal opposition, 1960-1990 (Cape Town: 1992), pp.5,6,10-14.
190. Republic of South Africa, Department of Constitutional Development and Planning, Report on an investigation into the present welfare policy in the Republic of South Africa. (Pretoria: 1985), B. McKendrick, (eds.), Introduction to Social Work in South Africa, (Pinetown: 1987).
191. Republic of South Africa, Department of Constitutional Development and Planning, Report on an investigation into the present welfare policy in the Republic of South Africa. (Pretoria: 1985), B. McKendrick, (eds.), Introduction to Social Work in South Africa, (Pinetown: 1987).
192. V. George and R. Page, Modern Thinkers on Welfare, (London: 1995), p.9.
193. See section 1.4.
194. See section 1.4.
195. S. Lawson, "Private welfare organisations in limbo as subsidies pondered", Eastern Province Herald, 31-12-1997, p.5; X. Xundu, "Racism is denied, Eastern Province Herald, 9 December 1997, p.7; Republic of South Africa, Ministry of Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, "Social Welfare Action Plan, (Draft Document)", 1998.
196. S. Lawson, "Private welfare organisations in limbo as subsidies pondered", Eastern Province Herald, 31-12-1997, p.5; X. Xundu, "Racism is denied, Eastern Province Herald, 9 December 1997, p.7; Republic of South Africa, Ministry of Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, "Social Welfare Action Plan, (Draft Document)", 1998.
197. S. Lawson, "Private welfare organisations in limbo as subsidies pondered", Eastern Province Herald, 31-12-1997, p.5; X. Xundu, "Racism is denied, Eastern Province Herald, 9 December 1997, p.7; Republic of South Africa, Ministry of Welfare and Population Development, Department of Welfare, "Social Welfare Action Plan, (Draft Document)", 1998.
198. Compare H. Giliomee, "Politieke geskiedenis van 1924-1933 herhaal homself", Beeld, 15-06-1998, p.11. This article shows that dependency due to extreme poverty placed South African Governments, from early years, in a stranglehold to provide for a range of needs.
199. N. Gilbert, H. Specht & P. Terrel, Dimensions of social welfare policy, Third edition (New Jersey: 1993), pp.223-225.
200. See Section 1.
201. See Section 2.
202. D.G. Gil, Unravelling social policy..., p.76.