A rapid chloroform-fumigation extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in flooded rice soils

Biology and Fertility of Soils

Volumn 30, Issue 5-6, 2000, Pages 510-519

  Witt, Christian ^a   Gaunt, John L ^b   Galicia, Catherine C ^a   Ottow, Johannes C G ^c   Neue, Heinz Ulrich ^d  

^a INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Philippines)

^b ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Flooded soil; Fumigation extraction method; Lowland rice; Microbial biomass; Microbial C: N ratio

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CHLOROFORM; EXTRACTION; INFECTION CONTROL; LYSIS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NITROGEN;

CARBON; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; NITROGEN;

EID: 0034017289     PISSN: 01782762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s003740050030     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Alicante MM, Rosell RT, Marfori RT, Hernandez S (1941) Soil survey report of the Nueva Ecija province. Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Manila, The Philippines
2. Amato M, Ladd JN (1988) Assay for microbial biomass based on ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen in extracts of fumigated soils. Soil Biol Biochem 20:107-114
3. 15N-labeled nonexchangeable ammonium to soil microorganisms. Soil Sci 159:301-310
4. Brookes PC, Powlson DS, Jenkinson DS (1982) Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 14:319-329
5. Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS (1985a) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 17:837-842
6. Brookes PC, Kragt JF, Jenkinson DS (1985b) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: the effects of fumigation time and temperature. Soil Biol Biochem 17:831-835
7. Cabrera ML, Beare MH (1993) Alkaline persulfate oxidation for determining total nitrogen in microbial biomass extracts. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57:1007-1012
8. Cassman KG, De Datta SK, Olk DC, Alcantara JM, Samson MI, Descalsota J, Dizon MA (1995) Yield decline and the nitrogen economy of long-term experiments on continuous, irrigated rice systems in the tropics. In: Lal R, Stewart BA (eds) Soil management: experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality. Lewis, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla., pp 181-222
9. Cassman KG, De Datta SK, Amarante S, Liboon SP, Samson MI, Dizon MA (1996) Long-term comparison of the agronomic efficiency and residual benefits of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources for tropical lowland rice. Exp Agric 32:427-444
10. Cassman KG, Peng S, Olk DC, Ladha JK, Reichardt W, Dobermann A, Singh U (1998) Opportunities for increased nitrogen use efficiency from improved resource management in irrigated rice systems. Field Crops Res 56:7-39
11. Dobermann A, Oberthür T (1997) Fuzzy mapping of soil fertility - a case study on irrigated riceland in the Philippines. Geoderma 77:317-339
12. Drury CF, Beauchamp EG (1991) Ammonium fixation, release, nitrification, and immobilization in high- and low-fixing soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:125-129
13. Flaig W, Beutelspacher H, Rietz W (1975) Chemical composition and physical properties of humic substances. In: Gieseking JE (ed) Soil components, vol 1. Organic components. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1-211
14. Gaunt JL, Neue HU, Cassman KG, Olk DC, Arah JRM, Witt C, Ottow JCG, Grant IF (1995) Microbial biomass and organic matter turnover in wetland rice soils. Biol Fertil Soils 19:333-342
15. Glathe H, Ottow JCG (1972) Ökologische und physiologische Aspekte zum Mechanismus der Eisenoxidation und Ockerbildung: eine Übersicht. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitkd Infektionskr Abt II 718:749-769
16. Inubushi K, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1989) Adenosine 5′-triphosphate and adenylate energy charged in waterlogged soil. Soil Biol Biochem 21:733-739
17. Inubushi K, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1991) Soil microbial biomass C, N and ninhydrin-N in aerobic and anaerobic soils measured by the fumigation-extraction method. Soil Biol Biochem 23:737-741
18. Jenkinson DS (1988) Determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil. In: Wilson JR (ed) Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 368-386
19. Jenkinson DS, Powlson DS (1976) The affect of biocidal treatments on metabolismin soil. V. A method for measuring soil biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 8:209-213
20. 4 soil extracts. Soil Biochem 22:1023-1027
21. Jörgensen RG, Kuebler H, Wolters V (1993) Einfluss der Begasungszeit bei der CFE-Methode auf die Zusammensetzung des Extraktes von Waldböden. Mitt Dtsch Bodenkundl Ges 72:551-554
