Authored ecosystems: Livingston stone and the transformation of California fisheries

Environmental History

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 54-74

  Towle, Jerry C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FISHERY MANAGEMENT; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INTRODUCED SPECIES; NINETEENTH CENTURY;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; CELLULAR ORGANISMS; CYPRINUS CARPIO; ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS; ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA; PISCES; SALMO TRUTTA; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 0034025299     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985535     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
2. See, for example, Bernard Nebel and Richard T. Wright, Environmental Science (New York: Prentice Hall, 1993), 77-78; and G. Tyler Miller, Environmental Science: An Introduction (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1992).
3. See, for example, Bernard Nebel and Richard T. Wright, Environmental Science (New York: Prentice Hall, 1993), 77-78; and G. Tyler Miller, Environmental Science: An Introduction (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1992).
4. I am indebted to an anonymous reviewer of an earlier draft of this paper for this term.
5. William Cronon, "The Trouble With Wilderness," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996).
6. Michael Pollan, "The Idea of a Garden," in Second Nature: A Gardener's Education, ed. Michael Pollan (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991), 176-201.
7. George Perkins Marsh, Report on the Artificial Propagation of Fish (Burlington, Vt.: Free Press Printers, 1857), 11.
8. George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature, ed. David Lowenthal (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 64.
9. Marsh, Artificial Propagation of Fish, 8, 9.
10. American Fish Culturist's Association, Report of the Sixth Annual Meeting (New York: American Fish Culturist's Association, 1876), 15.
11. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Propagation of Food Fishes, 7874-1875 (Washington, D.C.: GPO), viii.
12. J. T. Bowen, "A History of Fish Culture as Related to the Development of Fishery Programs," in A Century of Fisheries in North America, ed. Norman T. Benson (Washington, D.C.: American Fisheries Society, 1970), 71-94.
13. Cloudsley Rutter, "The Fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Basin, With a Study of Their Distribution and Variation," Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 27 (1903): 105-52.
14. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1876-77 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 24.
15. Ibid.
16. Livingston Stone, "Is the Yellow Perch (Perea flavescens) a Good Fish to Introduce Into California?" Forest and Stream 2 (1874): 84.
17. R. D. Hume, "The Salmon of the Pacific Coast," Pamphlets on California Commerce 2 (1893): 4, 19.
18. Robert Walsh, "Chinese and the Fisheries," California Illustrated 4 (1893): 833-40.
19. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1883-84 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 6.
20. Donald J. Pisani, "Fish Culture and the Dawn of Concern Over Water Pollution in the United States," Environmental Review 8 (1984): 117-31.
21. Rutter, "Fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Basin," 143.
22. Ibid.
23. Walsh, "Chinese and the Fisheries," 839, n. 12.
24. San Francisco Call, 4 May 1879.
25. Livingston Stone to Spencer Baird, 23 July 1873, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
26. San Francisco Alta, 11 December 1871.
27. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1870-71 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 14-15.
28. Ibid.
29. Pisani, "Fish Culture," 119.
30. Stone was not the originator of the notion that Pacific Salmon could restore eastern fisheries; he was, however, the most enthusiastic champion of the idea.
31. Livingston Stone to Spencer Baird, 18 June 1872, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
32. Although New Zealand was ultimately successful in naturalizing Chinook salmon, it was not from these early efforts.
33. Joel Hedgpeth, "Livingston Stone and Fish Culture in California," California Fish and Game 27 (1941): 127-48.
34. Livingston Stone, "Sacramento vs. Eastern Salmon," American Sportsmen 14 (1874): 198.
35. Livingston Stone to Spencer Baird, 31 August 1872, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
36. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1874-75 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 19.
37. Ibid., 17.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., 18.
40. Ibid., 19.
41. Livingston Stone to Spencer Baird, 6 February 1873, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
42. Livingston Stone to Spencer Baird, 4 March 1873, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
43. Spencer Baird to Livingston Stone, 14 March 1873, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
44. American Fish Culturist's Association, Report, vol. 3 (1874), 10.
45. San Francisco Alta, 14 May 1873.
46. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1873-74 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 18.
47. Livingston Stone to Spencer Baird, 3 July 1873, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
48. U.S. Fish Commission, Report, 1872-73 (Washington, D.C.: GPO), xxix.
49. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1874-75 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 23.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., 25.
52. Ibid., 28.
53. Pisani, "Fish Culture," 119.
54. Commissioner of Fisheries of California, Biennial Report, 1870-71 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 13-14.
55. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1876-77 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 22.
56. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1883-84 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 9.
57. San Francisco Alta, 11 May 1873.
58. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1879-80 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 9.
59. Ibid., 38, n. 56.
60. Ibid., 10, n. 55.
61. Ibid., 22, n. 49.
62. E. J. Hooper, "California Fish Planting," Forest and Stream 5 (19 August 1875): 19-20.
63. San Francisco Bulletin, 6 January 1877.
64. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1878-79 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 10.
65. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1885-86 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 5.
66. Board of Fish and Game Commissioners of the State of California, Report, 1910 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 39.
67. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1879-80 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 12.
68. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1899-90 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 22.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., 23, n. 66.
71. Ibid., 36, n. 66.
72. Ibid., 39, n. 66.
73. Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of California, Biennial Report, 1881-82 (Sacramento: California Fish Commission), 9.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid., 34, n. 66.
76. Peter B. Moyle, "Introductions in California: History and Impact on Native Fishes," Biological Conservation 9 (1976): 101-18.
77. William R. Cronon, "The Uses of Environmental History," Environmental History Review 17 (1993): 16.