Gastrointestinal bleeding in infancy and childhood

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 37-66

  Fox, Victor L ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; AMOXICILLIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MISOPROSTOL; OCTREOTIDE; OMEPRAZOLE; RANITIDINE; SUCRALFATE; VASOPRESSIN;

ADOLESCENT; ANUS FISSURE; CHILD; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ENTERITIS; ESOPHAGITIS; GASTRITIS; GASTRODUODENAL ULCER; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR; HUMAN; INFANT; MORTALITY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEWBORN; RECTUM HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; VARICOSIS;

EID: 0034018569     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70107-2     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. A. Alcaraz J. Lopez-Herce C. Serina Gastrointestinal bleeding following ketorolac administration in a pediatric patient J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 23 1996 479 481
2. F. Alvarez O. Bernard F. Brunelle Congenital hepatic fibrosis in children J Pediatr 99 1981 370 375
3. F. Alvarez O. Bernard F. Brunelle Portal obstruction in children: I. Clinical investigation and hemorrhage risk J Pediatr 103 1983 696 702
4. F. Alvarez O. Bernard F. Brunelle Portal obstruction in children: II. Results of surgical portosystemic shunts J Pediatr 103 1983 703 707
5. M.E. Ament Prospective study of risks of complication in 6,424 procedures in pediatric gastroenterology [abstr] Pediatr Res 15 1981 524
6. G.M. Annunziata T.S. Gunasekaran J.H. Berman Cough-induced Mallory-Weiss tear in a child Clin Pediatr 35 1996 417 419
7. K.L. Armstrong D.K. Fraser J.L. Faoagali Gastrointestinal bleeding with influenza virus Med J Aust 154 1991 180 182
8. K. Azarow P. Kim B. Shandling A 45-year experience with surgical treatment of peptic ulcer disease in children J Pediatr Surg 31 1996 750 753
9. R.G. Azizkhan Life-threatening hematochezia from a rectosigmoid vascular malformation in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: Long-term palliation using an argon laser J Pediatr Surg 26 1991 1125 1128
10. E.M. Azouz Hematuria, rectal bleeding and pelvic phleboliths in children with the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome Pediatr Radiol 13 1983 82 88
11. W.F. Balistreri R. Grand J.H. Hoofnagle Biliary atresia: Current concepts and research directions: Summary of a symposium Hepatology 23 1996 1682 1692
12. F. Balsells R. Wyllie M. Kay Use of conscious sedation for lower and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations in children, adolescents, and young adults: A twelve-year review Gastrointest Endosc 45 1997 375 380
13. A. Bedu C. Faure O. Sibony Prenatal gastrointestinal bleeding caused by esophagitis and gastritis J Pediatr 125 1994 465 467
14. G. Belloli P. Campobasso L. Musi Sugiura procedure in the surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices in children: Long-term results J Pediatr Surg 27 1992 1422 1426
15. G. Beluffi D. Luraschi C. De Giacomo Antral web—a rare cause of vomiting and haematemesis in childhood Australas Radiol 29 1985 341 342
16. S. Berezin L.J. Newman Lower gastrointestinal bleeding in infants owing to lymphonodular hyperplasia of the colon Pediatr Emerg Care 3 1987 164 165
17. S. Berezin W.Y. Yu J.A. San Filippo Colonic variceal bleeding in a child J Pediatr Surg 20 1985 88 89
18. H. Berger F. Bugnon P. Goffette Percutaneous transjugular intrahepatic stent shunt for treatment of intractable varicose bleeding in paediatric patients Eur J Pediatr 153 1994 721 725
19. S.A. Bhargava P.E. Putnam S.A. Kocoshis Gastrointestinal bleeding due to delayed perianastomotic ulceration in children Am J Gastroenterol 90 1995 807 809
20. U. Blecker T.W. McKeithan J. Hart Resolution of Helicobacter pylori -associated gastric lymphoproliferative disease in a child Gastroenterology 109 1995 973 977
21. M.C. Bonafede B. Dahms P. Toltzis Life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding caused by aphthous ulcers in a patient with perinatal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Pediatr Infect Dis J 14 1995 1117 1119
