The religious roots of modern international relations

World Politics

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 206-245

  Philpott, Daniel ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; IDEOLOGY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; RELIGION;

EID: 0034023523     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0043887100002604     Document Type: Article

References (332)

1. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
2. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
3. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
4. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
5. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
6. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
7. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
8. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
9. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
10. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
11. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
12. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
13. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
14. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
15. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
16. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
17. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
18. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
19. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
20. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
21. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
22. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American
23. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
24. These include Friedrich Kratochwil, "Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry into the Formation of the States System," World Politics 39 (October 1986); John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993); Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Rodney Brace Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). On the works of the constructivists more generally, see Alexander Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization 41 (Summer 1987); idem, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992); idem, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994); John Gerard Ruggie, "What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998); Jeffrey T. Checkel, "The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory," World Politics 50 (January 1998), For works on sovereignty and its history, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Ruggie (fn. 1,1993); Kratochwil (fn. 1); Thomas J. Bierksteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Bartelson (fn. 1); Daniel Philpott, "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History" Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995); Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies 21 (April 1988); F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Alan James, Sovereign Statehood (London: Alien and Unwin, 1986); Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994); Janice Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly 39 (June 1995); Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park: Penn State Press, 1995); Barry Buzan, "The Idea of 'International System': Theory Meets History," International Political Science Review 15 (July 1994); Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
25. I refer to these works in fnn. 47-50.
26. Krasner, "Westphalia and All That," in Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993).
27. Leo Gross, "The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948, " American Journal of International Law 42 (January 1948); Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle far Power and Peace, 6th ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 328-30.
28. Leo Gross, "The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948, " American Journal of International Law 42 (January 1948); Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle far Power and Peace, 6th ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 328-30.
29. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
30. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
31. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
32. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
33. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
34. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
35. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
36. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
37. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
38. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
39. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
40. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
41. Sharing my general definition of sovereignty are, among others, Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Ruggie (fn. 1,1993), 148-52; James (fn. 1); Hinsley (fn. 1), 158; Morgenthau (fn. 4), 32-38; Robert O. Keohane, "Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions," in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith, eds., Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), 92-93; J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 13; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979), 96. For skeptics of attempts to define sovereignty, see Bartelson (fn. 1); E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Stanley Benn, "Sovereignty," Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (1967); L. Oppenheim, International Law, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1905); Richard Falk, "Sovereignty," in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
42. See especially Krasner (fn. 3), 235-64.
43. For a similar view, see Martin Wight, Systems of States (London: Leicester, 1977); and Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992), 161-83.
44. For a similar view, see Martin Wight, Systems of States (London: Leicester, 1977); and Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1992), 161-83.
45. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
46. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
47. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
48. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
49. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
50. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
51. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
52. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
53. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
54. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
55. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
56. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
57. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
58. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
59. e et siècles dans la région maconnaise (Paris: Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 1953). For a challenge to the consensus among medieval historians that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see Markus Fischer, "Feudal Europe, 800-1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices," International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). For responses to Fischer, see Rodney Bruce Hall and Friedrich Kratochwil, "Medieval Tales: Neorealist 'Science' and the Abuse of History," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); Rodney Bruce Hall, "Moral Authority as a Power Resource," International Organization 51 (Autumn 1997). On the nature of political authority during the Middle Ages, see J. R. Strayer, The Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); J. R. Strayer and Dana Munro, Middle Ages, 395-1500 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959); Brian Tierney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964); John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Walter Ullman, Principles of Government and Polities in the Middle Ages (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1974); Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Ruggie (fn. 1,1986), 141-48; Spruyt (fn. 1), 34-36; Michael Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1964).
60. Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 48; Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 1-24; H. G. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971); Jean Béenger, Histoiy of the Habsburg Empire (London: Longman, 1994).
61. Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 48; Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 1-24; H. G. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971); Jean Béenger, Histoiy of the Habsburg Empire (London: Longman, 1994).
62. Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 48; Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 1-24; H. G. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971); Jean Béenger, Histoiy of the Habsburg Empire (London: Longman, 1994).
63. Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 48; Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 1-24; H. G. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971); Jean Béenger, Histoiy of the Habsburg Empire (London: Longman, 1994).
64. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
65. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
66. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
67. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
68. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
69. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
70. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
71. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
72. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
73. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
74. On the implosion of the Italian states system, see Wight (fn. 7); Tilly (fn. 7), 77-78. On Charles V's powers, see Kann (fn. 9), 1-24; Koenigsberger (fn. 9); Bérenger (fn. 9); Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 9-40; Pieter Geyl, The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609 (London: Williams and Norgate, 1932); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959); John Gagliardo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600-1790 (London: Longmans, 1991); Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947).
75. Koenigsbcrger (fn. 9); Barraclough (fn.10), 355-405; Holborn (fn. 10), 284-338.
76. Koenigsbcrger (fn. 9); Barraclough (fn.10), 355-405; Holborn (fn. 10), 284-338.
77. Koenigsbcrger (fn. 9); Barraclough (fn.10), 355-405; Holborn (fn. 10), 284-338.
78. Holborn (fn. 10), 243-46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 371.
79. Holborn (fn. 10), 243-46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 371.
80. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford:
81. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
82. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
83. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
84. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
85. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
86. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
87. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
88. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
89. Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe, 1640-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), For the text of the Treaty of Münster, see Fred Israel, ed., Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967); for the Treaty of Osnabrück, see Clive Parry, ed., The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1981). On the settlement in general, see Fritz Dickmann, "Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu: Studienen neu endeckten Quellen," Historische Zeitschrift 196 (April 1963); idem, Der Westphalische Frieden (Münster: Aschendorff, 1965); Fritz Dickmann et al., eds., Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster: Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); George Pages, The Thirty Years War, trans. David Maland (New York: Harper and Row, 1970); Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997); J. V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, trans. Robert Evans (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); and T. K. Rabb, ed., The Thirty Years' War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964).
