'Sitting on his penny rent': Conflict and right of common in Faversham Blean, 1595-1610

Rural History

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-35

  Hipkin, Stephen ^b  

^a CANTERBURY CHRIST CHURCH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREST MANAGEMENT; LAND MANAGEMENT; POPULAR PROTEST; RURAL HISTORY;

ENGLAND(KENT); FAVERSHAM BLEAN; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0034025385     PISSN: 09567933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0956793300001886     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO) STAC 8/194/4 (Lewes v. Parris et al.), 25 (bill); Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone (hereafter CKS) U275 T33/11/1. The case is noted very briefly in P. Clark, 'Popular Protest and Disturbance in Kent, 1558-1640', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 29 (1976), 369.
2. J. Walter, 'A "rising of the people"? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596', Past and Present 107 (1985), 121-2; J. S. Morrill and J. D. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), p. 153; B. Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 5-6, 126-55, 257-63; K. Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), pp. 255-7; C. Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 179-83, 185; R. B. Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 93, 324-7.
3. J. Walter, 'A "rising of the people"? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596', Past and Present 107 (1985), 121-2; J. S. Morrill and J. D. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), p. 153; B. Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 5-6, 126-55, 257-63; K. Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), pp. 255-7; C. Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 179-83, 185; R. B. Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 93, 324-7.
4. J. Walter, 'A "rising of the people"? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596', Past and Present 107 (1985), 121-2; J. S. Morrill and J. D. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), p. 153; B. Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 5-6, 126-55, 257-63; K. Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), pp. 255-7; C. Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 179-83, 185; R. B. Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 93, 324-7.
5. J. Walter, 'A "rising of the people"? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596', Past and Present 107 (1985), 121-2; J. S. Morrill and J. D. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), p. 153; B. Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 5-6, 126-55, 257-63; K. Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), pp. 255-7; C. Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 179-83, 185; R. B. Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 93, 324-7.
6. J. Walter, 'A "rising of the people"? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596', Past and Present 107 (1985), 121-2; J. S. Morrill and J. D. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), p. 153; B. Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 5-6, 126-55, 257-63; K. Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), pp. 255-7; C. Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 179-83, 185; R. B. Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 93, 324-7.
7. J. Walter, 'A "rising of the people"? The Oxfordshire Rising of 1596', Past and Present 107 (1985), 121-2; J. S. Morrill and J. D. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revolution', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1985), p. 153; B. Sharp, In Contempt of All Authority: Rural Artisans and Riot in the West of England, 1586-1660 (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 5-6, 126-55, 257-63; K. Lindley, Fenland Riots and the English Revolution (London, 1982), pp. 255-7; C. Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 179-83, 185; R. B. Manning, Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 93, 324-7.
8. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
9. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
10. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
11. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
12. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
13. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
14. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
15. S. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest in the Caddington Common Enclosure Dispute 1635-1639', Past and Present 158 (1998), 42-3, 75-6; R. W. Hoyle, 'Tenure and the Land Market in Early Modern England: Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 43 (1990), 18-19; E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common (Harmondsworth, 1993), pp. 144-5; Thirsk, 'The Fashioning of the Tudor-Stuart Gentry', John Rylands Library Bulletin, 72 (1990). I am grateful to Dr Thirsk for drawing my attention to her article. Illustrative of the debate within Marxism are L. Althusser, 'Contradiction and Overdetermination', in For Marx (London, 1977), pp. 89-128; R. Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 75-135; E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), pp. 193-397; P. Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980).
16. CKS U275 T33/11/1, 3, /12/3, 10, 11, 13, 14; U1107 T102; QM/SB 827/3; Lambeth Palace Library, London (hereafter LPL) ED 2006, m. 3; PRO E 326/12266; E 318/33/1862 m. 2.
17. PRO C 66/858, mm. 23-4; PROB 11/50/72, /59/121-2, /69/223-4; STAC 5/L11/34 (Lovelace and Dudley v. Rolfe), /L23/23 (Lovelace and Dudley v. Rolfe), /L42/11 (Lovelace and Dudley v. Rolfe), /L47/14 (Lovelace and Dudley v. Rolfe et al.), /S44/31 (Sondes v. Sutton et al.), 8/194/4, 25 (bill); C 2/Eliz. I/C24/21 (Corpus Christi College v. Sondes), /Jas.1/L9/53 (Lassels v. Sondes). Hasted's account of the history of the 'Ville of Dunkirk' is not entirely accurate, E. Hasted, The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, Vol. IX (East Ardsley, 1972 edn.), pp. 2-7.
18. A. E. Everitt, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement (Leicester, 1986), pp. 45-7; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2-3; C. W. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent: A Social and Economic History (Rochester, 1978), p. 9; LPL TD 25.
19. A. E. Everitt, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement (Leicester, 1986), pp. 45-7; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2-3; C. W. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent: A Social and Economic History (Rochester, 1978), p. 9; LPL TD 25.
20. A. E. Everitt, Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement (Leicester, 1986), pp. 45-7; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2-3; C. W. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent: A Social and Economic History (Rochester, 1978), p. 9; LPL TD 25.
21. The population size of Boughton and Hernhill had not altered much by the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1801 it stood at 1,243 (884 in Boughton and 359 in Hernhill), B. Reay, The Last Rising of the Agricultural Labourers: Rural Life and Protest in Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1990), p. 11.
22. M.J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 135-9, ch. 6 esp. pp. 327-36, 344-5; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2, 19; B. Reay, Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England, 1800-1930 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 75-8, 91. Dobson's analysis of 24 whole-marsh parishes in south-eastern England discloses precisely the same trend and chronology. For similar developments in the Hoo peninsula see P. MacDougall, 'Malaria: Its Influence on a North Kent Community', Archaeologia Cantiana 95 (1979), 257-8.
