The importance of slavery and the slave trade to industrializing Britain

Journal of Economic History

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 123-144

  Eltis, David ^a,b   Engerman, Stanley L ^c  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC IMPACT; EIGHTEENTH CENTURY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LABOR SUPPLY; MIGRATION; SLAVE; TRADE FLOW;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0034034264     PISSN: 00220507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s002205070000005x     Document Type: Article

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182. _. "Convergenza sul Veneto di banchieri ebrei romani e tedeschi nel tardo Medio Evo." In Gli ebrei e Venezia, secoli XIV-XVIII, edited by Gaetano Cozzi, 597-614. Milan: Edizioni Comunità, 1987.
183. _. Il vino e la carne. Una comunità ebraica nel medioevo. Bologna: IlMulino, 1989.
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188. Velde, Françoise, and David Weir. "The Financial Market and Government Debt Policy in France, 1746-1793." This JOURNAL 52, no. 1 (1992): 1-40.
189. Wallis, John J., Richard E. Sylla, and John B. Legier. "Interaction of Taxation and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Banking." In The Regulated Economy: A Historical Approach to Political Economy, edited by Claudia Goldin and Gary D. Libecap, 121-44. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
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193. Capital Structure and the Financial Development of the U.S. Sugar-Refining Industry, 1875-1905 WILLIAM M. DOYLE William M. Doyle is Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Dallas, Irving, TX. 75062-4736. bdoyle@acad.udallas.edu. In this article I develop a taxonomy of financial practices based on whether financial activity is intended to fund new capital investment or to create new financial structures to accommodate planned changes in the structure of an industry's existing capital stock. The taxonomy is then applied to the financial development of the U.S. sugar-refining industry between 1875 and 1905. The taxonomy provides an explanation of the rise of the large, widely held industrial corporation in the United States that is more consistent with the historical record than are the conventional "financial strain" or "asset liquidation" hypotheses. © The Economic History Association. All rights reserved.
194. Baskin, Michael. "The Development of Corporate Financial Markets in Britain and the United States, 1600-1914: Overcoming Asymmetric Information." Business History Review 62, no. 2 (1988): 199-237.
195. Baskin, Jonathan, and Paul Miranti, Jr. A History of Corporate Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
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209. Eichner, Alfred S. The Emergence of Oligopoly: Sugar Refining as a Case Study. Baltimore: The Johns-Hopkins Press, 1969.
210. Goldsmith, Raymond W. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969.
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237. Turning Points in the U.S. Civil War: A British Perspective WILLIAM O. BROWN JR. AND RICHARD C. K. BURDEKIN William O. Brown Jr. is Assistant Professor and Richard C. K. Burdekin is Professor, Department . of Economics, Claremont McKenna College, 500 E. Ninth Street, Claremont, CA 91711. william_brown@mckenna.edu and richard_burdekin@mckenna.edu. This article examines the Confederate cotton bonds floated in Europe in March 1863 and traded on the London market. Over a 27 March 1863 to 17 June 1865 sample we isolate two, nonreversed, "turning points" that follow news of Confederate defeat at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July 1863 and the fall of Atlanta in September 1864. The analysis suggests that the turning points important to Southern interests differ from those identified for the Northern side by Kristen Willard, Timothy Guinnane, and Harvey Rosen.1 It seems that war news did not always have symmetric effects on North and South. © The Economic History Association. All rights reserved.
238. Banerjee, Anindya, Robin L. Lumsdaine, and James H. Stock. "Recursive and Sequential Tests of Unit Root and Trend Break Hypotheses: Theory and International Evidence."
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241. _. Lest We Forget: Gladstone, Morley and the Confederate Loan of 1863. New York: De Vinne Press, 1905.
242. Burdekin, Richard C. K., and Farrokh K. Langdana. "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861-1865." Explorations in Economic History 30, no. 3 (1993): 352-76.
243. _. Confidence, Credibility andMacroeconomic Policy: Past, Present, Future. London: Routledge, 1995.
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247. _. "Foreign Stocks," 1 October 1864, p. 1231.
248. Gentry, Judith Fenner. "A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan." Journal of Southern History 36, no. 2 (1970): 157-88.