22. Kaiser EA, Mueller T, Jörgensen RG, Insam H, Heinemeyer O (1992) Evaluation of methods to estimate the soil microbial biomass and the relationship with soil texture and organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 24:675-683
23. Kawashima C (1988) The root system formation in rice plants. 3. Quantitative studies. Jpn J Crop Sci 57:26-36
24. Ladd JN, Foster RC, Nannipieri P, Oades JM (1996) Soil structure and biological activity. Soil Biochem 9:23-78
25. Loeppert RH, Inskeep WP (1996) Iron. In: Sparks DL (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis., pp 639-664
26. Lützow M von, Ottow JCG (1994) Einfluss von konventioneller und biologisch-dynamischer Bewirtschaftungsweise auf die mikrobielle Biomasse und deren Stickstoffdynamik in Parabraunerden der Friedberger Wetterau. Z Pflanzenernaehr Bodenkd 157:359-367
27. Martens R (1995) Current methods for measuring microbial biomass C in soil: potentials and limitations. Biol Fertil Soils 19:87-99
28. Mueller T, Jörgensen RG, Meyer B (1992) Estimation of soil microbial biomass C in the presence of living roots by fumigation extraction. Soil Biol Biochem 24:179-181
29. 2- in submerged paddy soils. Biol Fertil Soils 25:302-307
30. Navone R (1964) Proposed method for nitrate potable waters. J Am Water Works Assoc 56:781-783
31. Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1996) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Sparks DL (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis., pp 961-1010
32. Olk DC, Cassman KG, Randall EW, Kinchesh P, Sanger LJ, Anderson JM (1996) Changes in chemical properties of organic matter with intensified rice cropping in tropical lowland soil. Eur J Soil Sci 47:293-303
33. Paul EA, Clark FE (1989) Soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., pp 1-265
34. Reichardt W, Mascarina GB, Padre B, Doll J (1997) Microbial communities of continuously cropped, irrigated rice fields. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:233-238
35. Ross DJ (1987) Soil microbial biomass estimated by the fumigation-incubation procedure: seasonal fluctuations and influence of soil moisture content. Soil Biol Biochem 19:397-404
36. Ross DJ. Tate KR (1993) Microbial C and N in litter and soil of a southern beech (Nothofagus) forest: comparison of measurement procedures. Soil Biol Biochem 25:467-475
37. Saito M, Wada H. Takai Y (1990) Development of a microbial community on cellulose buried in waterlogged soil. Biol Fertil Soils 9:301-305
38. SAS (1988) SAS/STAT user's guide, 6.03 edn. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.
39. Shibahara F, Inubushi K (1995) Measurements of microbial biomass C and N in paddy soils by the fumigation-extraction method. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 41:681-689
40. SigmaStat (1993) SigmaStat for Windows, version 1.0. Jandel, San Rafael, Calif.
41. Sparling GP, West AW, Whale KN (1985) Interference from plant roots in the estimation of soil microbial ATP, C, N and P. Soil Biol Biochem 17:275-278
42. Toyota K, Ritz K, Young IM (1996) Survival of bacterial and fungal populations following chloroform-fumigation: effects of soil matric potential and bulk density. Soil Biol Biochem 28:1545-1547
43. Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987) An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 19:703-707
44. Veen JA van, Ladd JN, Frissel MJ (1984) Modelling C and N turnover through the microbial biomass in soil. Plant Soil 76:257-274
45. Verma L, Martin JP, Haider K (1975) Decomposition of carbon-14-labeled proteins, peptides and amino acids; free and complexed with humic polymers. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 39:279-289
46. Vittori Antisari L, Ciavatta C, Sequi P (1990) Volatilization of ammonia during the chloroform fumigation of soil for measuring microbial biomass N. Soil Biol Biochem 22:225-228
47. Widmer P, Brookes PC, Parry LC (1989) Microbial biomass nitrogen measurements in soils containing large amounts of inorganic nitrogen. Soil Biol Biochem 21:865-867
48. Witt C, Cassman KG, Ottow JCG, Biker U (1998) Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management. Biol Fertil Soils 28:71-80
49. Witt C, Biker U, Galicia CC, Ottow JCG (2000) Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in a flooded rice soil amended with different C and N sources. Biol Fertil Soils 30 (this issue)
50. Wu J, Jörgensen RG, Pommerening B, Chaussod R, Brookes PC (1990) Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation-extraction - an automated procedure. Soil Biol Biochem 22:1167-1169
51. Yoshida S, Forna DA, Cock JH, Gomez KA (1972) Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, The Philippines, pp 1-70