90. On the settlement in general, see Dickmann et al. (fn. 13); Dickmann (fn. 13, 1965 and 1963); Pages (fn. 13); Parker (fn. 13); Polisensky (fn. 13); and Rabb (fn. 13).
91. On the settlement in general, see Dickmann et al. (fn. 13); Dickmann (fn. 13, 1965 and 1963); Pages (fn. 13); Parker (fn. 13); Polisensky (fn. 13); and Rabb (fn. 13).
92. On the settlement in general, see Dickmann et al. (fn. 13); Dickmann (fn. 13, 1965 and 1963); Pages (fn. 13); Parker (fn. 13); Polisensky (fn. 13); and Rabb (fn. 13).
93. On the settlement in general, see Dickmann et al. (fn. 13); Dickmann (fn. 13, 1965 and 1963); Pages (fn. 13); Parker (fn. 13); Polisensky (fn. 13); and Rabb (fn. 13).
94. On the settlement in general, see Dickmann et al. (fn. 13); Dickmann (fn. 13, 1965 and 1963); Pages (fn. 13); Parker (fn. 13); Polisensky (fn. 13); and Rabb (fn. 13).
95. On the settlement in general, see Dickmann et al. (fn. 13); Dickmann (fn. 13, 1965 and 1963); Pages (fn. 13); Parker (fn. 13); Polisensky (fn. 13); and Rabb (fn. 13).
96. Israel (fn. 13), 27; Osiander (fn. 13), 46-47.
97. Israel (fn. 13), 27; Osiander (fn. 13), 46-47.
98. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
99. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
100. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
101. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
102. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
103. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
104. On the views of the diplomats, see Osiander (fn. 13), 27, 41, 77-89; William F. Church, Richelieu and Reason of State (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1972), 283-349; Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, 2 vols. (London: Longmans, Green, 1958); idem, Essays in Swedish History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 82-110; Carl J. Burckhardt, Richelieu and His Age (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1970); Robert Knecht, Richelieu (London: Longman, 1991); Armand-Jean du Plessis Richelieu, The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The Significant Chapters and Supporting Selections, trans. Henry Bertram Hill (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981).
105. Exceptional were the imperial circles, regional organizations of princely states that revived in the late seventeenth century and whose members would at times combine their military forces under a single command. But this exception was limited: the strong form of military cooperation was limited largely to the circles of Franconia and Swabia, composed only of small German states, and it lasted only from 1697 to 1714, when states defended themselves against the invasions of Louis XIV. See Roger Wines, "Imperial Circles, Princely Diplomacy, and Imperial Reform, 1681-1714," Journal of Modem History 39 (March 1967), 27-29. More generally, see Kann (fn. 9), 52, 54; Osiander (fn. 13), 46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87; and Gagliardo (fn. 10).
106. Exceptional were the imperial circles, regional organizations of princely states that revived in the late seventeenth century and whose members would at times combine their military forces under a single command. But this exception was limited: the strong form of military cooperation was limited largely to the circles of Franconia and Swabia, composed only of small German states, and it lasted only from 1697 to 1714, when states defended themselves against the invasions of Louis XIV. See Roger Wines, "Imperial Circles, Princely Diplomacy, and Imperial Reform, 1681-1714," Journal of Modem History 39 (March 1967), 27-29. More generally, see Kann (fn. 9), 52, 54; Osiander (fn. 13), 46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87; and Gagliardo (fn. 10).
107. Exceptional were the imperial circles, regional organizations of princely states that revived in the late seventeenth century and whose members would at times combine their military forces under a single command. But this exception was limited: the strong form of military cooperation was limited largely to the circles of Franconia and Swabia, composed only of small German states, and it lasted only from 1697 to 1714, when states defended themselves against the invasions of Louis XIV. See Roger Wines, "Imperial Circles, Princely Diplomacy, and Imperial Reform, 1681-1714," Journal of Modem History 39 (March 1967), 27-29. More generally, see Kann (fn. 9), 52, 54; Osiander (fn. 13), 46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87; and Gagliardo (fn. 10).
108. Exceptional were the imperial circles, regional organizations of princely states that revived in the late seventeenth century and whose members would at times combine their military forces under a single command. But this exception was limited: the strong form of military cooperation was limited largely to the circles of Franconia and Swabia, composed only of small German states, and it lasted only from 1697 to 1714, when states defended themselves against the invasions of Louis XIV. See Roger Wines, "Imperial Circles, Princely Diplomacy, and Imperial Reform, 1681-1714," Journal of Modem History 39 (March 1967), 27-29. More generally, see Kann (fn. 9), 52, 54; Osiander (fn. 13), 46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87; and Gagliardo (fn. 10).
109. Exceptional were the imperial circles, regional organizations of princely states that revived in the late seventeenth century and whose members would at times combine their military forces under a single command. But this exception was limited: the strong form of military cooperation was limited largely to the circles of Franconia and Swabia, composed only of small German states, and it lasted only from 1697 to 1714, when states defended themselves against the invasions of Louis XIV. See Roger Wines, "Imperial Circles, Princely Diplomacy, and Imperial Reform, 1681-1714," Journal of Modem History 39 (March 1967), 27-29. More generally, see Kann (fn. 9), 52, 54; Osiander (fn. 13), 46; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87; and Gagliardo (fn. 10).