23. M.J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 135-9, ch. 6 esp. pp. 327-36, 344-5; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2, 19; B. Reay, Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England, 1800-1930 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 75-8, 91. Dobson's analysis of 24 whole-marsh parishes in south-eastern England discloses precisely the same trend and chronology. For similar developments in the Hoo peninsula see P. MacDougall, 'Malaria: Its Influence on a North Kent Community', Archaeologia Cantiana 95 (1979), 257-8.
24. M.J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 135-9, ch. 6 esp. pp. 327-36, 344-5; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2, 19; B. Reay, Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England, 1800-1930 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 75-8, 91. Dobson's analysis of 24 whole-marsh parishes in south-eastern England discloses precisely the same trend and chronology. For similar developments in the Hoo peninsula see P. MacDougall, 'Malaria: Its Influence on a North Kent Community', Archaeologia Cantiana 95 (1979), 257-8.
25. M.J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 135-9, ch. 6 esp. pp. 327-36, 344-5; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol. VII, pp. 2, 19; B. Reay, Microhistories: Demography, Society and Culture in Rural England, 1800-1930 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 75-8, 91. Dobson's analysis of 24 whole-marsh parishes in south-eastern England discloses precisely the same trend and chronology. For similar developments in the Hoo peninsula see P. MacDougall, 'Malaria: Its Influence on a North Kent Community', Archaeologia Cantiana 95 (1979), 257-8.
26. Dobson, Contours of Death, pp. 383-98, 459-75.
27. The plight of the 'harvest-sensitive' is explored in J. Walter, 'The Social Economy of Dearth in Early Modern England', in J. Walter and R. Schofield (eds.), Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 75-128; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol IX, p. 3; CKS QM/SB 85, 325, 1346; PRO SP 16/175/81; PC 2/40/956. The 1596 conspiracy is discussed in Clark, 'Popular Protest', 375-6. Eighty-four burials were recorded at Boughton-under-Blean and Hernhill between August 1630 and April 1631.
28. The plight of the 'harvest-sensitive' is explored in J. Walter, 'The Social Economy of Dearth in Early Modern England', in J. Walter and R. Schofield (eds.), Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 75-128; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol IX, p. 3; CKS QM/SB 85, 325, 1346; PRO SP 16/175/81; PC 2/40/956. The 1596 conspiracy is discussed in Clark, 'Popular Protest', 375-6. Eighty-four burials were recorded at Boughton-under-Blean and Hernhill between August 1630 and April 1631.
29. The plight of the 'harvest-sensitive' is explored in J. Walter, 'The Social Economy of Dearth in Early Modern England', in J. Walter and R. Schofield (eds.), Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 75-128; Hasted, History of the County of Kent, Vol IX, p. 3; CKS QM/SB 85, 325, 1346; PRO SP 16/175/81; PC 2/40/956. The 1596 conspiracy is discussed in Clark, 'Popular Protest', 375-6. Eighty-four burials were recorded at Boughton-under-Blean and Hernhill between August 1630 and April 1631.
30. Canterbury Cathedral Archives (hereafter CCA) U3/221/1/1. New surnames appear in the baptism register of Boughton-under-Blean at the rate of 3.6 per annum in the 1580s, 4.1 per annum in the 1590s, 3.6 per annum in the 1600s, 2.9 per annum in the 1610s and 3.6 per annum during the early 1620s.
31. LPL TC 29; Comm. xiia/22, ff. 357-9. Figures exclude freeholdings held by institutions.
32. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent, pp. 58-9; A.R.H. Baker, 'Field Systems of Southeast England', in A. R. H. Baker and R. H. Butlin (eds.), Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 391-2, 401-2, 408-9; S.A. Hipkin, 'The Structure of Land Occupation in the Level of Romney Marsh during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Eddison, M. Gardiner and A. Long (eds.), Romney Marsh: Environmental Change and Human Occupation in a Coastal Lowland (Oxford, 1998), pp. 155-60; M. Zell, Industry in the Countryside: Wealden Society in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 10-11; LPL ED 1808-1832; TC 29, ff. 1r, 18.
33. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent, pp. 58-9; A.R.H. Baker, 'Field Systems of Southeast England', in A. R. H. Baker and R. H. Butlin (eds.), Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 391-2, 401-2, 408-9; S.A. Hipkin, 'The Structure of Land Occupation in the Level of Romney Marsh during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Eddison, M. Gardiner and A. Long (eds.), Romney Marsh: Environmental Change and Human Occupation in a Coastal Lowland (Oxford, 1998), pp. 155-60; M. Zell, Industry in the Countryside: Wealden Society in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 10-11; LPL ED 1808-1832; TC 29, ff. 1r, 18.
34. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent, pp. 58-9; A.R.H. Baker, 'Field Systems of Southeast England', in A. R. H. Baker and R. H. Butlin (eds.), Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 391-2, 401-2, 408-9; S.A. Hipkin, 'The Structure of Land Occupation in the Level of Romney Marsh during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Eddison, M. Gardiner and A. Long (eds.), Romney Marsh: Environmental Change and Human Occupation in a Coastal Lowland (Oxford, 1998), pp. 155-60; M. Zell, Industry in the Countryside: Wealden Society in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 10-11; LPL ED 1808-1832; TC 29, ff. 1r, 18.
35. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent, pp. 58-9; A.R.H. Baker, 'Field Systems of Southeast England', in A. R. H. Baker and R. H. Butlin (eds.), Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973), pp. 391-2, 401-2, 408-9; S.A. Hipkin, 'The Structure of Land Occupation in the Level of Romney Marsh during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Eddison, M. Gardiner and A. Long (eds.), Romney Marsh: Environmental Change and Human Occupation in a Coastal Lowland (Oxford, 1998), pp. 155-60; M. Zell, Industry in the Countryside: Wealden Society in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 10-11; LPL ED 1808-1832; TC 29, ff. 1r, 18.