22. S.M. Borowitz Ulcerative esophagitis: A rare source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a neonate: Use of fiberoptic endoscopy for diagnosis Clin Pediatr 28 1989 89 91
23. L.J. Bowles E. Kostopoulos-Farri A.N. Papageorgiou Perinatal hemorrhage associated with the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome Clin Pediatr 20 1981 428 429
24. T.G. Boyce D.L. Swerdlow P.M. Griffin Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome N Engl J Med 333 1995 364 368
25. N.W. Bulstrode P.M. Cuckow L.S. Spitz Neonatal gastrointestinal pseudohaemorrhage J R Coll Surg Edinb 43 1998 355 356
26. P.E. Burrows J.B. Mulliken K.E. Fellows Childhood hemangiomas and vascular malformations: Angiographic differentiation AJR Am J Roentgenol 141 1983 483 488
27. M.S. Cairo J.L. Grosfeld R.M. Weetman Gastric teratoma: Unusual cause for bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the newborn Pediatrics 67 1981 721 724
28. R.A. Cannon G. Lee K.L. Cox Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to Mallory-Weiss syndrome in an infant J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4 1985 323 324
29. I. Cano P. Urruzuno E. Medina Treatment of esophageal varices by endoscopic ligation in children Eur J Pediatr Surg 5 1995 299 302
30. M.S. Cappell A. Gupta Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to gastrointestinal Mycobacterium avium intracellulare or esophageal candidiasis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Am J Gastroenterol 87 1992 224 229
31. M. Chaibou M. Tucci M.A. Dugas Clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding acquired in a pediatric intensive care unit: A prospective study Pediatrics 102 1998 933 938
32. M.H. Chang T.H. Wang J.Y. Hsu Endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in infancy Gastrointest Endosc 29 1983 15 17
33. R.S. Chhabra J.H. Glaser Salmonella infection presenting as hematochezia on the first day of life Pediatrics 94 1994 739 741
34. E. Chuang W.J. Wenner D.A. Piccoli Intravenous sedation in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 42 1995 156 160
35. J.H. Clark J.F. Fitzgerald Hemorrhagic complications of Henoch-Schönlein syndrome J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4 1985 311 315
36. M.C. Coburn V.E. Pricolo F.G. DeLuca Malignant potential in intestinal juvenile polyposis syndromes Ann Surg Oncol 2 1995 386 391
37. E.B. Cochran S.J. Phelps E.A. Tolley Prevalence of, and risk factors for, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in critically ill pediatric patients Crit Care Med 20 1992 1519 1523
38. P. Coello-Ramirez A. Larrosa-Haro Gastrointestinal occult hemorrhage and gastroduodenitis in cow's milk protein intolerance J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 3 1984 215 218
39. A.R. Colon J.S. DiPalma C.A. Leftridge Intestinal lymphonodular hyperplasia of childhood: Patterns of presentation J Clin Gastroenterol 13 1991 163 166
40. R.T. Couper P.R. Durie S.E. Stafford Late gastrointestinal bleeding and protein loss after distal small-bowel resection in infancy J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 9 1989 454 460
41. K. Cox M.E. Ament Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children and adolescents Pediatrics 63 1979 408 413
42. M. Crook Haemoglobin in stools from neonates: Measurement by a modified Apt-test Med Lab Sci 48 1991 346 347
43. S. Cucchiara S. Guandalini A. Staiano Sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and radiology in the evaluation of children with rectal bleeding J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2 1983 667 671
44. S.P. Cummings K.P. Lally V. Pineiro-Carrero Colonic leiomyoma—an unusual cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in childhood: Report of a case Dis Colon Rectum 33 1990 511 514
45. H.A. Cynamon D.E. Milov J.M. Andres Diagnosis and management of colonic polyps in children J Pediatr 114 1989 593 596
46. H.A. Cynamon D.E. Milov J.M. Andres Multiple telangiectases of the colon in childhood J Pediatr 112 1988 928 930
47. L. De la Rubia A. Ruiz Villaespesa M. Cebrero Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome in a child J Pediatr 122 1993 733 736
48. L. de la Torre Mondragon M.A. Vargas Gomez M.A. Mora Tiscarreno Angiodysplasia of the colon in children J Pediatr Surg 30 1995 72 75