110. Osiander (fn. 13), 40; Holborn (fn. 10), 368-69.
111. Osiander (fn. 13), 40; Holborn (fn. 10), 368-69.
112. Osiander (fn. 13), 40-42.
113. Parker (fn. 13), 196-97; Holborn (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10); Rabb (fn. 13); David Maland, Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1966); Kalevi Holsti, Peace and War; Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-59.
114. Parker (fn. 13), 196-97; Holborn (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10); Rabb (fn. 13); David Maland, Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1966); Kalevi Holsti, Peace and War; Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-59.
115. Parker (fn. 13), 196-97; Holborn (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10); Rabb (fn. 13); David Maland, Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1966); Kalevi Holsti, Peace and War; Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-59.
116. Parker (fn. 13), 196-97; Holborn (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10); Rabb (fn. 13); David Maland, Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1966); Kalevi Holsti, Peace and War; Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-59.
117. Parker (fn. 13), 196-97; Holborn (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10); Rabb (fn. 13); David Maland, Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1966); Kalevi Holsti, Peace and War; Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-59.
118. Parker (fn. 13), 196-97; Holborn (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10); Rabb (fn. 13); David Maland, Europe in the Seventeenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1966); Kalevi Holsti, Peace and War; Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 46-59.
119. Holsti (fn. 20), 46-59; Osiander (fn. 13), 49; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87.
120. Holsti (fn. 20), 46-59; Osiander (fn. 13), 49; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87.
121. Holsti (fn. 20), 46-59; Osiander (fn. 13), 49; Barraclough (fn. 10), 381-87.
122. On recognition practices, see H. Lauterpacht, Recognition in International Law (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1947).
123. See R. J. Vincent, Non-intervention in International Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974)
124. For historians, see Holborn (fn. 10); and Barraclough (fn. 10). For social scientists who acknowledge the influence of the Reformation and treat it briefly, see Bruce Porter, War and the Rise of the State (New York: Free Press, 1994), 68-69; and Hall (fn. 1), 51-67, Other scholars mention the role of other nonrrmrerial factors such as philosophical discourses, property rights, and the rise of Roman law. See Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); and Bartelson (fn. 1).
125. For historians, see Holborn (fn. 10); and Barraclough (fn. 10). For social scientists who acknowledge the influence of the Reformation and treat it briefly, see Bruce Porter, War and the Rise of the State (New York: Free Press, 1994), 68-69; and Hall (fn. 1), 51-67, Other scholars mention the role of other nonrrmrerial factors such as philosophical discourses, property rights, and the rise of Roman law. See Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); and Bartelson (fn. 1).
126. For historians, see Holborn (fn. 10); and Barraclough (fn. 10). For social scientists who acknowledge the influence of the Reformation and treat it briefly, see Bruce Porter, War and the Rise of the State (New York: Free Press, 1994), 68-69; and Hall (fn. 1), 51-67, Other scholars mention the role of other nonrrmrerial factors such as philosophical discourses, property rights, and the rise of Roman law. See Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); and Bartelson (fn. 1).
127. For historians, see Holborn (fn. 10); and Barraclough (fn. 10). For social scientists who acknowledge the influence of the Reformation and treat it briefly, see Bruce Porter, War and the Rise of the State (New York: Free Press, 1994), 68-69; and Hall (fn. 1), 51-67, Other scholars mention the role of other nonrrmrerial factors such as philosophical discourses, property rights, and the rise of Roman law. See Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); and Bartelson (fn. 1).
128. For historians, see Holborn (fn. 10); and Barraclough (fn. 10). For social scientists who acknowledge the influence of the Reformation and treat it briefly, see Bruce Porter, War and the Rise of the State (New York: Free Press, 1994), 68-69; and Hall (fn. 1), 51-67, Other scholars mention the role of other nonrrmrerial factors such as philosophical discourses, property rights, and the rise of Roman law. See Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); and Bartelson (fn. 1).
129. For historians, see Holborn (fn. 10); and Barraclough (fn. 10). For social scientists who acknowledge the influence of the Reformation and treat it briefly, see Bruce Porter, War and the Rise of the State (New York: Free Press, 1994), 68-69; and Hall (fn. 1), 51-67, Other scholars mention the role of other nonrrmrerial factors such as philosophical discourses, property rights, and the rise of Roman law. See Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); and Bartelson (fn. 1).
130. On these criteria, see Philip E. Tetlock and Aaron Belkin, "Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics," in Philip E. Tetlock and Aaron Belkin, eds., Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 21-25. With regard to the "minimalrewrite-of-history rule," I will ultimately argue that even structural material forces were themselves shaped in part by the Reformation and were thus not independent of it. I claim here only that a world in which they were independent is plausibly imagined and indeed posited by most of the social scientists whom I address.
131. See Tilly (fn. 7).
132. Spruyt (fn. 1), 153-80.
133. On counterfactuals, see James D. Fearon, "Counterfactuals and Hypothesis Testing in Political Science," World Politics 43 (January 1991); and Tetlock and Belkin (fn. 25).
134. On counterfactuals, see James D. Fearon, "Counterfactuals and Hypothesis Testing in Political Science," World Politics 43 (January 1991); and Tetlock and Belkin (fn. 25).
135. Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba refer to this strategy as "making many observations from the few"; see King, Keohane, and Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 217-28. Tetlock and Belkin (fn. 25) propose that this method can be used compatibly with and within counterfactuals (pp. 30-31). It meets what they call the "projectability" criterion.
136. Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba refer to this strategy as "making many observations from the few"; see King, Keohane, and Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 217-28. Tetlock and Belkin (fn. 25) propose that this method can be used compatibly with and within counterfactuals (pp. 30-31). It meets what they call the "projectability" criterion.