36. Chalklin, Seventeenth-Century Kent, pp. 58-9; LPL TC 29; ED 281, 1168-1171, 1173-1175, 1796-1798, 1801, 1804, 1806, 1808, 1809-1834. Two hundred and forty wills survive for the parishes of Boughton-under-Blean and Hernhill for the period 1570 to 1640, CKS PRC 32/31-52; U88 M1; U390 M36/1-2. Exceptionally good evidence currently under investigation shows that leaseholders and their sub-tenants overwhelmingly occupied the 23,500 acres comprising the level of Romney Marsh during the mid-seventeenth century.
37. Of the 806 acres approximately 600 acres lay in Boughton parish, 145 acres in Hernhill and 60 acres in Graveney parish. LPL TD 25; Mss. 737 (John Parker's Memoranda Book), ff. 15v, 16-18; PRO C66/1102, m.8; CCA DCc/Reg/v.3/U5/337, f. 80, /U6/49. I am grateful to Sheila Hingley, librarian of Canterbury Cathedral Archives, for drawing Parker's Memoranda Book to my attention.
38. LPL Mss. 737, ff. 19-24, 113v-114. Entry fines, generally modest, are occasionally but not invariably noted.
39. PRO PROB 11/84/15; LPL Mss. 737, ff. 15, 19-24, 29r, 113v-114; Comm xiia/22, ff. 354-6.
40. General observations are based on analysis of a sample of 120 probate inventories for the parishes of Boughton-under-Blean, Hernhill, Selling and Chilham for the period 1580-1620, on the indications in the 1570 survey of Boughton manor and the 1608 survey of Faversham manor. CKS PRC 10, 11, 21, 27, 28; LPL TC 29; CKS U390 M36/1-2.
41. Between Michaelmas and the end of December 1596 1,061 quarters of wheat were shipped to London from Faversham, more than from any other port in Kent or Essex. 800 quarters of malt and 56 quarters of oats were also shipped from Faversham to the capital, PRO SP 12/261/30. For the growing importance of the region in supplying the capital see F. J. Fisher, 'The Development of the London food market 1540-1640', reprinted in E. M. Carus-Wilson (ed.), Essays in Economic History, Vol. One (London, 1963), pp. 135-151.
42. CCA DCb X. 11.9, ff. 36r-43v, 67v-68v.
43. CCA U3/221/5/1, ff. 148-152; LPL TD 25; TC 29, f. 3r; PRO SP 12/261/30. CKS PRC 32/37/109, 140-1; 21/12/116, 331; U36 T474 (part 3); U301 L1; M. Zell, 'A Wood-Pasture Agrarian Regime: The Kentish Weald in the Sixteenth Century', Southern History 7 (1985), 78; Idem, Industry in the Countryside, pp. 92-4; Hipkin, 'Structure of Land Occupation' pp. 156-7; Cf. Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 409-11.
44. CCA U3/221/5/1, ff. 148-152; LPL TD 25; TC 29, f. 3r; PRO SP 12/261/30. CKS PRC 32/37/109, 140-1; 21/12/116, 331; U36 T474 (part 3); U301 L1; M. Zell, 'A Wood-Pasture Agrarian Regime: The Kentish Weald in the Sixteenth Century', Southern History 7 (1985), 78; Idem, Industry in the Countryside, pp. 92-4; Hipkin, 'Structure of Land Occupation' pp. 156-7; Cf. Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 409-11.
45. CCA U3/221/5/1, ff. 148-152; LPL TD 25; TC 29, f. 3r; PRO SP 12/261/30. CKS PRC 32/37/109, 140-1; 21/12/116, 331; U36 T474 (part 3); U301 L1; M. Zell, 'A Wood-Pasture Agrarian Regime: The Kentish Weald in the Sixteenth Century', Southern History 7 (1985), 78; Idem, Industry in the Countryside, pp. 92-4; Hipkin, 'Structure of Land Occupation' pp. 156-7; Cf. Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 409-11.
46. CCA U3/221/5/1, ff. 148-152; LPL TD 25; TC 29, f. 3r; PRO SP 12/261/30. CKS PRC 32/37/109, 140-1; 21/12/116, 331; U36 T474 (part 3); U301 L1; M. Zell, 'A Wood-Pasture Agrarian Regime: The Kentish Weald in the Sixteenth Century', Southern History 7 (1985), 78; Idem, Industry in the Countryside, pp. 92-4; Hipkin, 'Structure of Land Occupation' pp. 156-7; Cf. Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 409-11.
47. CCA U3/221/1/1, /5/1, /235/1/1; LPL ED 1808-1832; PRO STAC 5/S44/31, 2 (answer of John Sutton); K. Wrightson, 'The Politics of the Parish in Early Modern England', in P. Griffiths, A. Fox and S. Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, 1996), p. 19.
48. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer of ten defendants), 23 (answer of Richard Essex); CKS QM/SB 748.
49. The term 'den', originally denoting woodland swine-pasture, often appears, as in Denstroude and Bosenden, as an element in place-names within Blean forest. 'Leaze' meant 'pasture'. Everitt, Continuity and Colonization, pp. 122-3; K. P. Witney, The Jutish Forest (London, 1976), pp. 49, 98; CCA Mss. 1283/5, ff. 1v-47v; Lit. Mss. B5, f. 33v. I owe these references to Mr K. P. Witney. LPL ED 2006, f. 3; PRO C66/858, m.24; E 318/33/1862, m.2; STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer often defendants), 25 (bill); CKS U275 T33/11/1, /12/10.