49. J. de Ville de Goyet D. Alberti P. Claypuyt Direct bypassing of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction in children: A new technique for combined hepatic portal revascularization and treatment of extrahepatic portal hypertension J Pediatr Surg 33 1998 597 560
50. K. Dieckmann C. Maurage N. Faure Combined laser-steroid therapy in blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: Case report and review of the literature Eur J Pediatr Surg 4 1994 372 374
51. R.G. Dillard Fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a neonate treated with tolazoline Clin Pediatr 21 1982 761 762
52. S.E. Dolgin J.G. Larsen K.D. Shah CMV enteritis causing hemorrhage and obstruction in an infant with AIDS J Pediatr Surg 25 1990 696 698
53. T.J. Donovan M. Ward R.W. Shepherd Evaluation of endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 5 1986 696 700
54. K. Ebina S. Kato D. Abukawa Endoscopic hemostasis of bleeding duodenal ulcer in a child with Henoch-Schönlein purpura J Pediatr 131 1997 934 936
55. J. Ehrensperger Massive bleeding into the upper gastrointestinal tract in hereditary chronic calcifying pancreatitis in the child Eur J Pediatr Surg 2 1992 141 143
56. P.A. Eigenmann C. Le Coultre J. Cox Solitary rectal ulcer: An unusual cause of rectal bleeding in children Eur J Pediatr 151 1992 658 660
57. S.H. Ein D. Alton S.B. Palder Intussusception in the 1990's: Has 25 years made a difference? Pediatr Surg Int 12 1997 374 376
58. M.E. el-Awad K. Patil Haematemesis due to leech infestation Ann Trop Paediatr 10 1990 61 62
59. A.C. Elias-Jones S.V. Cordner Infra-diaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage presenting with rectal bleeding Arch Dis Child 58 1983 637 639
60. M.I. el Mouzan A.A. al Quorain J.T. Anim Cow's-milk-induced erosive gastritis in an infant J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 10 1990 111 113
61. B.B. Estambale R. Knight R. Chunge Haematemesis and severe anaemia due to a pharyngeal leech (Myxobdella africana) in a Kenyan child: A case report Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 1992 458
62. S. Evans M. Stovroff K. Heiss Selective distal splenorenal shunts for intractable variceal bleeding in pediatric portal hypertension J Pediatr Surg 30 1995 1115 1118
63. A. Fiorillo R. Migliorati P. Vajro Congenital hepatic fibrosis with gastrointestinal bleeding in early infancy Clin Pediatr 21 1982 183 185
64. S.J. Fishman P.E. Burrows A.M. Leichtner Gastrointestinal manifestations of vascular anomalies in childhood: Varied etiologies require multiple therapeutic modalities J Pediatr Surg 33 1998 1163 1167
65. S.J. Fishman J.B. Mulliken Vascular anomalies: A primer for pediatricians Pediatr Clin North Am 45 1998 1455 1477
66. V.L. Fox D.L. Carr-Locke P.J. Connors Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20 1995 202 208
67. V.L. Fox D.L. Carr-Locke J. Van Dam Endoscopic band ligation for gastrointestinal bleeding due to blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome [abstr] Gastrointest Endosc 40 part 2 1994 P51
68. V.L. Fox S.J. Fishman Combined endoscopy and endosonography of gastrointestinal vascular malformations [abstr] J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 29 1999 500
69. T.M. Foy E.P. Hawkins K.R. Peters Colonic ulcers and lower GI bleeding due to disseminated aspergillosis J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 18 1994 399 403
70. E. Freud D. Kidron M. Gornish The value of precise preoperative localization of colonic arteriovenous malformation in childhood Am J Gastroenterol 88 1993 443 446
71. S. Fuster A. Costaguta O. Tobacco Treatment of bleeding gastric varices with tissue adhesive (Histoacryl) in children Endoscopy 30 1998 S39 S40
72. A.N. Ganopadhyay S.K. Pandit C.S. Gopal Gastric teratoma revealed by gastrointestinal hemorrhage Ind Pediatr 29 1992 1145 1147
73. P.F. Glasow D.J. Murphy Jr R.S. Bloss Massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in an infant following cardiac surgery J Pediatr Surg 22 1987 1005 1006
74. A. Goyal W.R. Treem J.S. Hyams Severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding in healthy full-term neonates Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 613 616