137. James G. March and Johan P. Oben, "The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 958.
138. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
139. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
140. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
141. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
142. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
143. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
144. For general accounts of the trend, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, "Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Wendt (fn. 1, 1994 and 1992); Mark Blyth, "Any More Bright Ideas? The Ideational Turn of Comparative Political Economy," Comparative Politics 29 (January 1997); John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics 47 (January 1995); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
145. I propose my framework as a useful one for explaining the revolution at hand, not as the only process by which ideas operate. For portfolios of pathways and mechanisms, sec Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 8-26; and Katzenstein (fn. 31), 52-65. I am not proposing a general theory that denotes the conditions under which ideas will have influence; rather, the argument is a theory of the causes of revolutions in sovereignty (revolutions in ideas) and not one of what causes revolutions in ideas.
146. I propose my framework as a useful one for explaining the revolution at hand, not as the only process by which ideas operate. For portfolios of pathways and mechanisms, sec Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 8-26; and Katzenstein (fn. 31), 52-65. I am not proposing a general theory that denotes the conditions under which ideas will have influence; rather, the argument is a theory of the causes of revolutions in sovereignty (revolutions in ideas) and not one of what causes revolutions in ideas.
147. For a definition of identity, see Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security," in Katzenstein (fn. 31): "the images of individuality and distinctiveness ('selfhood') held and projected by an actor and formed (and modified over tine) through relations with significant 'others'" (p. 59).
148. Kenneth Shepsle, "Comment," in R. Noll, ed., Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
149. Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 16.
150. See Brian Ripley, "Psychology, Foreign Policy, and International Relations Theory," Political Psychology 14 (September 1993).
151. On processes of social construction, see Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (New York: Doubleday, 1966); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 913.
152. On processes of social construction, see Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (New York: Doubleday, 1966); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 913.
153. Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 17-20; Geoffrey Garrett and Barry R. Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Constructing the European Community's Internal Market," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Shepsle (fn. 34); for a key source on social power, see also Mann (fn. 31).
154. Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 17-20; Geoffrey Garrett and Barry R. Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Constructing the European Community's Internal Market," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Shepsle (fn. 34); for a key source on social power, see also Mann (fn. 31).
155. Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 17-20; Geoffrey Garrett and Barry R. Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Constructing the European Community's Internal Market," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Shepsle (fn. 34); for a key source on social power, see also Mann (fn. 31).
156. Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 17-20; Geoffrey Garrett and Barry R. Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Constructing the European Community's Internal Market," in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); Shepsle (fn. 34); for a key source on social power, see also Mann (fn. 31).
157. On intellectual communities, see Emanuel Adler and Peter Haas, "Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program," International Organization 46 (Winter 1992). On transnational networks, see Kathryn Sikkink, "Human Rights, Principled Issue Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); and Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998). For an example of the influence of publics, see David Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993),
158. On intellectual communities, see Emanuel Adler and Peter Haas, "Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program," International Organization 46 (Winter 1992). On transnational networks, see Kathryn Sikkink, "Human Rights, Principled Issue Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); and Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998). For an example of the influence of publics, see David Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993),
159. On intellectual communities, see Emanuel Adler and Peter Haas, "Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program," International Organization 46 (Winter 1992). On transnational networks, see Kathryn Sikkink, "Human Rights, Principled Issue Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); and Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998). For an example of the influence of publics, see David Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993),
160. On intellectual communities, see Emanuel Adler and Peter Haas, "Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program," International Organization 46 (Winter 1992). On transnational networks, see Kathryn Sikkink, "Human Rights, Principled Issue Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993); and Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998). For an example of the influence of publics, see David Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993),
161. On causal pathways, see Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 24-26; and Katzenstein (fn. 31), 52-65.
162. On causal pathways, see Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 24-26; and Katzenstein (fn. 31), 52-65.
163. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
164. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
165. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
166. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
167. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
168. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
169. In the first category, see Mlada Bukovansky, "American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812" International Organization 51 (Summer 1997); Richard Price, "Reversing the Gun Sights; Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines," International Organization 52 (Summer 1998); Richard Price and Nina Tannenwald, "Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo," in Katzenstein (fn. 31); Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995); Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. l), 898. In the second category, see, for examples, the essays in Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 3); and most of the essays in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
170. See Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein (fn. 33), 58-60.
171. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
172. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
173. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
174. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
175. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
176. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
177. Such versions adopt a variety of strategies, ranging from showing how utility functions are specified by ideas, culture, or psychological schema, to asserting the rationality of the attempts of "norms entrepreneurs" to construct common knowledge and alter others' utility functions in accordance with their commitments, to devising models of how ideas modify the pursuit of rational action as "focal points" or "resolvers of uncertainty," and to charting the social context of rational action. See Finnemore and Sikkink (fn. 1), 909-15; Goldstein and Keohane (fn. 31), 3-30; Miles Kahler, "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization 52 (Autumn 1998), 933-38; March and Olsen (fn. 30), 952-54; Jon Elster, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); idem, Political Psychohgy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). For a more skeptical view of the reconcilability of constructivist and rationalist traditions, see Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 883-85,
178. See the essays in Biersteker and Weber (fn. 1); Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein (fn. 33), 45-46; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 870; Wendt (fn. 1, 1992), 412-15.
179. See the essays in Biersteker and Weber (fn. 1); Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein (fn. 33), 45-46; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 870; Wendt (fn. 1, 1992), 412-15.
180. See the essays in Biersteker and Weber (fn. 1); Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein (fn. 33), 45-46; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 870; Wendt (fn. 1, 1992), 412-15.
181. See the essays in Biersteker and Weber (fn. 1); Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein (fn. 33), 45-46; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 870; Wendt (fn. 1, 1992), 412-15.
182. See the essays in Biersteker and Weber (fn. 1); Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein (fn. 33), 45-46; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1993); Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 870; Wendt (fn. 1, 1992), 412-15.