50. The term 'den', originally denoting woodland swine-pasture, often appears, as in Denstroude and Bosenden, as an element in place-names within Blean forest. 'Leaze' meant 'pasture'. Everitt, Continuity and Colonization, pp. 122-3; K. P. Witney, The Jutish Forest (London, 1976), pp. 49, 98; CCA Mss. 1283/5, ff. 1v-47v; Lit. Mss. B5, f. 33v. I owe these references to Mr K. P. Witney. LPL ED 2006, f. 3; PRO C66/858, m.24; E 318/33/1862, m.2; STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer often defendants), 25 (bill); CKS U275 T33/11/1, /12/10.
51. CKS U390 T36, 37/2, 42/2; QM/SI 1601/2/5, 1609/7/1-2; QM/SB 366, 827/3; PRC 28/7/256. At market prices during the 1590s a six-acre pasture holding in Boughton hundred would have cost in the order of £1. 5s. per annum to rent. Here indeed was the 'yeoman of Kent, sitting on his penny rent', A Kentish Garland I (1881), p. 139, quoted in M. Campbell, The English Yeoman Under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (London, 1983), p. 77.
52. CKS U390 T36, 37/2, 42/2; QM/SI 1601/2/5, 1609/7/1-2; QM/SB 366, 827/3; PRC 28/7/256. At market prices during the 1590s a six-acre pasture holding in Boughton hundred would have cost in the order of £1. 5s. per annum to rent. Here indeed was the 'yeoman of Kent, sitting on his penny rent', A Kentish Garland I (1881), p. 139, quoted in M. Campbell, The English Yeoman Under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (London, 1983), p. 77.
53. CKS U275 T33/12/19; QM/SB 85, ff.1, 3-4; LPL Mss. 737, ff. 15, 20r, 113r; PRO STAC 5/S44/31, 2.
54. PRO STAC 5/S80/40 (Sondes v. Hawkins et al.); C 2/Jas.I/L9/53, /C1/11 (Crayford et al. v. Lewes and Cockayne); CKS Fa/Ac 2; U275 T33/11/3. The agents administering Faversham Blean and lands in Waltham on behalf of Bevil Lewes's principal creditor after his dispossession in May 1609 reckoned to have 'received clear profits' of £2,454. 6s. 3d. by March 1622, suggesting roughly £200 per annum. Sondes, therefore, needed to intensify the exploitation of the land in order to make any significant profit from the estate.
55. PRO STAC 5/S80/40; CCA U3/221/5/1; LPL ED 1815-1827; CKS PRC 32/44/295. Comments on the ages of the organisers of the common purse are based mainly on examination of parish register and church court deposition evidence.
56. CKS U301 L1; U55 E71; U36 T474 (Part 3); PRC 32/36/82, /46/237, /52/318; LPL ED 1821; CCA DCb X.11.6, f. 173v, X.11.13, f. 73v. Hawkins, Napleton and Siriac Jacob were all among the list of just eleven men assessed in Boughton hundred for the forced loan in 1596, Staffordshire Record Office, Stafford (hereafter SRO) D593/S/4/15/4. The Napleton family also became prominent in Faversham during the 1610s. P. Clark, 'The Migrant in Kentish Towns 1580-1640', in P. Clark and P. Slack (eds.), Crisis and Order in English Towns 1500-1700 (London, 1972), pp. 151, 162 n.2.
57. In addition there is much evidence of inter-vivos land and stock transfers in the wills of these men. CKS PRC 21/12/331, 28/6/11, /52, /7/606, 32/37/140, /39/280, /41/8, /237, /51/126; QM/SB 325; LPL ED 1822, 1823; TC 29, f. 6v; Mss. 737, ff. 15r, 19r, 20r, 113v; CCA U3/221/5/1.
58. CCA DCb X.11.9, f. 37v; U3/221/5/1, f. 6v; CKS PRC 28/7/277,/502, 32/43/156, /44/293; SRO D593/S/4/6/1 8; PRO ASSI 35/55/4; LPL TC 29, f.18r. Hamon Watson was a churchwarden at Boughton in 1587 and 1588.
59. T. E. Hartley, 'The Sheriffs of the County of Kent, c.1580-c.1625' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of London, 1970), p. 375; J.N. McGurk, 'The Lieutenancy in Kent c.1580-1620' (unpublished M.Phil, thesis, University of London, 1971), p. 196; SRO D593/S/4/19/24, /6/18, /19/34, /38/4, /39/10; P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: Religion, Politics and Society in Kent 1500-1640 (Hassocks, 1977), p. 260; L. A. Knafla (ed.), Kent at Law 1602. The County Jurisdiction: Assizes and Sessions of the Peace (London, 1994), pp. xxiv-xxv. See Table 4. Religious antipathy may have to some extent influenced Sondes's perception of those in the vanguard of resistance to his plans for Faversham Blean, but apart from Thomas Hawkins and Edward Songer, no other known recusants were named by Sondes, though Florence Watson - Hamon's wife - remained loyal to her father's religion. Opposition to the enclosure of Faversham Blean united men of catholic and protestant persuasion. CKS PRC 32/50/200.
