Military uses of ocean space and the law of the sea in the new millennium

Ocean Development and International Law

Volumn 31, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 7-45

  Pirtle, Charles E ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Balance of power; Controlled access; Freedom of the seas; Movement rights; Operational rights; Structure of international system; Territoriality; Thallosocratic doctrine

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; LAW OF THE SEA; LEGISLATION; POWER RELATIONS;

EID: 0034021759     PISSN: 00908320     EISSN: 15210642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/009083200276058     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Roger W. Barnett, “Seapower-Littorally,” in American Defense Annual (9th edition), 111 (Charles F. Hermann ed., 1994).
2. Neil MacFarlane, “Realism and Russian Strategy after the Collapse of the USSR,” in Unipolar Politics: Realism and State Strategies After the Cold War 229 (Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael Mastanduno eds., 1999).
3. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 1998/99, at 22,51-70 (1998).
4. Ashley J. Roach and Robert W. Smith, Excessive Maritime Claims, International Law Studies Vol. 66 (1994).
5. U.S., Department of State, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, “United States Responses to Excessive National Maritime Claims,” Limits in the Seas No. 112 (1992).
6. Barbara Kwiatkowska, “Creeping Jurisdiction Beyond 200 Miles in the Light of the 1982 Convention and State Practice,” 22 Ocean Dev. & Int’l Law 164 (1991).
7. David A. Colson, “United States Accession to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,” 7 Geo. Int’l Envt’l. L. Rev. 653 (1995).
8. John H. McNeill, “The Strategic Significance of the Law of the Sea Convention,” 7 Geo. Int’l Envt’l. L. Rev. 703 (1995).
9. William L. Schachte, Jr., “National Security: Customary International Law and the Convention on the Law of the Sea,” 7 Geo. Int’l Envt’l. L. Rev. 711 (1995).
10. U.S., Joint Chiefs of Staff, Standing Rules of Engagement for US Forces, CJCSI 3121.01, GL-15 (1994).
11. Barry Buzan, “The Coastal State Movement,” in Toward a New International Marine Order 15-16 (Finn Laursen, ed., 1982)
12. Jacob Borresen, “The Sea Power of the Coastal State,” 17 J. Strat. Stud. 148 (1994).
13. Jon M. Van Dyke, “International Governance and Stewardship of the High Seas and Its Resources,” in Freedom for the Seas in the 21st Century: Ocean Governance and Environmental Harmony 17 (Jon M. Van Dyke, Durwood Zaelke, and Grant Hewison eds., 1993).
14. Robert L. Friedheim and Robert E. Bowen, “Neglected Issues at the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference,” in Law of the Sea: Neglected Issues 2–39 (John King Gamble, Jr., ed., 1979).
15. R. R. Churchill and A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea, 307 (2nd ed., 1988).
16. Robert L. Friedheim, Negotiating the New Ocean Regime (1993).
17. John H. McNeill, “The Strategic Significance of the Convention on the Law of the Sea,” 48 Nav. War Col. Rev. 128 (1995).
18. Yehuda Z. Blum, Historic Titles in International Law 242 (1965).
19. John D. Negroponte, “Who Will Protect Freedom Of The Seas?,” 86 Dept.of State Bull. 41 (1986).
20. Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 235 (4th ed. 1990).
21. Ken Booth, Law, Force & Diplomacy at Sea 13 (1985).
22. E.D. Brown, The International Law of the Sea: Vol. 1, Introductory Manual 7–8 (1994).
23. Myres S. McDougal and William T. Burke, The Public Order of the Oceans: A Contemporary International Law of the Sea 81 (1962).
24. D.P. O’Connell, The International Law of the Sea Vol. 2 799 (I. A. Shearer, ed. 1984).
25. Louis B. Sohn and Kristen Gustafson, The Law of the Sea 1 (1984).
26. P. Sreenivasa Rao, The Public Order of Ocean Resources: A Critique of the Contemporary Law of the Sea, 155 (1975).