183. Hall (fn. 1), 51-58,
184. Checkel (fn. 1), 340-42; Thomson (fn. 1). See also John Gerard Ruggie's comment that "[s]ocial constructivists in international relations have not yet managed to devise a theory of constitutive rules"; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 872.
185. Checkel (fn. 1), 340-42; Thomson (fn. 1). See also John Gerard Ruggie's comment that "[s]ocial constructivists in international relations have not yet managed to devise a theory of constitutive rules"; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 872.
186. Checkel (fn. 1), 340-42; Thomson (fn. 1). See also John Gerard Ruggie's comment that "[s]ocial constructivists in international relations have not yet managed to devise a theory of constitutive rules"; Ruggie (fn. 1, 1998), 872.
187. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
188. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
189. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
190. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
191. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
192. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
193. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
194. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
195. Otto Hintze, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975); Richard Bean, "War and the Birth of the Nation-State" Journal of Economic History 33 (March 1973); Porter (fn. 24); Tilly (fn. 7). The exception is Hall (fn. 1), who treats the Reformation as an important source of territorial sovereignty. Porter is also a qualified exception here, for he acknowledges the partial explanatory role of the Reformation, See Porter (fn. 24), 68-69, The locus classicus on the military revolution is Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 195-225. An impressive recent work on the long-term political results of the military revolution is Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), esp, 56-74. For a critique of the military revolution thesis, see Geoffrey Parker, "The 'Military Revolution,' 1550-1660: A Myth?" Journal of Modern History 48 (June 1976); and idem, The Military Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
196. Douglass C. North and R. P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Spruyt (fn. 1).
197. Douglass C. North and R. P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Spruyt (fn. 1).
198. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); N. K. Anderson, "The Reformation in Scandinavia and the Baltic," in G. R. Elton, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
199. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974); N. K. Anderson, "The Reformation in Scandinavia and the Baltic," in G. R. Elton, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958).
200. See Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers; Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 31-73; Aristide R. Zolberg, "Origins of the Modern World System: A Missing Link," World Politics 33 (January 1981), 253-58; Ludwig Dehio, The Precarious Balance, trans. Charles Fulman (New York: Knopf, 1962); S. H. Steinberg, "The Thirty Years War and the Conflict for European Hegemony," in Rabb (fn. 13); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
201. See Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers; Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 31-73; Aristide R. Zolberg, "Origins of the Modern World System: A Missing Link," World Politics 33 (January 1981), 253-58; Ludwig Dehio, The Precarious Balance, trans. Charles Fulman (New York: Knopf, 1962); S. H. Steinberg, "The Thirty Years War and the Conflict for European Hegemony," in Rabb (fn. 13); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
202. See Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers; Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 31-73; Aristide R. Zolberg, "Origins of the Modern World System: A Missing Link," World Politics 33 (January 1981), 253-58; Ludwig Dehio, The Precarious Balance, trans. Charles Fulman (New York: Knopf, 1962); S. H. Steinberg, "The Thirty Years War and the Conflict for European Hegemony," in Rabb (fn. 13); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
203. See Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers; Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 31-73; Aristide R. Zolberg, "Origins of the Modern World System: A Missing Link," World Politics 33 (January 1981), 253-58; Ludwig Dehio, The Precarious Balance, trans. Charles Fulman (New York: Knopf, 1962); S. H. Steinberg, "The Thirty Years War and the Conflict for European Hegemony," in Rabb (fn. 13); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
204. See Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers; Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 31-73; Aristide R. Zolberg, "Origins of the Modern World System: A Missing Link," World Politics 33 (January 1981), 253-58; Ludwig Dehio, The Precarious Balance, trans. Charles Fulman (New York: Knopf, 1962); S. H. Steinberg, "The Thirty Years War and the Conflict for European Hegemony," in Rabb (fn. 13); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
205. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
206. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
207. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
208. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
209. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
210. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
211. Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian, trans. W. A. Lambert and ed. H. J. Grimm, in Luther's Works, vol. 31 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1957); idem, Bondage of the Will, trans. Philip S. Watson and Benjamin Drewery and ed. P. S. Watson, in Luther's Works, vol. 33 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 99-198; Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989); Steven Ozment, Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 43-86; Louis Bouyer, The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (London: Harville Press, 1955).
212. Cameron (fn. 51), 145-55.
213. Ibid., 152-53; Martin Luther, Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved, trans. Charles M. Jacobs and ed. Robert C. Schultz, in Luther's Works, vol. 46 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); idem, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Ht Obeyed, trans. J.J. Schindel and ed. W. I. Brandt, in Luther's Works, vol. 45 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); Ozment (fn. 51), 122-40; Skinner (fn. 51), Romans 13.
214. Ibid., 152-53; Martin Luther, Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved, trans. Charles M. Jacobs and ed. Robert C. Schultz, in Luther's Works, vol. 46 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); idem, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Ht Obeyed, trans. J.J. Schindel and ed. W. I. Brandt, in Luther's Works, vol. 45 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); Ozment (fn. 51), 122-40; Skinner (fn. 51), Romans 13.
215. Ibid., 152-53; Martin Luther, Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved, trans. Charles M. Jacobs and ed. Robert C. Schultz, in Luther's Works, vol. 46 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); idem, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Ht Obeyed, trans. J.J. Schindel and ed. W. I. Brandt, in Luther's Works, vol. 45 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); Ozment (fn. 51), 122-40; Skinner (fn. 51), Romans 13.
216. Ibid., 152-53; Martin Luther, Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved, trans. Charles M. Jacobs and ed. Robert C. Schultz, in Luther's Works, vol. 46 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); idem, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Ht Obeyed, trans. J.J. Schindel and ed. W. I. Brandt, in Luther's Works, vol. 45 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); Ozment (fn. 51), 122-40; Skinner (fn. 51), Romans 13.