60. T. E. Hartley, 'The Sheriffs of the County of Kent, c.1580-c.1625' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of London, 1970), p. 375; J.N. McGurk, 'The Lieutenancy in Kent c.1580-1620' (unpublished M.Phil, thesis, University of London, 1971), p. 196; SRO D593/S/4/19/24, /6/18, /19/34, /38/4, /39/10; P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: Religion, Politics and Society in Kent 1500-1640 (Hassocks, 1977), p. 260; L. A. Knafla (ed.), Kent at Law 1602. The County Jurisdiction: Assizes and Sessions of the Peace (London, 1994), pp. xxiv-xxv. See Table 4. Religious antipathy may have to some extent influenced Sondes's perception of those in the vanguard of resistance to his plans for Faversham Blean, but apart from Thomas Hawkins and Edward Songer, no other known recusants were named by Sondes, though Florence Watson - Hamon's wife - remained loyal to her father's religion. Opposition to the enclosure of Faversham Blean united men of catholic and protestant persuasion. CKS PRC 32/50/200.
61. T. E. Hartley, 'The Sheriffs of the County of Kent, c.1580-c.1625' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of London, 1970), p. 375; J.N. McGurk, 'The Lieutenancy in Kent c.1580-1620' (unpublished M.Phil, thesis, University of London, 1971), p. 196; SRO D593/S/4/19/24, /6/18, /19/34, /38/4, /39/10; P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: Religion, Politics and Society in Kent 1500-1640 (Hassocks, 1977), p. 260; L. A. Knafla (ed.), Kent at Law 1602. The County Jurisdiction: Assizes and Sessions of the Peace (London, 1994), pp. xxiv-xxv. See Table 4. Religious antipathy may have to some extent influenced Sondes's perception of those in the vanguard of resistance to his plans for Faversham Blean, but apart from Thomas Hawkins and Edward Songer, no other known recusants were named by Sondes, though Florence Watson - Hamon's wife - remained loyal to her father's religion. Opposition to the enclosure of Faversham Blean united men of catholic and protestant persuasion. CKS PRC 32/50/200.
62. T. E. Hartley, 'The Sheriffs of the County of Kent, c.1580-c.1625' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of London, 1970), p. 375; J.N. McGurk, 'The Lieutenancy in Kent c.1580-1620' (unpublished M.Phil, thesis, University of London, 1971), p. 196; SRO D593/S/4/19/24, /6/18, /19/34, /38/4, /39/10; P. Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution: Religion, Politics and Society in Kent 1500-1640 (Hassocks, 1977), p. 260; L. A. Knafla (ed.), Kent at Law 1602. The County Jurisdiction: Assizes and Sessions of the Peace (London, 1994), pp. xxiv-xxv. See Table 4. Religious antipathy may have to some extent influenced Sondes's perception of those in the vanguard of resistance to his plans for Faversham Blean, but apart from Thomas Hawkins and Edward Songer, no other known recusants were named by Sondes, though Florence Watson - Hamon's wife - remained loyal to her father's religion. Opposition to the enclosure of Faversham Blean united men of catholic and protestant persuasion. CKS PRC 32/50/200.
63. PRO STAC 5/S80/40; STAC 8/194/4, 3v (examinations book), 24 (joint answer of ten defendants), 25 (bill). Contrary to Lewes's later assertions the holders of woodleazes were adamant that 'upon the right of the commons there was never any verdict or judgment against any of the said commoners or any others claiming by, from or under them'.
64. PRO C 2/Eliz.I/C24/21. During these years John Stampe, the attorney of Corpus Christi 'was constantly badgering the high sheriff of Kent to carry out writs' against Sondes. C. W. Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers of the Commonwealth: The 'Lower Branch' of the Legal Profession in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1986), p. 189.
65. PRO STAC 8/263/20 (Sondes v. Watson); /263/21 (Sondes v. Honifold).
66. PRO STAC 5/S44/31 (bill); CKS QM/Siq, m. 20; PRC 32/44/96-99. Sadly another Star Chamber case brought by Sondes against John Sutton (as principal defendant) - STAC 5/S19/31 - is now 'missing' at the PRO.
67. CKS PRC 17/55/317; 21/16/75; 28/5/259, /306; 32/41/66, /168, /46/159.
68. CKS PRC 28/7/104-5; 32/40/102v, /42/295.
69. John and William Clare were co-heirs of an estate valued at £28 in 1593. CKS PRC 32/37/102; QM/SB 85, f. 3.
70. CKS QM/SB 85, ff. 2-3.
71. PRO STAC 5/S44/31, 2.
72. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 25 (bill). The purchase price was probably at least £4,000, given that Sondes had leased Faversham Blean for £200 per annum less than three years earlier, and assuming the normal calculation of twenty years' annual rent. In 1622 Lewes claimed that his lands in Waltham and Faversham Blean were worth more than £7,000, which perhaps was not much exaggeration since in October 1635 Thomas Springett paid £3,600 for 1,072 acres of Faversham Blean lying to the north of the highway leading from Canterbury to London. PRO C 2/Jas.I/C1/11; CKS U275 T33/12/11.13, 14.
73. CKS U275 T33/11/1, T53/11/2; Q/SR4, m.2; PRO C 2/Jas.I/C1/11.
74. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 25 (bill); B. Sharp, 'Common Rights, Charities and the Disorderly Poor', in G. Eley and W. Hunt (eds.), Reviving the English Revolution: Reflections and Elaborations on the Work of Christopher Hill (London, 1988), p. 118.
75. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer of ten defendants), 25 (bill).
76. Mason needed to be enterprising; he had three sons and eight daughters to support. CKS PRC 17/60/372.
77. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 25 (bill). Lewes concluded by claiming that 'the like dangerous actions in burning a frame of a house upon the same grounds' had happened before, 'first when Sir Michael Sondes was owner (sic) of the said woods and sithence again when your majesty's said subject Bevil Lewes had purchased the same'.