27. C. John Colombos, The International Law of the Sea 47 (6th ed., 1967).
28. Harris B. Stewart, Jr., The Global Sea 7–9 (1963).
29. M. Grant Gross, Oceanography: A View of the Earth, 27 (1972), and The Times Atlas and Encyclopedia of the Sea 26 (Alastair Couper ed., 1989).
30. George Modelski and William R. Thompson, Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993, 4 (1988).
31. Peter Maslowski, “To the Edge of Greatness: The United States, 1783-1865,” in The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War 218 (Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein eds., 1994).
32. Michael T. Isenberg, Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Vol. 1: 1945–1962 (1993).
33. Edward A. Smith, Jr., “What ‘… From the Sea’ Didn’t Say,” 68 Nav. War Col. Rev. 24–25 (1995).
34. Elliot L. Richardson, “Foreword” to Burdick H. Brittin, International Law for Seagoing Officers 9 (4th ed., 1981).
35. James A. Nathan and James X. Oliver, The Future of United States Naval Power, 111 (1979).
36. John H. Dalton, Jeremy M. Boorda, and Carl E. Mundy, Jr., “Forward … From the Sea,” 120 U.S. Nav. Inst. Proc. 47 (1994).
37. Sean O’Keefe, Frank B. Kelso II, and Carl E. Mundy, Jr., “… From the Sea: Preparing the Naval Service for the 21st Century,” 118 U.S. Nav. Ins. Proc. 93 (1992).
38. Michael J. Carron, Steve Haeger, and Paul LaViolette, “The Challenge of the Coastal Shallows,” 120 U.S. Nav. Ins. Proc. 79 (1994).
39. Donald M. Snow, The Shape of the Future: The Post-Cold War World 3–22 (1991).
40. Harlan K. Ullman, In Irons: U.S. Military Might in the New Century (1995).
41. Harry G. Summers, Jr., The New World Strategy: A Military Policy for America’s Future (1995).
42. William E. Odum, America’s Military Revolution: Strategy and Structure After the Cold War (1993).
43. Michael O’Hanlon, Defense Planning for the Late 1990s: Beyond the Desert Storm Framework (1995).
44. William W. Kaufmann and John D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New Order (1991).
45. John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations (1992).
46. James Chance, The Consequences of the Peace: The New Internationalism and American Foreign Policy (1992)
47. Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America’s Purpose (1992)
48. Colin S. Gray, The Navy in the Post-Cold War World: The Uses and Value of Strategic Sea Power (1994).
49. Paul Kennedy, Preparing For the Twenty-First Century (1993); After the Cold War: Questioning the Morality of Nuclear Deterrence (Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Kenneth L. Schwab eds., 1991)
50. Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (1993).
51. Joseph N. Weatherby, et. al., The Other World: Issues and Politics of the Developing World, 9 (2nd ed., 1994).
52. Clyde Sanger, Ordering the Oceans: The Making of the Law of the Sea (1987).
53. Lewis M. Alexander, “Uncertainties in the Implementation Process: The Case for Navigational Freedoms,” in The Law of the Sea: What Lies Ahead?, Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Law of the Sea Institute 550 (Thomas A. Clingan, Jr. ed., 1988).
54. Sayre A. Swarztrauber, The Three-Mile Limit of Territorial Seas 89–107 (1972).
55. Louis Henkin, “Old Politics and New Directions,” in New Directions in the Law of the Sea 4 (Robin Churchill, K.R. Simmonds, and Jane Welch, eds., 1973).
56. Stephen D. Krasner, “Transforming International egimes: What the Third World Wants and Why,” 25 Int’l Stud. Q. 119–148 (1981).
57. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition 145 (1977).
58. Arturo M. Tolentino, “The Future Law of the Sea,” VI The Philippine Yearbook of Int’l Law 22 (1977).
59. Robert L. Friedheim, “The ‘Satisfied’ and ‘Dissatisfied’ States Negotiate International Law: A Case Study,” in Power, Action, and Interaction: Readings in International Politics 379 (George H. Quester, ed., 1971).
