Drowning and near drowning: A pediatric epidemic

Pediatric Annals

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 360-366

  Zuckerman, Gary B ^a   Conway Jr , Edward E ^b  

^a ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; DROWNING; EPIDEMIC; HUMAN; IMMERSION; MORTALITY; NEAR DROWNING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034042594     PISSN: 00904481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-20000601-09     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Orlowski JP. Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water drowning. JAMA. 1988;260:390-391.
2. Cavalier S. Drownings. In: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and National Spa and Pool Institute. National Pool and Spa Safety Conference. Washington, DC: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; 1985:9-12.
3. Zamula WW. Social Costs of Drownings and Near-Drownings From Submersion Accidents Occurring to Children Under Five in Residential Swimming Pools. Washington, DC: Directorate for Economic Analysis, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; 1987.
4. Levin DL, Morriss FC, Toro LO, Brink LW, Turner GR. Drowning and near-drowning. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1993;40:321-336.
5. Kemp A, Sibert JR. Drowning and near drowning in children in the United Kingdom: lessons for prevention. BMJ. 1992;304:1143-1146.
6. Nixon J, Pearn J. Non-accidental immersion in the bath: another extension to the syndrome of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl. 1977;1:445-448.
7. Pearn JH, Nixon J. An analysis of the causes of freshwater immersion accidents involving children. Accid Anal Prev. 1979;11:173-178.
8. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and National Spa and Pool Institute. National Pool and Spa Safety Conference: Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; May 14, 1985:1-48.
9. Orlowski JP, Abulleil MM, Phillips JM. Effects of tonicities of saline solutions on pulmonary injury in drowning. Crit Care Med. 1987;15:126-130.
10. Modell JH, Gaub M, Moya F, Vestal B, Swarz H. Physiologic effects of near drowning with chlorinated fresh water, distilled water and isotonic saline. Anesthesiology. 1966;27:33-41.
11. Karch SB. Pathology of the heart in drowning. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985;109:176-178.
12. Orlowski JP, Abulleil MM, Phillips JM. The hemodynamic and cardiovascular effects of near-drowning in hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic solutions. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:1044-1049.
13. Pearn J. Pathophysiology of drowning. Med J Aust. 1985;142:586-588.
14. Grausz H, Amend WJ Jr, Earley LE. Acute renal failure complicating submersion in sea water. JAMA. 1971;217:207-209.
15. Ports TA, Deuel TF. Intravascular coagulation in freshwater submersion: report of three cases. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87:60-61.
16. Peterson B. Morbidity of childhood near-drowning. Pediatrics. 1977;59:364-370.
17. Pearn JH, Bart RD Jr, Yamaoka R. Neurologic sequelae after childhood near-drowning: a total population study from Hawaii. Pediatrics. 1979;64:187-191.
18. Conn AW, Edmonds JF, Barker GA. Near-drowning in cold fresh water: current treatment regimen. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal. 1978;25:259-265.
19. Sarnaik AP, Preston G, Lieh-Lai M, Eisenbrey AB. Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in near-drowning. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:224-227.
20. Bohn DJ, Biggar D, Smith CR, Conn AW, Barker GA. Influence of hypothermia, barbiturate therapy, and intracranial pressure monitoring on morbidity and mortality after near-drowning. Crit Care Med. 1986;14:529-534.
21. Biggart MJ, Bohn DJ. Effect of hypothermia and cardiac arrest on outcome of near-drowning accidents in children. J Pediatr. 1990;117:179-183.
22. Lavelle JM, Shaw KN. Near drowning: is emergency department cardiopulmonary resuscitation or intensive care unit cerebral resuscitation indicated? Crit Care Med. 1993;21:368-373.
23. Haun SE, Dean JM, Kirsch JR, Ackerman AD, Rogers MC. Theories of brain resuscitation. In: Rogers MC, ed. Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1992:698-732.
24. Quan L, Kinder D. Pediatric submersions: prehospital predictors of outcome. Pediatrics. 1992;90:909-913.
25. Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK. Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics. 1990;86:586-593.
26. Orlowski JP. Prognostic factors in pediatric cases of drowning and near-drowning. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians. 1979;8:176-179.
27. Dean JM, Kaufman ND. Prognostic indicators in pediatric near-drowning: the Glasgow coma scale. Crit Care Med. 1981;9:536-539.
28. Jacobsen WK, Mason LJ, Briggs BA, Schneider S, Thompson JC. Correlation of spontaneous respiration and neurologic damage in near-drowning. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:487-489.
29. Nussbaum E, Galant SP. Intracranial pressure monitoring as a guide to prognosis in the nearly drowned, severely comatose child. J Pediatr. 1983;102:215-218.
30. Romano C, Brown T, Frewen TC. Assessment of pediatric near-drowning victims: is there a role for cranial CT? Pediatr Radiol. 1993;23:261-263.
31. Zuckerman GB, Gregory PM, Santos-Damiani SM. Predictors of death and neurologic impairment in pediatric submersion injuries: the Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:134-140.
32. Pollack MM, Ruttimann UE, Getson PR. Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score. Crit Care Med. 1988;16:1110-1116.
33. Pearn J, Nixon J. Prevention of childhood drowning accidents. Med J Aust. 1977;23:616-618.
34. Frisby ML, Hill JH. A community's response to childhood drownings: a model for accident prevention. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1991;3:373-379.
35. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Drowning in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1993;92:292-294.
36. Wintemute GJ, Wright MA. Swimming pool owners' opinions of strategies for prevention of drowning. Pediatrics. 1990;85:63-69.
37. Wintemute GJ, Drake C, Wright M. Immersion events in residential swimming pools: evidence for an experience effect. Am J Dis Child. 1991;145:1200-1203.