217. Ibid., 152-53; Martin Luther, Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved, trans. Charles M. Jacobs and ed. Robert C. Schultz, in Luther's Works, vol. 46 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); idem, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Ht Obeyed, trans. J.J. Schindel and ed. W. I. Brandt, in Luther's Works, vol. 45 (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967); Ozment (fn. 51), 122-40; Skinner (fn. 51), Romans 13.
218. Ibid., 99-110.
219. Robert Wuthnow, Communities of Discourse (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 131.
220. Ibid., 129-40, On the importance of print media, see Elizabeth Eiscnstein, "The Advent of Printing and the Protestant Revolt: A New Approach to the Disruption of Western Christendom," Annales, E.S.C. 26 (1971); Richard G. Cole, "Propaganda as a Source of Reformation History," Lutheran Quarterly 22 (1970); C. S. L. Davies, Peace, Print, and Protestantism (London: Paladin, 1977).
221. Ibid., 129-40, On the importance of print media, see Elizabeth Eiscnstein, "The Advent of Printing and the Protestant Revolt: A New Approach to the Disruption of Western Christendom," Annales, E.S.C. 26 (1971); Richard G. Cole, "Propaganda as a Source of Reformation History," Lutheran Quarterly 22 (1970); C. S. L. Davies, Peace, Print, and Protestantism (London: Paladin, 1977).
222. Ibid., 129-40, On the importance of print media, see Elizabeth Eiscnstein, "The Advent of Printing and the Protestant Revolt: A New Approach to the Disruption of Western Christendom," Annales, E.S.C. 26 (1971); Richard G. Cole, "Propaganda as a Source of Reformation History," Lutheran Quarterly 22 (1970); C. S. L. Davies, Peace, Print, and Protestantism (London: Paladin, 1977).
223. Ibid., 129-40, On the importance of print media, see Elizabeth Eiscnstein, "The Advent of Printing and the Protestant Revolt: A New Approach to the Disruption of Western Christendom," Annales, E.S.C. 26 (1971); Richard G. Cole, "Propaganda as a Source of Reformation History," Lutheran Quarterly 22 (1970); C. S. L. Davies, Peace, Print, and Protestantism (London: Paladin, 1977).
224. Steven Ozment, The Agf of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 222-23; Ozment (fn. 51), 9-86; Cameron (fn. 51), 20-37, 79-93.
225. Steven Ozment, The Agf of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 222-23; Ozment (fn. 51), 9-86; Cameron (fn. 51), 20-37, 79-93.
226. Steven Ozment, The Agf of Reform, 1220-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 222-23; Ozment (fn. 51), 9-86; Cameron (fn. 51), 20-37, 79-93.
227. Alistair McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); idem, Reformation Thought: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Heiko Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963); idem, Masters of the Reformation: The Emergence of a New Intellectual Climate in Europe, trans. Dennis Martin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
228. Alistair McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); idem, Reformation Thought: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Heiko Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963); idem, Masters of the Reformation: The Emergence of a New Intellectual Climate in Europe, trans. Dennis Martin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
229. Alistair McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); idem, Reformation Thought: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Heiko Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963); idem, Masters of the Reformation: The Emergence of a New Intellectual Climate in Europe, trans. Dennis Martin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
230. Alistair McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); idem, Reformation Thought: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Heiko Oberman, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963); idem, Masters of the Reformation: The Emergence of a New Intellectual Climate in Europe, trans. Dennis Martin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
231. Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Andrew Pettegree, The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Reformation, trans. H. C. Erik Middlefort and Mark U, Edwards, Jr. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972); Thomas Brady, "In Search of the Godly City: The Domestication of Religion in the German Urban Reformation," in R. P.-C. Hsia, ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).
232. Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Andrew Pettegree, The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Reformation, trans. H. C. Erik Middlefort and Mark U, Edwards, Jr. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972); Thomas Brady, "In Search of the Godly City: The Domestication of Religion in the German Urban Reformation," in R. P.-C. Hsia, ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).
233. Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Andrew Pettegree, The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Reformation, trans. H. C. Erik Middlefort and Mark U, Edwards, Jr. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972); Thomas Brady, "In Search of the Godly City: The Domestication of Religion in the German Urban Reformation," in R. P.-C. Hsia, ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).
234. Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Andrew Pettegree, The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Bernd Moeller, Imperial Cities and the Reformation, trans. H. C. Erik Middlefort and Mark U, Edwards, Jr. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972); Thomas Brady, "In Search of the Godly City: The Domestication of Religion in the German Urban Reformation," in R. P.-C. Hsia, ed., The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).
235. On Reformation historiography, see Steven E. Ozment, ed., Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research (St. Louis, Mo.: Center for Reformation Research, 1982); Hsia (fn. 60); Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Pettegree (fn. 60); and Bob Scribner, Roy Porter, and Mikulcs Teich, eds., The Reformation in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
236. On Reformation historiography, see Steven E. Ozment, ed., Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research (St. Louis, Mo.: Center for Reformation Research, 1982); Hsia (fn. 60); Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Pettegree (fn. 60); and Bob Scribner, Roy Porter, and Mikulcs Teich, eds., The Reformation in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
237. On Reformation historiography, see Steven E. Ozment, ed., Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research (St. Louis, Mo.: Center for Reformation Research, 1982); Hsia (fn. 60); Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Pettegree (fn. 60); and Bob Scribner, Roy Porter, and Mikulcs Teich, eds., The Reformation in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
238. On Reformation historiography, see Steven E. Ozment, ed., Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research (St. Louis, Mo.: Center for Reformation Research, 1982); Hsia (fn. 60); Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Pettegree (fn. 60); and Bob Scribner, Roy Porter, and Mikulcs Teich, eds., The Reformation in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
239. On Reformation historiography, see Steven E. Ozment, ed., Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research (St. Louis, Mo.: Center for Reformation Research, 1982); Hsia (fn. 60); Wuthnow (fn. 56), 25-51; Pettegree (fn. 60); and Bob Scribner, Roy Porter, and Mikulcs Teich, eds., The Reformation in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