78. CKS S/Rm/FS3, f. 27; U390 M36/2, mm. 14, 17; PRC 32/37/109; PRO STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer of ten defendants), 25 (bill); Knafla (ed.), Kent at Law, p. 157. Of the fourteen answering, eight came from Boughton-under-Blean, three from Selling, one from Chilham, Thomas Napleton was based in Hernhill and Peter Parris lived in Wrotham. Ten appended marks to their examinations, Peter Parris, Thomas Napleton and Christopher King provided signatures
79. Edward Broadstreet told workmen 'that he did take the place where the plaintiff intended to build the same house to be the king's and that the plaintiff ought not to build there', and William Whittall, a Chilham hempdresser, told Mason that he hoped 'by the Grace of God it will be built with the bottom upwards'. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 2-19 (examinations book), 24 (joint answer of ten defendants).
80. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 5-7, 14-17 (examinations book).
81. CKS QM/SB 728, 744; QM/SI 1607/7/13.
82. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 23 (answer of Richard Essex). Essex moved from Harbledown to Boughton-under-Blean in 1604.
83. CKS QM/SB 748; QM/SI 1607/7/16; PRO STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer of ten defendants).
84. CKS QM/SI 1609/7/1-5; QM/SB 827/1-3; PRO ASSI 35/51/6, m.44.
85. PRO C 2/Jas.I/C1/11; C 3/317/30; C 24 (Cockayne v Lewes), Hil. 8 Jac., Pas. 9 Jac., Trin. 14 Jac.; C 78/247/7 (Lowe et al. v. Mynne), /410/5; PROB 11/153/193.
86. CKS U275 T33/12/3, 10, 11, 13, 14; U521 E2, ff. 146-7, 155; U1107 T102. In 1635 a 'Tilekiln and other buildings and edifices thereunto belonging' were also noted in Faversham Blean.
87. SRO D593/P/5/3/4/2/1-4, /S/4/11/10. Knafla, Kent at Law, p. xxv; Hartley, 'Sheriffs of Kent', p. 375; PRO C 2/Eliz.1/C24/21. Cf. A. Fox, 'Custom, Memory and the Authority of Writing', in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 89-116.
88. SRO D593/P/5/3/4/2/1-4, /S/4/11/10. Knafla, Kent at Law, p. xxv; Hartley, 'Sheriffs of Kent', p. 375; PRO C 2/Eliz.1/C24/21. Cf. A. Fox, 'Custom, Memory and the Authority of Writing', in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 89-116.
89. SRO D593/P/5/3/4/2/1-4, /S/4/11/10. Knafla, Kent at Law, p. xxv; Hartley, 'Sheriffs of Kent', p. 375; PRO C 2/Eliz.1/C24/21. Cf. A. Fox, 'Custom, Memory and the Authority of Writing', in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 89-116.
90. Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest', 72-3, 75.
91. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 130; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 85-6. M. Beresford, 'Habitation versus Improvement: The Debate on Enclosure by Agreement', in F.J. Fisher (ed.), Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 40-69.
92. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 130; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 85-6. M. Beresford, 'Habitation versus Improvement: The Debate on Enclosure by Agreement', in F.J. Fisher (ed.), Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 40-69.
93. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 130; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 85-6. M. Beresford, 'Habitation versus Improvement: The Debate on Enclosure by Agreement', in F.J. Fisher (ed.), Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 40-69.
94. Clark, 'The Migrant in Kentish Towns', p. 162 n.2; PRO STAC 8/194/4, 24 (joint answer of ten defendants).
95. W. Lambarde, Perambulation of Kent (1826), p. 9, quoted in Campbell, English Yeoman, pp. 146-7; Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 386-9, 401, 413.
96. W. Lambarde, Perambulation of Kent (1826), p. 9, quoted in Campbell, English Yeoman, pp. 146-7; Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 386-9, 401, 413.
97. W. Lambarde, Perambulation of Kent (1826), p. 9, quoted in Campbell, English Yeoman, pp. 146-7; Baker, 'Field systems', pp. 386-9, 401, 413.
98. CCA DCb, X.9.11, f. 122v.
99. Knafla (ed.), Kent at Law 1602, pp. vii-xi; PRO STAC 8/194/4, 25 (bill).
100. I discuss these disorders in an article currently in preparation.
101. CKS QM/SB 85, ff. 1-4.
102. CKS Q/SR2, mm. 6, 8, /SR4, m. 5; Knafla, Kent at Law, p. xxv. Sondes died in 1617. Cf. K. Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Early Modern England', in J. Brewer and J. Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1983), pp. 21-46.
103. CKS Q/SR2, mm. 6, 8, /SR4, m. 5; Knafla, Kent at Law, p. xxv. Sondes died in 1617. Cf. K. Wrightson, 'Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Early Modern England', in J. Brewer and J. Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1983), pp. 21-46.
104. T. G. Barnes, 'Due Process and Slow Process in the late Elizabethan-early Stuart Star Chamber', The American Journal of Legal History 6 (1962), 226-7, 340; For discussion of 'chameleon-like shifts in emphasis attuned to the perceived audience' see Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 166-72.
105. T. G. Barnes, 'Due Process and Slow Process in the late Elizabethan-early Stuart Star Chamber', The American Journal of Legal History 6 (1962), 226-7, 340; For discussion of 'chameleon-like shifts in emphasis attuned to the perceived audience' see Holmes, 'Drainers and Fenmen', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 166-72.
106. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 6 (examinations book), 25 (bill); SRO D593/P/5/4/2/2.
107. J. A. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', in B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1985), pp. 246-8, 253; J. Brewer and J. Styles, 'Introduction', in Brewer and Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People, pp. 14-20; A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson, 'Introduction', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 15-26. c.W. Brooks, 'Professions, Ideology and the Middling Sort in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics, 1550-1800 (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 124-30; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 95-6, 101-7. Brooks's calculations of litigation costs appear to take no account of incidental expenses (travel, lodging, loss of earnings, witness compensation etc.) which might be substantial.