75. J.L. Grosfeld K. Eng Right iliac artery-duodenal fistula in infancy: Massive hemorrhage due to “whisk-broom” bristle perforation Ann Surg 176 1972 761 764
76. C.A. Hackworth J.A. Leef J.D. Rosenblum Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in children: Initial clinical experience Radiology 206 1998 109 114
77. T. Haley M. Dimler P. Hollier Gastric teratoma with gastrointestinal bleeding J Pediatr Surg 21 1986 949 950
78. A.H. Hamilton J.M. Beck G.M. Wilson Severe anaemia and ileocolic anastomotic ulceration Arch Dis Child 67 1992 1385 1386
79. E. Hassall W.E. Berquist M.E. Ament Sclerotherapy for extrahepatic portal hypertension in childhood J Pediatr 115 1989 69 74
80. N.D. Heaton M. Davenport E.R. Howard Symptomatic hemorrhoids and anorectal varices in children with portal hypertension J Pediatr Surg 27 1992 833 835
81. N.D. Heaton H. Khawaja E.R. Howard Bleeding duodenal varices Br J Surg 78 1991 1450 1451
82. K.F. Heiss D. Schaffner R.R. Ricketts Malignant risk in juvenile polyposis coli: Increasing documentation in the pediatric age group J Pediatr Surg 28 1993 1188 1193
83. D. Heldenberg Z. Abudy S. Keren Cow's milk-induced hematemesis in an infant J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 17 1993 450 452
84. M.B. Heyman J.M. LaBerge K.A. Somberg Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in children J Pediatr 131 1997 914 919
85. A. Hicsonmez G. Karaguzel F.C. Tanyel Duodenal varices causing intractable gastrointestinal bleeding in a 12-year-old child Eur J Pediatr Surg 4 1994 176 177
86. I.D. Hill M.D. Bowie Endoscopic sclerotherapy for control of bleeding varices in children Am J Gastroenterol 86 1991 472 476
87. M. Hocking D.G. Young Duplications of the alimentary tract Br J Surg 68 1981 92 96
88. E.J. Hoffenberg A. Sauaia T. Maltzman Symptomatic colonic polyps in childhood: Not so benign J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 28 1999 175 181
89. L.O. Holgersen S.M. Mossberg R.E. Miller Colonoscopy for rectal bleeding in childhood J Pediatr Surg 13 1978 83 85
90. M. Hollander R. Tabingo W.R. Stankewick Successful treatment of massive intestinal hemorrhage due to hookworm infection in a neonate J Pediatr 82 1973 332 334
91. E.G. Horrilleno C. Eckert L.V. Ackerman Polyps of the rectum and colon in children Cancer 10 1957 131 137
92. E. Howard M. Stringer A. Mowat Assessment of injection sclerotherapy in the management of 152 children with oesophageal varices Br J Surg 75 1988 404 408
93. P.D. Howdle J.M. Littlewood J. Firth Routine colonoscopy service Arch Dis Child 59 1984 790 793
94. J.S. Hyams J.E. Haswell M.A. Gerber Colonic ulceration in histiocytosis X J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4 1985 286 290
95. A. Jalihal S.P. Misra A.S. Arvind Colonoscopic polypectomy in children J Pediatr Surg 27 1992 1220 1222
96. M.A. Jammal K. Cox B. Ruebner Amebiasis presenting as rectal bleeding without diarrhea in childhood J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4 1985 294 296
97. J.S. Janik J.A. Culham R.M. Filler Balloon embolization of a bleeding gastroduodenal artery in a 1-year-old child Pediatrics 67 1981 671 674
98. S.G. Kaler J.A. Westman S.M. Bernes Gastrointestinal hemorrhage associated with gastric polyps in Menkes disease J Pediatr 122 1993 93 95
99. B. Kaplan J. Benson F. Rothstein Lymphonodular hyperplasia of the colon as a pathologic finding in children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 3 1984 704 708
100. S. Kato M. Kobayashi H. Sato Doxycycline-induced hemorrhagic esophagitis: A pediatric case J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7 1988 762 765
101. S. Kato A. Ozawa K. Ebina Endoscopic ethanol injection for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer Eur J Pediatr 153 1994 873 875
102. B. Kawimbe C. Bem P.S. Patil Cytomegalovirus ileitis presenting as massive rectal bleeding in infancy Arch Dis Child 66 1991 883 884
103. C. Keller S. Kirkpatrick K. Lee Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex presenting as hematochezia in an infant with rapidly progressive acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 1996 713 715