240. Cameron (fn. 51), 99-110, 199-318; Ozment (fn. 51), 43-86.
241. Cameron (fn. 51), 99-110, 199-318; Ozment (fn. 51), 43-86.
242. For an example of the influence of a ruling elite, in this case Gorbachev, who himself converts to and empowers new ideas, see Robert G. Herman, "Identity, Norms, and National Security: The Soviet Foreign Policy Revolution and the End of the Cold War," in Katzenstein (fn. 31).
243. Cameron (fn. 51), 199-318.
244. The method here corresponds to the technique of "process tracing" in Alexander George's method of structured focused comparison; see George, "Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison," in Paul G. Lauren, ed., Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (New York: Free Press, 1979).
245. Holborn (fn. 10), 37-51, 137-39, 158, 162, 374; Owen Chadwick, The Reformation (London: Penguin, 1964); John M. Todd, Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 230-39; A. G. Dickens, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth Century Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 1966), 87-106; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (London: Collins, 1963); Barradough (fn. 10), 262-67.
246. Holborn (fn. 10), 37-51, 137-39, 158, 162, 374; Owen Chadwick, The Reformation (London: Penguin, 1964); John M. Todd, Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 230-39; A. G. Dickens, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth Century Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 1966), 87-106; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (London: Collins, 1963); Barradough (fn. 10), 262-67.
247. Holborn (fn. 10), 37-51, 137-39, 158, 162, 374; Owen Chadwick, The Reformation (London: Penguin, 1964); John M. Todd, Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 230-39; A. G. Dickens, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth Century Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 1966), 87-106; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (London: Collins, 1963); Barradough (fn. 10), 262-67.
248. Holborn (fn. 10), 37-51, 137-39, 158, 162, 374; Owen Chadwick, The Reformation (London: Penguin, 1964); John M. Todd, Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 230-39; A. G. Dickens, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth Century Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 1966), 87-106; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (London: Collins, 1963); Barradough (fn. 10), 262-67.
249. Holborn (fn. 10), 37-51, 137-39, 158, 162, 374; Owen Chadwick, The Reformation (London: Penguin, 1964); John M. Todd, Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 230-39; A. G. Dickens, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth Century Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 1966), 87-106; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (London: Collins, 1963); Barradough (fn. 10), 262-67.
250. Holborn (fn. 10), 37-51, 137-39, 158, 162, 374; Owen Chadwick, The Reformation (London: Penguin, 1964); John M. Todd, Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 230-39; A. G. Dickens, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth Century Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 1966), 87-106; G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (London: Collins, 1963); Barradough (fn. 10), 262-67.
251. Elton (fn. 66), 56; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 66).
252. Elton (fn. 66), 56; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 66).
253. Elton (fn. 66), 56; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 66).
254. Ibid., 210-92; on threat theory, see Stephen Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987).
255. Ibid., 210-92; on threat theory, see Stephen Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987).
256. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
257. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
258. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
259. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
260. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
261. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
262. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
263. Holborn (fn. 10), 137-39, 158, 162, 284-95, 374; Chadwick (fn. 66), 67-71; Todd (fn. 67), 230-39; Dickens (fn. 66), 87-106; Elton (fn. 66); Barraclough (fn. 10); Gagliardo (fn. 10), 14; Cameron (fn. 51), 210-91.
264. Ibid., 101-3.
265. Ibid., 294-99; F. L. Carsten, Princes and Parliaments in Germany from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959); A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (London: Edward Arnold, 1974); Brady (fn. 60).
266. Ibid., 294-99; F. L. Carsten, Princes and Parliaments in Germany from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959); A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (London: Edward Arnold, 1974); Brady (fn. 60).
267. Ibid., 294-99; F. L. Carsten, Princes and Parliaments in Germany from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959); A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (London: Edward Arnold, 1974); Brady (fn. 60).
268. Ibid., 294-99; F. L. Carsten, Princes and Parliaments in Germany from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959); A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (London: Edward Arnold, 1974); Brady (fn. 60).
269. McGrath (fn. 59); Oberman (fn. 59).
270. McGrath (fn. 59); Oberman (fn. 59).
271. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
272. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
273. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
274. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
275. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
276. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
277. John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); H. G. Koenigsberger and George L. Mosse, Europe in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided, 1559-1598 (London: Collins, 1968), 11-29; Osiander (fn. 13), 27-29; Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d'Etat and Its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984), 1; Church (fn. 16), 283-340, 480-82; Richelieu (fn. 16).
278. On the religious wars in France, see James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1909). On the politiques, see Skinner (fn. 51), 249-54; and William Farr Church, Constitutional Thought in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), 194-271. On Bodin, see Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from Six Books of the Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1973).
279. On the religious wars in France, see James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1909). On the politiques, see Skinner (fn. 51), 249-54; and William Farr Church, Constitutional Thought in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), 194-271. On Bodin, see Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from Six Books of the Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1973).
280. On the religious wars in France, see James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1909). On the politiques, see Skinner (fn. 51), 249-54; and William Farr Church, Constitutional Thought in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), 194-271. On Bodin, see Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from Six Books of the Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1973).
281. On the religious wars in France, see James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1909). On the politiques, see Skinner (fn. 51), 249-54; and William Farr Church, Constitutional Thought in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), 194-271. On Bodin, see Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from Six Books of the Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1973).