108. J. A. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', in B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1985), pp. 246-8, 253; J. Brewer and J. Styles, 'Introduction', in Brewer and Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People, pp. 14-20; A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson, 'Introduction', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 15-26. c.W. Brooks, 'Professions, Ideology and the Middling Sort in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics, 1550-1800 (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 124-30; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 95-6, 101-7. Brooks's calculations of litigation costs appear to take no account of incidental expenses (travel, lodging, loss of earnings, witness compensation etc.) which might be substantial.
109. J. A. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', in B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1985), pp. 246-8, 253; J. Brewer and J. Styles, 'Introduction', in Brewer and Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People, pp. 14-20; A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson, 'Introduction', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 15-26. c.W. Brooks, 'Professions, Ideology and the Middling Sort in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics, 1550-1800 (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 124-30; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 95-6, 101-7. Brooks's calculations of litigation costs appear to take no account of incidental expenses (travel, lodging, loss of earnings, witness compensation etc.) which might be substantial.
110. J. A. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', in B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1985), pp. 246-8, 253; J. Brewer and J. Styles, 'Introduction', in Brewer and Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People, pp. 14-20; A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson, 'Introduction', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 15-26. c.W. Brooks, 'Professions, Ideology and the Middling Sort in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics, 1550-1800 (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 124-30; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 95-6, 101-7. Brooks's calculations of litigation costs appear to take no account of incidental expenses (travel, lodging, loss of earnings, witness compensation etc.) which might be substantial.
111. J. A. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', in B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1985), pp. 246-8, 253; J. Brewer and J. Styles, 'Introduction', in Brewer and Styles (eds.), An Ungovernable People, pp. 14-20; A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson, 'Introduction', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds.), Order and Disorder, pp. 15-26. c.W. Brooks, 'Professions, Ideology and the Middling Sort in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries', in J. Barry and C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics, 1550-1800 (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 124-30; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 95-6, 101-7. Brooks's calculations of litigation costs appear to take no account of incidental expenses (travel, lodging, loss of earnings, witness compensation etc.) which might be substantial.
112. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', p. 253; Wrightson, 'Politics of the Parish', p. 19; S. Hindle,'The Keeping of the Public Peace',in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 213-18.
113. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', p. 253; Wrightson, 'Politics of the Parish', p. 19; S. Hindle,'The Keeping of the Public Peace',in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 213-18.
114. Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', p. 253; Wrightson, 'Politics of the Parish', p. 19; S. Hindle,'The Keeping of the Public Peace',in Griffiths, Fox and Hindle (eds.), The Experience of Authority, pp. 213-18.
115. W. R. Prest, The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 286-7; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 132-8; Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', pp. 258-9.
116. W. R. Prest, The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 286-7; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 132-8; Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', pp. 258-9.
117. W. R. Prest, The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 286-7; Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 132-8; Sharpe, 'The People and the Law', pp. 258-9.
118. T. G. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants and their Counsel, 1596-1641', in J. H. Baker (ed.), Legal Records and the Historian (London, 1978), p. 7.
119. Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 107-11; Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', p. 18.
120. Brooks, Pettyfoggers and Vipers, pp. 107-11; Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', p. 18.
121. PRO STAC 8/259/29 (Sondes v. Denne); /263/22 (Sondes v. Denne et al.).
122. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
123. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
124. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
125. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
126. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
127. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
128. Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 18-20; Barnes, 'Due Process', 228, 231-2, 248, 340-2; J. A. Guy, The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 80-2; W. J. Jones, The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967), pp. 12, 178, 190-9, 314-17; H. Horwitz, Chancery Equity Records and Proceedings 1600-1800 (London, 1995), pp. 9, 12-15; M. J. Ingram 'Communities and Courts: Law and Disorder in Early-Seventeenth-Century Wiltshire', in J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England, 1550-1800 (London, 1977), pp. 110, 118-22; J. H. Baker (ed.), The Reports of Sir John Spelman, Volume 2 (Selden Society, London, 1978), p. 84.
129. As we have seen, some of the rioters of 22nd May 1602 were prosecuted at county sessions.
130. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 2-19 (examinations book), 23 (answer of Richard Essex), 24 (joint answer of ten defendants); J.A. Guy, The Court of Star Chamber and its Records to the Reign of Elizabeth I (London, 1985), pp. 21, 50; Guy, Cardinal's Court, pp. 115-17; Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 21, 23; Barnes, 'Due Process', 337-44. There is no evidence of commission of dedimus potestatem in either case, and the sworn examinations of defendants were recorded in the paper books used when proofs were taken in London.
131. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 2-19 (examinations book), 23 (answer of Richard Essex), 24 (joint answer of ten defendants); J.A. Guy, The Court of Star Chamber and its Records to the Reign of Elizabeth I (London, 1985), pp. 21, 50; Guy, Cardinal's Court, pp. 115-17; Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 21, 23; Barnes, 'Due Process', 337-44. There is no evidence of commission of dedimus potestatem in either case, and the sworn examinations of defendants were recorded in the paper books used when proofs were taken in London.
132. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 2-19 (examinations book), 23 (answer of Richard Essex), 24 (joint answer of ten defendants); J.A. Guy, The Court of Star Chamber and its Records to the Reign of Elizabeth I (London, 1985), pp. 21, 50; Guy, Cardinal's Court, pp. 115-17; Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 21, 23; Barnes, 'Due Process', 337-44. There is no evidence of commission of dedimus potestatem in either case, and the sworn examinations of defendants were recorded in the paper books used when proofs were taken in London.