104. D.A. Kelly Do H2 receptor antagonists have a therapeutic role in childhood? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 19 1994 270 276
105. A. Kestemberg G. Marino E. de Lima Gastric heterotopic mucosa in the rectum with Helicobacter pylori -like organisms: A rare cause of rectal bleeding Int J Colorectal Dis 8 1993 9 12
106. A.K. Khurana A. Saraya N. Jain Profile of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children from a tropical country Trop Gastroenterol 19 1998 70 71
107. D.R. King M.B. Marchildon Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: An unusual complication of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73 1977 316 318
108. M.S. Kong K.L. Wang H.F. Wong Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal variceal bleeding in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction J Formos Med Assoc 93 1994 885 887
109. L.P. Kravis G. Donsky H.I. Lecks Upper and lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding induced by whole cow's milk in an atopic infant Pediatrics 40 1967 661 665
110. A.L. Kuusela Long-term gastric pH monitoring for determining optimal dose of ranitidine for critically ill preterm and term neonates Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 78 1998 F151 F153
111. J. Lacroix C. Infante-Rivard M. Gauthier Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding acquired in a pediatric intensive care unit: Prophylaxis trial with cimetidine J Pediatr 108 1986 1015 1018
112. J. Lacroix D. Nadeau S. Laberge Frequency of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a pediatric intensive care unit Crit Care Med 20 1992 35 42
113. A.M. Lake P.F. Whitington S.R. Hamilton Dietary protein-induced colitis in breast-fed infants J Pediatr 101 1982 906 910
114. T.T. Latt R. Nicholl P. Domizio Rectal bleeding and polyps Arch Dis Child 69 1993 144 147
115. G. Li Voti C. Acierno V. Tulone Relationship between upper gastrointestinal bleeding and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children Pediatr Surg Int 12 1997 264 265
116. J.P. Lintermans Severe intestinal bleeding leading to exploratory laparotomy in an infant with hookworm infection Clin Pediatr 15 1976 1073 1074
117. J. Lopez-Herce P. Dorao P. Elola Frequency and prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in critically ill children: A prospective study comparing the efficacy of almagate, ranitidine, and sucralfate. The Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Study Group [see comments] Crit Care Med 20 1992 1082 1089
118. P.D. Losty M.J. Lynch E.J. Guiney Long term outcome after surgery for extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis Arch Dis Child 71 1994 437 440
119. A. Madan J.E. Lavine M.B. Heyman Acute hemorrhagic gastritis in the newborn infant J Perinatol 12 1992 377 380
120. J.G. Maksoud M.E. Goncalves Treatment of portal hypertension in children World J Surg 18 1994 251 258
121. T. Matsubara W. Mason I.A. Kashani Gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicating aspirin therapy in acute Kawasaki disease J Pediatr 128 1996 701 703
122. M.C. Menchaca Marines H.G. Posselt K.L. Waag Ectopic gastric mucosa in rectum: A rare cause of rectal bleeding in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7 1988 293 297
123. J.R. Mestre J.M. Andres Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia causing hematemesis in an infant J Pediatr 101 1982 577 579
124. M.F. Meyerovitz K.E. Fellows Angiography in gastrointestinal bleeding in children AJR Am J Roentgenol 143 1984 837 840
125. M.F. Meyerovitz K.E. Fellows Typhlitis: A cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children AJR Am J Roentgenol 143 1984 833 835
126. A.J. Millar R.A. Brown I.D. Hill The fundal pile: Bleeding gastric varices J Pediatr Surg 26 1991 707 709
127. T.L. Miller P. Lang R. Liberthson Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage as a late complication of congenital heart disease J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 23 1996 452 456
128. R.W. Mills S. Burke Gastrointestinal bleeding in a 15 month old male: A presentation of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy Clin Pediatr 29 1990 474 477