282. On the religious wars in France, see James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559-1576 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1909). On the politiques, see Skinner (fn. 51), 249-54; and William Farr Church, Constitutional Thought in Sixteenth-Century France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), 194-271. On Bodin, see Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from Six Books of the Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, U.K.: At the University Press, 1973).
283. Richelieu (fn. 16); Church (fn. 16).
284. Richelieu (fn. 16); Church (fn. 16).
285. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), 126-68; idem, Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659 (Glasgow: Fontana Press, 1990), 52-53; Lynch (fn. 77); Geyl (fn. 10); Israel (fn. 10), 106-230.
286. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), 126-68; idem, Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659 (Glasgow: Fontana Press, 1990), 52-53; Lynch (fn. 77); Geyl (fn. 10); Israel (fn. 10), 106-230.
287. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), 126-68; idem, Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659 (Glasgow: Fontana Press, 1990), 52-53; Lynch (fn. 77); Geyl (fn. 10); Israel (fn. 10), 106-230.
288. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), 126-68; idem, Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659 (Glasgow: Fontana Press, 1990), 52-53; Lynch (fn. 77); Geyl (fn. 10); Israel (fn. 10), 106-230.
289. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977), 126-68; idem, Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659 (Glasgow: Fontana Press, 1990), 52-53; Lynch (fn. 77); Geyl (fn. 10); Israel (fn. 10), 106-230.
290. Parker (fn. 13), 155.
291. Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523-1611 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 68-70; N. K. Anderson, The Reformation in Scandinavia and the Baltic, in G. R. Elton, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 146-53; Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 78.
292. Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523-1611 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 68-70; N. K. Anderson, The Reformation in Scandinavia and the Baltic, in G. R. Elton, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 146-53; Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 78.
293. Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523-1611 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 68-70; N. K. Anderson, The Reformation in Scandinavia and the Baltic, in G. R. Elton, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 146-53; Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 78.
294. David Kaiser, Politics and War: European Conflict from Philip II to Hitler (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979); Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660; Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965); J. H. Elliott, "The Decline of Spain," in Aston; John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 341-46.
295. David Kaiser, Politics and War: European Conflict from Philip II to Hitler (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979); Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660; Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965); J. H. Elliott, "The Decline of Spain," in Aston; John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 341-46.
296. David Kaiser, Politics and War: European Conflict from Philip II to Hitler (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979); Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660; Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965); J. H. Elliott, "The Decline of Spain," in Aston; John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 341-46.
297. David Kaiser, Politics and War: European Conflict from Philip II to Hitler (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979); Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660; Essays from Past and Present (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965); J. H. Elliott, "The Decline of Spain," in Aston; John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 341-46.
298. Downing (fn. 47).
299. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
300. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
301. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
302. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
303. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
304. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
305. Ibid.; Gagliardo (fn. 10); Barraclough (fn. 10), 376-80; Carl Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Glasgow: William Coliins Sons, 1974); Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Moeller (fn. 60); Carsten (fn. 75), 165-78.
306. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 78.
307. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Roberts (fn. 16, 1967), 78.
308. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Israel (fn. 10), 106-230; Jan DeVries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); J. W. Smit, "The Netherlands Revolution," in R. Forster and J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); Geyl (fn. 10).
309. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Israel (fn. 10), 106-230; Jan DeVries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); J. W. Smit, "The Netherlands Revolution," in R. Forster and J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); Geyl (fn. 10).
310. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Israel (fn. 10), 106-230; Jan DeVries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); J. W. Smit, "The Netherlands Revolution," in R. Forster and J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); Geyl (fn. 10).
311. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Israel (fn. 10), 106-230; Jan DeVries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); J. W. Smit, "The Netherlands Revolution," in R. Forster and J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); Geyl (fn. 10).
312. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Israel (fn. 10), 106-230; Jan DeVries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); J. W. Smit, "The Netherlands Revolution," in R. Forster and J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); Geyl (fn. 10).
313. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Israel (fn. 10), 106-230; Jan DeVries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500-1700 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); Henri Pirenne, Early Democracies in the Low Countries: Urban Society and Political Conflict in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); J. W. Smit, "The Netherlands Revolution," in R. Forster and J. P. Greene, eds., Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); Geyl (fn. 10).
314. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
315. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
316. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
317. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
318. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
319. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
320. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977);
321. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
322. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
323. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
324. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206; Richard Bonney, Political Change in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); idem, The King's Debts: Finance and Politics in France, 1589-1661 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); idem, Society and Government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin, 1624-1661 (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1988); Church (fn. 16), 81-102, 283-340; Elliott (fn. 77), 11-29; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972); Porter (fn. 24), 74; Victor L. Tapié, France in the Age of Louis XIII and Richelieu, trans. D. McN. Lockie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Robin Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560-1715 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); David Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralized Government in France, 1598-1610 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968).
325. Parker (fn. 47, 1976), 206.
326. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London: Edward Arnold, 1963); Elliott (fn. 90); Henry Kamen, Spain 1469-1714: A Society in Conflict (London: Longman, 1983); J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
327. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London: Edward Arnold, 1963); Elliott (fn. 90); Henry Kamen, Spain 1469-1714: A Society in Conflict (London: Longman, 1983); J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
328. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London: Edward Arnold, 1963); Elliott (fn. 90); Henry Kamen, Spain 1469-1714: A Society in Conflict (London: Longman, 1983); J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
329. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (London: Edward Arnold, 1963); Elliott (fn. 90); Henry Kamen, Spain 1469-1714: A Society in Conflict (London: Longman, 1983); J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
330. See Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Times Books, 1995).
331. See Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Times Books, 1995).
332. See Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Times Books, 1995).