249. Grossman, Herschel I., and Taejoon Han. "War Debt, Moral Hazard, and the Financing of the Confederacy." Journal of Money, Credit, and B anting 2%, no. 2 (1996): 200-15.
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251. Lester, Richard I. Confederate Finance and Purchasing in Great Britain. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975.
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254. Morgan, James F. Graybacks and Gold: Confederate Monetary Policy. Pensacola, FL: Perdido Bay Press, 1985.
255. New York Times. "The Rebel Loan in England," 28 April 1865.
256. _. "The Rebel Loan: A More Complete List of British Subscribers," 9 December 1865.
257. Schwab, John Christopher. The Confederate States of America 1861-1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901.
258. Smith, Gregor W, and R. Todd Smith. "Greenback-Gold Returns and xpectations of Resumption, 1862-1879." this JOURNAL 57, no. 3 (1997): 697-717.
259. Thompson, Samuel Bernard. Confederate Purchasing Operations Abroad. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1935.
260. Todd, Richard Cecil. Confederate Finance. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1954.
261. Weidenmier, Marc D. "War News and Market Structure: Evidence from the Grayback Market during the Civil War." Mimeo, University of Illinois, Champaign, 1998.
262. _. "War News, War Debt, and Confederate Bonds in London." Mimeo, University of Illinois, Champaign, 1998.
263. Willard, Kristen L., Timothy W. Guinnane, and Harvey S. Rosen. "Turning Points in the Civil War: Views from the Greenback Market." American Economic Review 86, no. 4 (1996): 1001-18.
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265. Diets Versus Diseases: The Anthropometries of Slave Children PHILIP R. P. COELHO AND ROBERT A. MCGUIRE Philip R. P. Coelho is Professor, Department of Economics, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306. prpcoelho@bsu.edu. Robert A. McGuire is Professor, Department of Economics, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325. rmcguire@uakron.edu. Coelho was supported by a George A. Ball Distinguished Research Fellowship awarded by the Ball State University Foundation.
266. Allison, A. C. "Genetic Factors in Resistance to Malaria." Annals of the New York Academy of Science 91, no. 3 (1961): 710-29.
267. Anderson, Roy M., and Robert M. May. Infectious Diseases of Humans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
268. Atack, Jeremy, and Peter Passell. A New Economic View of Amer icon History. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994.
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270. Bodenhom, Howard. "A Troublesome Caste: Height and Nutrition of Antebellum Virginia's Rural Free Blacks." This JOURNAL 59, no. 4 (1999): 972-96.
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273. Bryant, Heather E., and Edgar J. Love. "Effect of Employment and Its Correlates on Spontaneous Abortion Risk." Social Science and Medicine 33, no. 7 (1991): 795-800.
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275. Chandler, Asa C. Hookworm Disease: Its Distribution, Biology, Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929.
276. Coelho, Philip R. P., and Robert A. McGuire. "African and European Bound Labor in the British New World: The Biological Consequences of Economic Choices." This JOURNAL 57, no. 1 (1997): 83-115.
277. _. " Biology, Diseases, and Economics: An Epidemiological History of Slavery in the American South." Journal ofBioeconomics 1, no. 2 (1999): 151-90.
278. Dock, George, and Charles C. Bass. Hookworm Disease. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company, 1910.
279. DuPont, Herbert L. "Diarrheal Diseases (Acute)." In The Cambridge World History of Human Disease, edited by Kenneth F. Kiple, 676-80. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
280. Fogel, Robert William. "Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality since 1700: Some Preliminary Findings." In Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth, edited by Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, 439-555. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
281. Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974.
282. _. Time on the Cross II: Evidence and Methods. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974.
283. Foo, Li Chien. "Hookworm Infection and Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Transverse Evidence From Two Malaysian Ecological Groups." Tropical and Geographical Medicine 42, no. 1 (1990): 8-12.
284. Harris, Bernard. "Health, Height, and History: An Overview of Recent Developments in Anthropométrie History." Social History of Medicine 7, no. 2 (1994): 297-320.
285. Kilama, W. A. "Hookworm Infection and Disease in Africa and the Middle East." In Hookworm Disease: Current Status and New Directions, edited by Gerhard A. Schad and K. S. Warren, 17-32. London: Taylor and Francis, 1990.