129. S.K. Mitra V. Kumar D.V. Datta Extrahepatic portal hypertension: A review of 70 cases J Pediatr Surg 13 1978 51 54
130. F.E. Murray M. Lombard P. Dervan Bleeding from multifocal heterotopic gastric mucosa in the colon controlled by an H2 antagonist Gut 29 1988 848 851
131. K.F. Murray R.W. Jennings V.L. Fox Endoscopic band ligation of a Dieulafoy lesion in the small intestine of a child Gastrointest Endosc 44 1996 336 339
132. T.V. Murty R.K. Bhargava F.S. Rakas Gastroduodenal duplication J Pediatr Surg 27 1992 515 517
133. M. Nagaya J. Kato N. Niimi Isolated cavernous hemangioma of the stomach of a neonate J Pediatr Surg 33 1998 653 654
134. R. Nagpal L. Schnaufer S.M. Altschuler Duodenal web presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding in a seven-month-old infant J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 16 1993 90 92
135. S.R. Naik S.K. Mitra S. Mehta Massive intestinal haemorrhage due to infection with Ancylostoma duodenale J Trop Med Hyg 79 1976 2 4
136. P.C. Ng K.W. So T.F. Fok Fatal haemorrhagic gastritis associated with oral sulindac treatment for patent ductus arteriosus Acta Paediatr 85 1996 884 886
137. H.P. Norberg Jr H.M. Reyes Complications of ornamental Christmas bulb ingestion: Case report and review of the literature Arch Surg 110 1975 1494 1497
138. P.A. Noronha M.H. Leist Endoscopic laser therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding from congenital vascular lesions J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7 1988 375 378
139. J.M. Odell J.E. Haas D. Tapper Infantile hemorrhagic angiodysplasia Pediatr Pathol 7 1987 629 636
140. R.D. Odze J. Bines A.M. Leichtner Allergic proctocolitis in infants: A prospective clinicopathologic biopsy study Hum Pathol 24 1993 668 674
141. N. Ohnuma H. Takahashi M. Tanabe Endoscopic variceal ligation using a clipping apparatus in children with portal hypertension Endoscopy 29 1997 86 90
142. E.A. O'Neil W.J. Chwals M.D. O'Shea Dexamethasone treatment during ventilator dependency: Possible life threatening gastrointestinal complications Arch Dis Child 67 1992 10 11
143. A.P. Oranje Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome Pediatr Dermatol 3 1986 304 310
144. M.J. Orloff M.S. Orloff M. Rambotti Treatment of bleeding esophagogastric varices due to extrahepatic portal hypertension: Results of portal-systemic shunts during 35 years J Pediatr Surg 29 1994 142 154
145. J.L. Osteyee W. Banner Jr Effects of two dosing regimens of intravenous ranitidine on gastric pH in critically ill children Am J Crit Care 3 1994 267 272
146. S.B. Palder S.H. Ein D.A. Stringer Intussusception: Barium or air? J Pediatr Surg 26 1991 271 274
147. K.J. Paquet A. Lazar Current therapeutic strategy in bleeding esophageal varices in babies and children and long-term results of endoscopic paravariceal sclerotherapy over twenty years Eur J Pediatr Surg 4 1994 165 172
148. K. Paramathypathy P.W. Hoong Milk allergy and haemetemesis Singapore Med J 11 1970 80 85
149. B.K. Parashar S. Kyawhla I.W. Booth Ileocolic ulceration: A long-term complication following ileocolic anastomosis J Pediatr Surg 23 1988 226 228
150. M. Peiper W. Lambrecht D. Kluth Bleeding esophageal duplication detected in utero Ann Thorac Surg 60 1995 1790 1791
151. V.N. Perisic Colorectal polyps: An important cause of rectal bleeding Arch Dis Child 62 1987 188 189
152. V.N. Perisic D. Filipovic G. Kokai Allergic colitis with rectal bleeding in an exclusively breast-fed neonate Acta Paediatr Scand 77 1988 163 164
153. D.J. Philpott A. Ismaili P.M. Sherman Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and colitis in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 24 1997 623 625
154. K.K. Poon S. Mills I.W. Booth Inflammatory cloacogenic polyp: An unrecognized cause of hematochezia and tenesmus in childhood J Pediatr 130 1997 327 329
155. M.R. Price K.H. Sartorelli F.M. Karrer Management of esophageal varices in children by endoscopic variceal ligation J Pediatr Surg 31 1996 1056 1059
156. S.H. Quak S.K. Lam P.S. Low Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children Singapore Med J 31 1990 123 126
157. S.H. Quak K. Prabhakaran Colonoscopy in children with bleeding per rectum Singapore Med J 31 1990 454 456
