Inhalation toxicity and genotoxicity of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-236fa and HFC-236ea

International Journal of Toxicology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 69-83

  Brock, William J ^a,b   Kelly, David P ^a   Munley, Susan M ^a   Bentley, Karin S ^a   McGown, Kathy M ^a   Valentine, Rudolph ^a  

^a DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

^b UNILEVER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Genotoxicity; HFC 236ea; HFC 236fa; HFCs; Hydrofluorocarbons; Inhalation

Indexed keywords

CHLOROFLUOROHYDROCARBON; HCF 236EA; HCF 236FA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CARDIOTOXICITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FEMALE; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INHALATION; LETHALITY; MALE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NONHUMAN; OZONE LAYER; RAT;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS;

EID: 0034010150     PISSN: 10915818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/109158100224881     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Agresti, A. 1990. Categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley and Sons.
2. Armitage, P. 1955. Tests for linear trend in proportions and frequencies. Biometrica 11:375-386.
3. Barrow, M. V., and W. J. Taylor. 1969. A rapid method for detecting malformations in rat fetuses. J. Morph. 127:291-306.
4. Boorman, G. A., R. E. Chapin, and K. Mitsumori. 1990. Testis and epididymis. In Pathology of the Fischer rat, eds. G. A. Boorman, S. L. Eustis, M. R. Elwell, C. A. Montgomery, Jr., and W. F. MacKenzie, 405-418. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
5. Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254.
6. Brock, W. J., H. J. Trochimowicz, C. H. Farr, R.-J. Millischer, and G. M. Rusch. 1996. Acute, subchronic, and developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31:200-209.
7. Burgison, R. M., W. E. O'Malley, C. K. Heisse, J. W. Forrest, and J. C. Krantz. 1955. Anesthesia XLVI. Fluorinated ethylenes and cardiac arrhythmias induced by epinephrine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 114:470-472.
8. Clark, D. G., and D. J. Tinston. 1973. Correlation of the cardiac sensitization potential of halogenated hydrocarbons with their physicochemical properties. Br. J. Pharmacol. 49:355-357.
9. Collins, M. A., G. M. Rusch, F. Sato, P. M. Hext, and R.-J. Millischer. 1995. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane: Repeat exposure inhalation toxicity in the rat, developmental toxicity in the rabbit, and genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25:271-280.
10. Creasy, D. M., and P. M. D. Foster. 1991. Male reproductive system. In Handbook of toxicologic pathology, eds. W. M. Haschek and C. G. Rousseaux, 829-889. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
11. Dekant, W. 1996. Toxicology of chlorofluorocarbon replacements. Environ. Health Perspect. 104 (Suppl. 1):75-83.
12. Dempster, A. P., M. R. Selwyn, C. M. Patel, and A. J. Roth. 1984. Statistical and computational aspects of mixed model analysis. J. Royal Stat. Soc. (Series C, Appl. Stat.) 33:203-214.
13. DuPont unpublished data. 1975. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-699-75.
14. DuPont unpublished data. 1992a. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-43-92.
15. DuPont unpublished data. 1992b. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-595-92.
16. DuPont unpublished data. 1992c. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-700-92.
17. DuPont unpublished data. 1992d. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-744-92.
18. DuPont unpublished data. 1993. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-333-93.
19. DuPont unpublished data. 1994a. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-255-94.
20. DuPont unpublished data. 1994b. Haskell Laboratory Report No. HLR-375-94.
21. Ellis, M. K., L. A. Gowans, T. Green, and R. J. N. Turner. 1993. Metabolic fate and disposition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-134a) in the rat following a single exposure by inhalation. Xenobiotica 93:719-729.
22. Ellis, M. K., R. Trebilcock, J. L. Naylor, K. Tseung, M. A. Collins, P. M. Hext, and T. Green. 1996. The inhalation toxicology, genetic toxicology and metabolism of difluoromethane in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31:243-251.
23. Greaves, P. 1990. Male genital tract. In Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies: Interpretation and relevance in drug safety evaluation, ed. P. Greaves, 584-624. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
24. Hardy, C. J., P. C. Kieran, and I. J. Sharman. 1994. Assessment of the cardiac sensitisation potential (CSP) of a range of halogenated alkanes. Toxicologist 14:378 (Abstract 1484).
25. Haseman, J. K., and M. D. Hogan. 1975. Selection of the experimental unit in teratology studies. Teratology 12:165-171.
26. Hochberg, Y., and A. C. Tamhane. 1987. Multiple comparison procedures. New York: Wiley and Sons.