286. Komlos, John. "Toward an Anthropométrie History of African-Americans: The Case of the Free Blacks in Antebellum Maryland." In Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century America Economic History, edited by Claudia Goldin and Hugh Rockoff, 297-329. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
287. _. "Shrinking in a Growing Economy? The Mystery of Physical Stature during the Industrial Revolution." This JOURNAL 58, no. 3, (1998): 779-802.
288. Komlos, John, and Peter Coclanis. "Nutrition and Economic Development in Post-Reconstruction South Carolina: An Anthropométrie Approach." Social Science History 19, no. 1(1995): 91-115.
289. Margo, Robert A., and Richard H. Steckel. "The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health." Social Science History 6, no. 4 (1982): 516-38.
290. _. "Heights ofNative-Bom Whites during the Antebellum Period." this JOURNAL 43, no. 1 (1983): 167-74.
291. Meuris, Sylvain, Bokumu Bosango Piko, Peter Eerens, et al. "Gestational Malaria: Assessment of Its Consequences on Fetal Growth." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48, no. 5 (1993): 603-09.
292. Migasena, S., and H. M. Gilles. "Clinical Features and Diagnosis." In Hookworm Infections, edited by H. M. Gilles and P. A. J. Ball, 179-93. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.
293. Oaks, Stanley C., Jr., Violaine S. Mitchell, Greg W. Pearson, and Charles C. J. Carpenter, eds. Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991.
294. Poerksen, Anja, and Diana B. Petitti. "Employment and Low Birth Weight in Black Women." Social Science and Medicine 33, no. 11 (1991): 1281-86.
295. Schad, Gerhard A. "The Parasite." In Hookworm Infections, edited by H. M. Gilles and P. A. J. Ball, 15-19. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.
296. Simpson, Joe Leigh. "Are Physical Activity and Employment Related to Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168, no. 4 (1993): 1231-38.
297. Steckel, Richard H. "Slave Height Profiles from Coastwise Manifests." Explorations in Economic History 16, no. 4 (1979): 363-80.
298. _."Birth Weights and Infant Mortality Among American Slaves." Explorations in Economic History 23, no. 2 (1986): 173-98.
299. _. "A Peculiar Population: The Nutrition, Health, and Mortality of American Slaves From Childhood to Maturity." This JOURNAL 46, no. 3 (1986): 721-42.
300. _. "A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves." Social Science History 10, no. 4 (1986): 427-65.
301. _. "Work, Disease, and Diet in the Health and Mortality of American Slaves." In Without Consent or Contract: Technical Papers Vol. II, Vol. 4, edited by Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, 489-507. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
302. _. "Percentiles of Modem Height Standards for Use in Historical Research." National Bureau of Economic Research Working, Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long Run Growth, Historical Paper 75, October, 1995.
303. _. "The Health of American Slaves: New Evidence and Analysis." Paper presented at the Social Science History Association meetings, Chicago, 16-19 November 1995.
304. _. "Stature and the Standard of Living." Journal of Economic Literature 33, no. 4 (1995): 1903-40.
305. _. "Nutritional Status in the Colonial American Economy." The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 55, no. 1 (1999): 31-52.
306. Steketee, Richard W, Jack J. Wirima, Alien W. Hightower, et al. "The Effect of Malaria and Malaria Prevention In Pregnancy on Offspring Birthweight, Prematurity, and Intrauterine Growth Retardation in Rural Malawi." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55, no. 1 suppl. (1996): 33-41.
307. Stephenson, Lani S., Michael C. Latham, Elizabeth J. Adams, et al. "Weight Gain of Kenyan School Children Infected with Hookworm, Trichuris tichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides is Improved Following Once- or Twice-Yearly Treatment with Abendazole1-2." Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 4 (1993): 656-65.
308. _. "Physical Fitness, Growth and Appetite of Kenyan School Boys with Hookworm, Trichuris tichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. Infections are Improved Four Months AfteraSingleDoseofAbendazoIe.'Voz/rna/qfA'iu/r/V/OH 123, no. 6(1993): 1036-46.
309. Stephenson, Lani S., Michael C. Latham, Kathleen M. Kurz, et al. "Relationships of Schistosoma haematobhan, Hookworm, and Malarial Infections and Metrifonate Treatment to Nutritional Status of Kenyan Coastal School Children: A 16-Month Follow-Up." In Schistosomiasis and Malnutrition, edited by Lani S Stephenson, 26-68. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University International Nutrition Monograph Series, No. 16,1986.