158. F.M. Quinn S. Brown D. O'Hara Hemangiopericytoma of the stomach in a neonate J Pediatr Surg 26 1991 101 102
159. T.H. Renard W.S. Andrews N. Rollins Use of distal splenorenal shunt in children referred for liver transplant evaluation J Pediatr Surg 29 1994 403 406
160. D. Riggs R.E. Weibley Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea and cardiovascular collapse in a young child owing to environmentally acquired cocaine Pediatr Emerg Care 7 1991 154 155
161. L.W. Riley R.S. Remis S.D. Helgerson Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype N Engl J Med 308 1983 681 685
162. G. Roseau L. Palazzo I. Dumontier Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of pediatric digestive diseases: Preliminary results Endoscopy 30 1998 477 481
163. A.J.D. Ross K.R. Siegel W. Bell Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children with posterior fossa tumors J Pediatr Surg 22 1987 633 636
164. I.G. Ryder H.M. Munro I.J. Doull Intraosseous infusion for resuscitation Arch Dis Child 66 1991 1442 1443
165. S.K. Sarin S.P. Misra A.K. Singal Endoscopic sclerotherapy for varices in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 7 1988 662 666
166. Y.K. Sarin A.K. Sharma Dieulafoy's lesion in a child [letter] Ind Pediatr 30 1993 545
167. H.E. Sarles Jr J.P. Schenkein R.M. Hecht Dielafoy's ulcer: A rare cause of massive gastric hemorrhage in an 11-year-old girl: Case report and literature review Am J Gastroenterol 79 1984 930 932
168. K. Sasaki H. Nakagawa T. Takahashi Bleeding ectatic vascular lesion involving the sigmoid colon, endoscopically indistinguishable from angiodysplasia, in an 8-yr-old boy Am J Gastroenterol 86 1991 105 108
169. T. Sasaki T. Hasegawa K. Nakajima Endoscopic variceal ligation in the management of gastroesophageal varices in postoperative biliary atresia J Pediatr Surg 33 1998 1628 1632
170. B. Schmitt H.G. Posselt K.L. Waag Severe hemorrhage from intestinal hemangiomatosis in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: Pitfalls in diagnosis and management J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 5 1986 155 158
171. D.L. Schwartz H.B. So W.R. Bungarz A case of life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage in an infant with AIDS J Pediatr Surg 24 1989 313 315
172. S.J. Schwarzenberg P.F. Whitington Rectal gastric mucosa heterotopia as a cause of hematochezia in an infant Dig Dis Sci 28 1983 470 472
173. P. Schweizer H.J. Brambs M. Schweizer TIPS: A new therapy for esophageal variceal bleeding caused by EHBA Eur J Pediatr Surg 5 1995 211 215
174. E. Seidman A.M. Weber C.L. Morin Spinal cord paralysis following sclerotherapy for esophageal varices Hepatology 4 1984 950 954
175. C. Siafakas V.L. Fox S. Nurko Use of octreotide for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal bleeding in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26 1998 356 359
176. D.L. Sigalet J.M. Laberge M. DiLorenzo Aortoesophageal fistula: Congenital and acquired causes J Pediatr Surg 29 1994 1212 1214
177. T.F. Smith T.R. Welch J.B. Allen Cutaneous mastocytosis with bleeding: Probable heparin effect Cutis 39 1987 241 244
178. E.M. Sokal N. Van Hoorebeeck L. Van Obbergh Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in cirrhotic children candidates for liver transplantation Eur J Pediatr 151 1992 326 328
179. J.M. Sondheimer R.J. Sokol M.R. Narkewicz Anastomotic ulceration: A late complication of ileocolonic anastomosis J Pediatr 127 1995 225 230
180. R.A. Spence J.R. Anderson G.W. Johnston Twenty-five years of injection sclerotherapy for bleeding varices Br J Surg 72 1985 195 198
181. L. Spitz G. Batcup Haematemesis in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: The source of the bleeding Br J Surg 66 1979 827 828
182. E.G. Stanley-Brown Massive hemorrhage after colon interposition: Early and late J Pediatr Surg 9 1974 235 237
183. G.P. Stellen J.R. Lilly Esophageal endosclerosis in children Surgery 98 1985 970 975
184. T.C. Stephen R.W. Bendon H.S. Nagaraj Antral duplication cyst: A cause of hypergastrinemia, recurrent peptic ulceration, and hemorrhage J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26 1998 216 218