27. Hocking, R. R. 1985. The analysis of linear models. Florence, KY: Brooks-Cole.
28. Hodson-Walker, G., G. M. Rusch, and F. M. H. Debets. 1993. Mutagenicity testing of a number of CFC replacements: Methods and results. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 21 (Suppl. 22):28.
29. Hurtt, M. E., and S. R. Frame. 1992. Susceptibility of the testis to toxic substances. In Pathobiology of the aging rat, eds. U. Mohr, D. L. Dungworth, and C. C. Capen, Vol. 2, 419-426. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.
30. Jonckheere, A. R. 1954. A distribution-free k-sample test against ordered alternatives. Biometrika 41:133-145.
31. Kawano, T., H. J. Trochimowicz, G. Malinverno, and G. M. Rusch. 1995. Toxicological evaluation of 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 28:223-231.
32. Keller, D. A., D. C. Roe, and P. H. Lieder. 1996. Fluoroacetate-mediated toxicity of fluorinated ethanes. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 30:213-219.
33. Krantz, J. C., C. J. Carr, and J. F. Vitcha. 1948. Anesthesia. XXXI. A study of cyclic and noncyclic hydrocarbons on cardiac automaticity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 94:315-318.
34. Kruskal, W. H., and W. A. Wallis. 1952. Use of ranks one-criterion variance analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 48:907-911.
35. Lazarow, P. B. 1981. Assay of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Methods Enzymol. 72:315-319.
36. Lester, D., and L. A. Greenberg. 1950. Acute and chronic toxicity of some halogenated derivatives of methane and ethane. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 2:335-344.
37. Malley, L. A., M. Carakostas, C. J. Elliot, L. Alvarez, R. E. Schroeder. S. R. Frame, C. Van Pelt, H. J. Trochimowicz, and G. M. Rusch. 1996. Subchronic toxicity and teratogenicity of 2-chloro-1,1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 32:11-22.
38. Mann, H. B., and D. R. Whitney. 1947. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann. Math. Stat. 18:50-60.
39. Miller, R. J. 1981. Simultaneous statistical inference, 2nd ed. New York: Springer Verlag.
40. Molina, M. J., and F. S. Rowland. 1974. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluorocarbons: Chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature 249:810-812.
41. Mullin, L. S., A. Azar, C. F. Reinhardt, P. E. Smith, and E. F. Fabryka. 1972. Halogenated hydrocarbon-induced cardiac arrhythmias associated with release of endogenous epinephrine. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 33:389-396.
42. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1993. OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Paris.
43. Reinhardt, C. F., A. Azar, M. E. Maxfield, P. E. Smith, and L. S. Mullin. 1971. Cardiac arrhythmias and aerosol "sniffing". Arch. Environ. Health 22:265-279.
44. Reinhardt, C. F., L. S. Mullin, and M. E. Maxfield. 1973. Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmia potential of some common industrial solvents. J. Occup. Med. 15:953-955.
45. Rusch, G. M., H. J. Trochimowicz, L. J. Malley, D. P. Kelly, J. Peckham, J. Hansen, and J. B. Charm. 1994. Subchronic inhalation toxicity studies with hydrochlorofiuorocarbon 123 (HCFC 123). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23: 169-178.
46. Salewski, V. E. 1964. Farbemethode zum makroskopischen nachweis von implantations stellen am uterus der ratte. Naunyn-Schm. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharm. 247:367.
47. Selwyn, M. R. 1995. The use of trend tests to determine a no-observable-effect level in animal safety studies. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 14:158-168.
48. Shapiro, S. S., and M. B. Wilk. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52:591-611.
49. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1967. Statistical methods. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
50. Sokal, R. R., and P. J. Rohlf. 1969. The arcsin transformation. In Biometry. 386-387. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Co.
51. Solvay, 1994. Inhalation and specific testicular toxicity studies of 1,1,2-trifluoroethane in rats. TSCATS, USEPA 8e Notice, OTS0556432.
52. Staples, R. E. 1974. Detection of visceral alterations in mammalian fetuses Teratology 9:A37-A38.
53. Stuckhardt, J. L., and S. M. Poppe. 1984. Fresh visceral examination of rat and rabbit fetuses used in teratogenicity testing. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 4:181-188.
54. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1998. Health effects testing guidelines 40 CFR 798. Washington, DC.
55. Vinegar, A., G. W. Butler, M. C. Caracci, and J. D. McCafferty. 1995. Gas uptake kinetics of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236FA) and identification of its potential metabolites. ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Dayton, OH. Unpublished data. Report AL/OE-TR-1995-F38.
56. Woo, D. C., and R. M. Hoar. 1972. Apparent hydronephrosis as a normal aspect of renal development in late gestation of rats. The effect of methyl salicylate. Teratology 6:191-196.