Economic and Zionist ideological perceptions: Private initiative in Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 82-102

  Amit, Irit ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IDEOLOGY; PERCEPTION; POLITICAL IDEOLOGY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

EID: 0034041540     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200008701309     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. H. Mintzberg, Strategy-Making in Three Modes (California: Free Press, 1973). The research is based on an analysis of the characteristics of investors in the United States in the years after the Second World War. According to Mintzberg, the entrepreneurial models characterized by leadership ability. The entrepreneur is willing to risk his personal property in order to advance his economic projects. He barely relies on prior knowledge or formal education and acts according to economic sense which is the result of experience. The adaptive investor adopts economic techniques which have proven themselves and have led to the success of different and varied economic undertakings. The planning mode, the first mode is thought-out and all his moves are planned. He had a formal education and acts according to existing economic theories.
2. B. Gilad, 'Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: Some Behavioral Considerations', in Handbook of Behavioral Economics, Vol.1 (JAI Press, 1986); F. Redlich, 'Economic Development, Entrepreneurship, and Psychologism', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 2nd Ser. 1 (1963); P.F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Practice and Principles (New York: Harper & Row, 1985).
3. B. Gilad, 'Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: Some Behavioral Considerations', in Handbook of Behavioral Economics, Vol.1 (JAI Press, 1986); F. Redlich, 'Economic Development, Entrepreneurship, and Psychologism', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 2nd Ser. 1 (1963); P.F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Practice and Principles (New York: Harper & Row, 1985).
4. B. Gilad, 'Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: Some Behavioral Considerations', in Handbook of Behavioral Economics, Vol.1 (JAI Press, 1986); F. Redlich, 'Economic Development, Entrepreneurship, and Psychologism', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 2nd Ser. 1 (1963); P.F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Practice and Principles (New York: Harper & Row, 1985).
5. A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University, 1958); F. Knight Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921); H. Leibenstein, 'Entrepreneurship and Development', in American Economic Review, Vol.58, No.2 (1962), pp.72-83; S. Rosen, 'Economics and Entrepreneurs', in J. Ronen (ed.), Entrepreneurship (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983).
6. A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University, 1958); F. Knight Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921); H. Leibenstein, 'Entrepreneurship and Development', in American Economic Review, Vol.58, No.2 (1962), pp.72-83; S. Rosen, 'Economics and Entrepreneurs', in J. Ronen (ed.), Entrepreneurship (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983).
7. A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University, 1958); F. Knight Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921); H. Leibenstein, 'Entrepreneurship and Development', in American Economic Review, Vol.58, No.2 (1962), pp.72-83; S. Rosen, 'Economics and Entrepreneurs', in J. Ronen (ed.), Entrepreneurship (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983).
8. A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University, 1958); F. Knight Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921); H. Leibenstein, 'Entrepreneurship and Development', in American Economic Review, Vol.58, No.2 (1962), pp.72-83; S. Rosen, 'Economics and Entrepreneurs', in J. Ronen (ed.), Entrepreneurship (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983).
9. J. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1961).
10. N. Gross, The Jewish Economy in Palestine During the Years 1928-1932 (Jerusalem: Falk Institute, 1981) (Hebrew).
11. D. Giladi, Jewish Palestine during the Fourth Aliya Period (1924-1929) Economic and Social Aspects (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1973) (Hebrew), pp.203-8.
12. S. Reichman Development of Transportation System in Palestine in the Years 1920-1947 (Jerusalem: Transportation Department Press, 1969) (Hebrew).
13. N. Gross and J. Metzer 'Public Finance in the Jewish Economy in Interwar Palestine', Research in Economic History, Vol. III (1978), pp.87-159.
14. I. Amit, 'Private Capital Investments in Agricultural Enterprise', Studies in the Geography of Israel, 15 (1994), pp.122-41 (Hebrew).
15. Y. Katz, Zionist Private Enterprise in the Building of Eretz Israel During the Second Aliya 1904-1914 (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, 1989), pp.176-9 (Hebrew).
16. A. Gal, 'Louis Brandeis and the Settlement of Palestine 1914-1923', Zionism, Vol.7 (1981), pp.137-9 (Hebrew); E. Friesel, The Zionist Movement in United States of America 1897-1914, Jerusalem (1970), Ch.7, 8 (Hebrew); E. Friesel, 'Jacob H. Schiff Becomes a Zionist: A Chapter in non-Zionist Self-Definition, 1907-1917', Studies in Zionism, Vol.5 (1982), pp.55-92.
17. A. Gal, 'Louis Brandeis and the Settlement of Palestine 1914-1923', Zionism, Vol.7 (1981), pp.137-9 (Hebrew); E. Friesel, The Zionist Movement in United States of America 1897-1914, Jerusalem (1970), Ch.7, 8 (Hebrew); E. Friesel, 'Jacob H. Schiff Becomes a Zionist: A Chapter in non-Zionist Self-Definition, 1907-1917', Studies in Zionism, Vol.5 (1982), pp.55-92.