185. D.M. Steventon D.A. Kelly P. McKiernan Emergency transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt prior to liver transplantation Pediatr Radiol 27 1997 84 86
186. A.E. Stillman R.C. Hansen V. Hallinan Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis with severe gastrointestinal involvement: Favorable response to steroid therapy Clin Pediatr 22 1983 589 591
187. M.D. Stringer E.R. Howard Longterm outcome after injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension Gut 35 1994 257 259
188. P.B. Sullivan Cows' milk induced intestinal bleeding in infancy Arch Dis Child 68 1993 240 245
189. F.P. Sunaryo J.T. Boyle M.M. Ziegler Primary nonspecific ileal ulceration as a cause of massive rectal bleeding Pediatrics 68 1981 247 250
190. S. Takeuchi S. Tamate M. Nakahira Esophagitis in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: A source of hematemesis J Pediatr Surg 28 1993 59 62
191. S.F. Taylor J.M. Sondheimer R.J. Sokol Noninfectious colitis associated with short gut syndrome in infants J Pediatr 119 1991 24 28
192. S.J. Teach G.R. Fleisher Rectal bleeding in the pediatric emergency department Ann Emerg Med 23 1994 1252 1258
193. R.L. Telander D. Ahlquist M.C. Blaufuss Rectal mucosectomy: A definitive approach to extensive hemangiomas of the rectum J Pediatr Surg 28 1993 379 381
194. A.M. Telsey T.A. Merrit S.D. Dixon Cocaine exposure in a term neonate: Necrotizing enterocolitis as a complication Clin Pediatr 27 1988 547 550
195. B.R. Thapa S. Mehta Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in infants and children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 10 1990 430 434
196. J.D. Tooson L.S. Marsano L.K. Gates Jr Pediatric rectal Dieulafoy's lesion Am J Gastroenterol 90 1995 2232 2233
197. D.W. Tuggle K.G. Bennett J. Scott Intravenous vasopressin and gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children J Pediatr Surg 23 1988 627 629
198. S. Ueno H. Ishida A. Hayashi Heterotopic pancreas as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn: Report of a case Surg Today 23 1993 269 272
199. N. Urishihara S. Kohno S. Hasegawa Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis in Hirshsprung's disease Surg Today 24 1994 221 224
200. D.W. Vane E.T. Boles Jr H.W. Clatworthy Jr Esophageal sclerotherapy: An effective modality in children J Pediatr Surg 20 1985 703 707
201. D.W. Vane K.W. West J.L. Grosfeld Vitelline duct anomalies: Experience with 217 childhood cases Arch Surg 122 1987 542 547
202. I. Vinograd E. Granot N. Ron Chronic diffuse varioliform gastritis in a child: Total gastrectomy for acute massive bleeding J Clin Gastroenterol 16 1993 40 44
203. A.C. Walker S.P. Bellmaine Severe alimentary bleeding associated with hookworm infestation in aboriginal infants Med J Aust 1 1975 751 752
204. S. Wardell D.E. Vidican Ileal duplication cyst causing massive bleeding in a child J Clin Gastroenterol 12 1990 681 684
205. Y. Watanabe T. Ito Y. Ishiguro Multiple chronic hemorrhagic ulcers of the small intestine in children: A report of two cases J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 21 1995 227 231
206. L.J. Webb S. Sherlock The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction QJM 192 1979 627 639
207. T.R. Weber J.L. Grosfeld J. Bergstein Massive gastric hemorrhage: An unusual complication of Henoch-Schönlein purpura J Pediatr Surg 18 1983 576 578
208. D.T. Wilcox A. Jacobson J. Bruce Haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer in a neonate Pediatr Surg Int 12 1997 202 203
209. S.K. Yachha R.K. Dhiman R. Gupta Endosonographic evaluation of the rectum in children with extrahepatic venous obstruction J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 23 1996 438 441
210. S.K. Yachha B.C. Sharma M. Kumar Endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: A follow-up study J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 24 1997 49 52
211. L.G. Yamamoto S.Y. Morita R.B. Boychuk Stool appearance in intussusception: Assessing the value of the term “currant jelly. ” Am J Emerg Med 15 1997 293 298
212. R.S. Zeiger H.A. Sampson S.A. Bock Soy allergy in infants and children with IgE-associated cow's milk allergy J Pediatr 134 1999 614 622