60. R.P. Anand, “Winds of Change in the Law of the Sea,” in Law of the Sea: Caracas and Beyond, 39 (R.P. Anand ed., 1978).
61. Jens Evensen, “UNCLOS: Origin and Process of Negotiation,” in Toward a New International Marine Order 2–3 (Finn Laursen ed., 1982).
62. Lennart J. Lundquist, “Managing the World’s Ocean Resources: Problems of Equity and Efficiency,” in International Resource Flows, 107–127 (Gerald Garvey and Lou Ann Garvey eds., 1977)
63. Seyom Brown, Nina W. Cornell, Larry L. Fabian, and Edith Brown Weiss, Regimes for the Ocean, Outer Space, and Weather 3–34 (1977)
64. Ross D. Eckert, The Enclosure of Ocean Resources: Economics and the Law of the Sea 3–16 (1979).
65. Elizabeth Young, “New Laws for Old Navies: Military Implications of the Law of the Sea,” 16 Survival 262 (1974).
66. E. W. Seabrook Hull, The International Law of the Sea: A Case for a Customary Approach (Law of the Sea Institute Occasional Paper #30), 5 (1976).
67. Stephen B. Jones, “Boundary Concepts in the Setting of Place and Time,” 49 Annals of the Assoc. of Amer. Geog. 241–255 (1959).
68. Lewis M. Alexander, “The Ocean Enclosure Movement: Inventory and Prospect,” 20 San Diego L. Rev. 561–594 (1983).
69. John A. Knauss, “Creeping Jurisdiction and Customary International Law,” in The Developing Order of the Oceans, Proceedings of the Law of the Sea Institute Eighteenth Annual Conference, 735–739 (Robert B. Krueger and Stefan A. Riesenfeld, eds, 1985)
70. H. Gary Knight, “The Law of the Sea and Naval Missions,” 103 U.S. Nav. Ins. Proc. 32–33 (1977).
71. Lawrence Juda, Ocean Space Rights: Developing U.S. Policy 89 (1975).
72. Robert D. Sack, “Human Territoriality: A Theory,” 73 Annals of the Assoc. of Amer. Geog. 55 (1983).
73. Bernard H. Oxman, “The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The Eighth Session (1979),” 74 Amer. J. of Int’l L. 9 (1980).
74. John D. Negroponte, “Current Developments in U.S. Oceans Policy,” 86 Dept. State Bull. 84–87 (1986).
75. Susan Biniaz, “The U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program,” in The Law of the Sea: New World, New Discoveries, Proceedings of the Law of the Sea Institute Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference, 58 (Edward L. Miles and Tullio Treves eds., 1993).
76. Daniel S. Cheever, “The Politics of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea,” 37 Journal of International Affairs 247 (1984).
77. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 127–161 (1977).
78. Stanley Hoffman, “International Systems and International Law,” in Power, Action, and Interaction, 340–374 (George H. Quester ed., 1971)
79. Morton A. Kaplan, “International Law and the International System,” in Great Issues of International Politics: The International System and National Policy, 6–31 (Morton A. Kaplan ed., 1970).
80. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 432 (5th ed., 1978).
81. George V. Galdorisi and Kevin R. Vienna, Beyond the Law of the Sea: New Directions for U.S. Oceans Policy 81–85 (1997).
82. Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy, 23–24, 804–835 (1994).
83. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000 438–535 (1987).
84. Earl C. Ravenal, Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in 1992 and Beyond 24–26 (1991)
85. David J. Myers, “Threat Perception and Strategic Response of the Regional Hegemons: A Conceptual Overview,” in David J. Myers, Regional Hegemons: Threat Perception and Strategic Response 4–11 (David J. Myers ed., 1991).
86. Atilio A. Boron, “Towards a Post-Hegemonic Age?: The End of Pax Americana,” 25 Security Dialogue 216 (1994).
87. Oran R. Young, International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment 204 (1989)
88. Oran R. Young, International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society 37, 87–91 (1994).
89. D. P. O’Connell, The International Law of the Sea Vol. 2 (I. A. Shearer ed., 1982).