310. Stoltzfus, R. J., H. M. Chwaya, J. M. Tielsch, et al. "Epidemiology of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Zanzibar! Schoolchildren: The Importance of Hookworms." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, no. 1 (1997): 153-59.
311. Stuart-Macadam, Patricia and Susan Kent, eds. Diet, Demography, and Disease: Changing Perspectives on Anemia. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1992.
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313. Diets Versus Diseases in the Anthropometries of Slave Children: A Reply RICHARD H. STECKEL Richard H. Steckel is Professor, Departments of Economics and Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research. steckel.1@osu.edu.
314. Breeden, James O., ed. Advice among Masters: The Ideal in Slave Management in the Old South. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.
315. Coelho, Philip R. P. and Robert A. McGuire. "Diets Versus Diseases: The Anthropometries of Slave Children." This JOURNAL 60, no. 1 (2000)
316. David, Paul A., Herbert G Gutman, Richard Sutch, Peter Temin, and Gavin Wright. Reckoning -with Slavery: A Critical Study of the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
317. Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974.
318. Foo, Li Chen. "Hookworm Infection and Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Transverse Evidence from Two Malaysian Ecological Groups." Tropical and Geographical Medicine 42, no. 1(1990): 8-12.
319. Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books, 1976.
320. Hall, Andrew. "Intestinal Parasitic Worms and the Growth of Children." Transactions of the Royal Society of Medicine and Hygiene 87, no. 3 (1993): 241-42.
321. Komlos, John, and Bjom Alecke. "The Economics of Antebellum Slave Heights Reconsidered." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 26, no. 3 (1996): 437-57.
322. Lawless, Jeanne W., Michael C. Latham, Lani S. Stephenson, Stephen N. Kinoti, and Anne M. Pertet." Iron Supplementation Improves Appetite and Growth in Anemic Kenyan Primary School Children." Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 5 (1994): 645-54.
323. Meuris, Sylvain, Bosango Piko Bokumu, Eerens Peters, Anne-Marie Vanbellinghen, Michele Dramaix, and Philippe Hennart. "Gestational Malaria: Assessment of Its Consequences onFetal Growth." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48, no. 5 (1993): 603-09.
324. Pritchett, Jonathan B. "The Interregional Slave Trade and the Selection of Slaves for the New Orleans Market." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28, no. 1 (1997): 57-85.
325. Pritchett, Jonathan B., and Herman Freudenberger. "A Peculiar Sample: The Selection of Slaves for the New Orleans Market." This JOURNAL 52, no. 1 (1992): 109-27.
326. Stephenson, Lani S., Michael C. Latham, Elizabeth J. Adams, Stephen N. Kinoti, and Anne Pertet. "Physical Fitness, Growth and Appetite of Kenyan School Boys with Hookworm Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides Infections are Improved Four Months after a Single Dose of Albendazole. Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 6 (1993): 1036-46.
327. _."Weight Gain of Kenyan School Children Infected with Hookworm, Trichuris trichirua and Ascaris lumbricoides Is Improved Following Once- or Twice-Yearly Treatment with Albendazole. Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 4 (1993): 656-65.
328. Schad, G A. "The Parasite." In Hookworm Infections, edited by H. M. Gilles and P. A. J. Ball, 15-49. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.
329. Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. New York: Vintage Books, 1956.
330. Steckel, Richard H. "A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves." Social Science History 10, no. 4 (1986): 427-65.
331. _. "A Peculiar Population: The Nutrition, Health, and Mortality of American Slaves from Childhood to Maturity." This JOURNAL 46, no. 3 (1986): 721-41.
332. _. "Stature and the Standard of Living." Journal of Economic Literature 33, no.4 (1995): 1903-40.
333. _. "Percentiles of Modern Height Standards for Use in Historical Research." Historical Methods 29, no. 4 (1996): 157-66.
334. Stoltzfus, Rebecca J., Marco Albonico, James M. Tielsch, Hababu M. Chwaya, and Lortenzo Savioli. "School-Based Deworming Program Yields Small Improvement in
335. Growth of Zanzibar! School Children after One Year." Journal of Nutrition 127, no. 11 (1997): 2187-93.
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