133. PRO STAC 8/194/4, 2-19 (examinations book), 23 (answer of Richard Essex), 24 (joint answer of ten defendants); J.A. Guy, The Court of Star Chamber and its Records to the Reign of Elizabeth I (London, 1985), pp. 21, 50; Guy, Cardinal's Court, pp. 115-17; Barnes, 'Star Chamber Litigants', pp. 21, 23; Barnes, 'Due Process', 337-44. There is no evidence of commission of dedimus potestatem in either case, and the sworn examinations of defendants were recorded in the paper books used when proofs were taken in London.
134. CKS Q/SR 3, mm. 8, 14. For the involvement of women in riot see Clark, 'Popular Protest', 376-7; R. Houlebrooke, 'Women's Social Life and Common Action in England from the Fifteenth Century to the Eve of the Civil War', Continuity and Change, 1 (1986), 171-89; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 96-8; Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest', 57.
135. CKS Q/SR 3, mm. 8, 14. For the involvement of women in riot see Clark, 'Popular Protest', 376-7; R. Houlebrooke, 'Women's Social Life and Common Action in England from the Fifteenth Century to the Eve of the Civil War', Continuity and Change, 1 (1986), 171-89; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 96-8; Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest', 57.
136. CKS Q/SR 3, mm. 8, 14. For the involvement of women in riot see Clark, 'Popular Protest', 376-7; R. Houlebrooke, 'Women's Social Life and Common Action in England from the Fifteenth Century to the Eve of the Civil War', Continuity and Change, 1 (1986), 171-89; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 96-8; Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest', 57.
137. CKS Q/SR 3, mm. 8, 14. For the involvement of women in riot see Clark, 'Popular Protest', 376-7; R. Houlebrooke, 'Women's Social Life and Common Action in England from the Fifteenth Century to the Eve of the Civil War', Continuity and Change, 1 (1986), 171-89; Manning, Village Revolts, pp. 96-8; Hindle, 'Persuasion and Protest', 57.
138. C. Read (ed.), William Lombarde and Local Government: His "Ephemeris" and Twenty-Nine Charges to Juries and Commissions (New York, 1962), p. 141.
139. J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London, 1990), pp. 319-20, 341-2; Horwitz, Chancery Records, p. 15, n.25; Guy, Court of Star Chamber, p. 27.
140. J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London, 1990), pp. 319-20, 341-2; Horwitz, Chancery Records, p. 15, n.25; Guy, Court of Star Chamber, p. 27.
141. J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London, 1990), pp. 319-20, 341-2; Horwitz, Chancery Records, p. 15, n.25; Guy, Court of Star Chamber, p. 27.
142. R. H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1912), pp. 237-53; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 110; Wrightson, 'Politics of the Parish', pp. 22-5.
143. R. H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1912), pp. 237-53; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 110; Wrightson, 'Politics of the Parish', pp. 22-5.
144. R. H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1912), pp. 237-53; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 110; Wrightson, 'Politics of the Parish', pp. 22-5.
145. As has been pointed out, any identification of capitalist farming as, necessarily, large-scale farming precludes smallholders from participating in the development of rural capitalism, except by their disappearance. P. Croot and D. Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared', reprinted in T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin (eds.), The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 79-81; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 135.
146. As has been pointed out, any identification of capitalist farming as, necessarily, large-scale farming precludes smallholders from participating in the development of rural capitalism, except by their disappearance. P. Croot and D. Parker, 'Agrarian Class Structure and the Development of Capitalism: France and England Compared', reprinted in T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin (eds.), The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 79-81; Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 135.
147. Ibid., (emphasis added).
148. There is a sense in which the focus of the Sharp-Lindley-Holmes debate on 'leadership' of resistance to enclosure in forest and fenland regions highlights the importance of this point in the process of missing it. Certainly Roger Manning's tabular analysis of the leadership of anti-enclosure riots (Village Revolts, pp. 322, 324, 326) is an exercise fraught with dangers. Steve Hindle's stress on the 'unexplored intimacies of "proximate structuration"' ('Persuasion and Protest', 75-7) offers a stimulating alternative approach, but one which in seeking to identify 'shifting communities of common interest' (my emphasis) risks underestimating the ideological tensions conditioning what he correctly identifies as 'the very mutability of social configurations and interests'.
149. There is a sense in which the focus of the Sharp-Lindley-Holmes debate on 'leadership' of resistance to enclosure in forest and fenland regions highlights the importance of this point in the process of missing it. Certainly Roger Manning's tabular analysis of the leadership of anti-enclosure riots (Village Revolts, pp. 322, 324, 326) is an exercise fraught with dangers. Steve Hindle's stress on the 'unexplored intimacies of "proximate structuration"' ('Persuasion and Protest', 75-7) offers a stimulating alternative approach, but one which in seeking to identify 'shifting communities of common interest' (my emphasis) risks underestimating the ideological tensions conditioning what he correctly identifies as 'the very mutability of social configurations and interests'.
150. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 133; C. B. Macpherson, 'Capitalism and the changing concept of property', in E. Kamenka and R. S. Neale (eds.), Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond (London, 1975), pp. 108-11; Baker, 'Field Systems', pp. 386-9, 397, 401-5, 408-19, esp. 413, 415.
151. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 133; C. B. Macpherson, 'Capitalism and the changing concept of property', in E. Kamenka and R. S. Neale (eds.), Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond (London, 1975), pp. 108-11; Baker, 'Field Systems', pp. 386-9, 397, 401-5, 408-19, esp. 413, 415.
152. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 133; C. B. Macpherson, 'Capitalism and the changing concept of property', in E. Kamenka and R. S. Neale (eds.), Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond (London, 1975), pp. 108-11; Baker, 'Field Systems', pp. 386-9, 397, 401-5, 408-19, esp. 413, 415.