18. A. Gal, 'Louis Brandeis and the Settlement of Palestine 1914-1923', Zionism, Vol.7 (1981), pp.137-9 (Hebrew); E. Friesel, The Zionist Movement in United States of America 1897-1914, Jerusalem (1970), Ch.7, 8 (Hebrew); E. Friesel, 'Jacob H. Schiff Becomes a Zionist: A Chapter in non-Zionist Self-Definition, 1907-1917', Studies in Zionism, Vol.5 (1982), pp.55-92.
19. Weizmann Archives, Rehovot, Israel (hereafter WA), item 781, No. 30; 2.
20. Giladi, Jewish Palestine during the Fourth Aliya Period, pp.175-92.
21. Amit, 'Private Capital Investments in Agricultural Enterprise'.
22. Y. Elam, The Jewish Agency's Formative Years 1919-1931 (Jerusalem: Hassifriya Hazionit, 1990), pp.98-107 (Hebrew).
23. Giladi, Jewish Palestine during the Fourth Aliya Period, pp.206-8.
24. A report of Max Shoolman, Private Archive, Boston (hereafter SPA).
25. For the story of other investors, see I. Amit, Gan Ravveh - The Citrus Plantation Story (Tel Aviv: Netaim and Gan Ravveh, 1996) (Hebrew).
26. This chapter is based on Sydney Pierce's unpublished memoirs, 1980. Also newspapers, letters and notes, all found in the National Archives of Canada (hereafter NAC) MG 30, A80. Vol.1.
27. 'Asher Pierce a new member in Zionist Organization' , Manitoba Free Press, 4 April 1903, NAC. Ibid.
28. WA, 781, 30, 1922.
29. The Shoolman biography is based on correspondence with his son - Theodore Shoolman, Boston, April 1994. Also on Memoirs by Max Shoolman, an unpublished private archive -SPA.
30. M. Shoolman, 'Report to the President Annual Meeting of Shareholders on Gan Chaim Corporation' April 1942,
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. A letter from Weizmann to Meir Dizengoff, Tel Aviv, 7 January 1927, P. Ofer (ed.), The letters and papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol.13 (Rechovot Weizmann Institute, 1978), p.185; See also a letter from Weizmann to Shoolman, Boston, 26 November 1926 (ibid.), p.145.
35. A letter from Weizmann to Meir Dizengoff, Tel Aviv, 7 January 1927, P. Ofer (ed.), The letters and papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol.13 (Rechovot Weizmann Institute, 1978), p.185; See also a letter from Weizmann to Shoolman, Boston, 26 November 1926 (ibid.), p.145.
36. A. Bolitho, Alfred Mond, First Lord Melchette (London: British Library, 1933).
37. R. Stone 'Melchett: Titan of British Industry', Jewish Tribune, 1 January 1931 (London).
38. W. Zukerman, 'The Young Lord Melchett', Opinion, 21 February 1933 (London).
39. See the Shoolman biography.
40. Ibid.
41. A. Mond, 'The Economic Question of Palestine', Haolam, 6 October 1928 (Palestine).
42. Mond to Weizmann, 10 November 1926, Central Zionist Archives (hereafter CZA), File L18/1170).
43. Ibid.
44. Pierce to Palestine Land Development Company - P.L.D.C., 7 January 1927, CZA, File L18/1170.
45. Pierce to Tohn, the head of P.L.D.C., 30 March 1927, CZA, File L18/695.
46. S. Pierce (son of Asher Pierce) (1980) Memories. NAC, MG30, A80.
47. Shoolman to Rosenblatt, 2 April 1927, SPA Bernard Rosenblatt (1868-1969) was the founder of American Zion Commonwealth Inc. (AMZIC), a Jewish American company that was found in 1912 for acquiring lands in Palestine to be used for agricultural, residence, trade and industry - lands with high potential for economic profit.
48. K. Saliman, 'Delegation to Palestine', Door (an American Jewish newspaper), 6 May 1927 (New York).
49. Pierce to Bernard Jossef, the company's lawyer, 8 June 1927; See also the letter from Lorens Levin, the head of the company in New York, to Shoolman, 27 July 1927, SPA.
50. Mond to Pierce, 4 January 1929, WA.
51. Pierce to Dr Ruppin, 31 July 1928, CZA, File L18/1169.
52. K. Saliman,) 'English group of investors is searching economical opportunities in Palestine' Doar, 6 May 1929. See also S. Pierce, Memories.
53. K. Saliman,) 'English group of investors is searching economical opportunities in Palestine' Doar, 6 May 1929. See also S. Pierce, Memories.
54. WA, item 781, No.30; 2. See note 12.
55. Ibid.
56. A. Mond, 'Citrus Industry in Palestine', Haolam, 4 August 1929.
57. See also A. Mond, 'A Visit to Canada', Ha'olam, Palestine-New-York, 6 October 1928.
58. WA, item 781, No. 30; 2.
59. Pierce to Weizmann, 2 July 1927; see also September Pierce to Weizmann, 14 July 1932, WA.
60. Mintzberg (Strategy-Making in Three Modes, pp.44-53), quotes a research of Orvis Collins and David Moore: the two examined 150 investors in the United States spanning the years 1920-70 and created a profile of an investor, primarily in technological ventures.
61. Ibid., p.43.
62. O. Collins, and D.G. Moore, The Organization Makers (New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1970), p.134.