Groundwater, radon continuous monitoring system (α-scintillation counting) for natural hazard surveillance

Pure and Applied Geophysics

Volumn 157, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 407-433

  Galli, G ^a   Mancini, C ^a   Quattrocchi, F ^b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Continuous radon monitor prototype; Review of methods; Seismic; Volcanic and environmental surveillance

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; GROUNDWATER; RADON; SEISMIC HAZARD; WATER CHEMISTRY;

EID: 0034008661     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000240050006     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. BELLA, F., BELLA, R., BIAGI, P. F., CAPUTO, M., DELLA MONICA, G., ERMINI, A., PETTINELLI, F., and SGRIGNA, V. (1993), Automatic Equipment to Monitor Groundwater Radon, Pure appl. geophys. 141, 125-137.
2. 222Rn in Water, The Science of the Total Envir. 173/174, 57-61.
3. 222Rn nell'area dei Colli Albani: primi risultati, Proceedings of the XII GNGTS Meeting 1993, Roma, 449-462.
4. CHATLEY, L. (1977), Continuous Waterborne Radon Monitoring Using Ionisation Chambers (Abstract), EOS Trans. AGU 58, 534.
5. CHUNG, Y. (1985), Radon Variations at Arrowhead and Murrieta Springs: Continuous and Discrete Measurements, Pure appl. geophys. 122, 294-308.
6. EC PROGRAM (1996-98a), Geochemical Seismic Zonation (GSZ). Seismic Hazard Zonation: A Multidisciplinary Approach Using Fluid-geochemistry Methods, EC Contract N. ENV4-CT96-0291, ECE-DG XII EC Commission, Brussels.
7. EC PROGRAM (1996-98b), Automatic Geochemical Monitoring of Volcanoes. EC Contract N. ENV4-CT96-0289, ECE-DG XII Commission, Brussels.
8. FRIEDMANN, H., and HERNEGGER, F. (1978), A Method for Continuous Measurement of Radon in Water of Spring for Earthquake Prediction, Geophys. Res. Lett. 5 (7), 565-568.
9. FRIEDMANN, H. (1991), Continuous Spring Water Measurements in Austria and Possible Relations to Earthquakes, Proceedings of the International Conference Earthquake Prediction: State of Art Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 14-18 Oct. 1991, pp. 233-239.
10. FRIEDMANN, H (1985), Anomalies in the Radon Content of Spring Water as Earthquake Precursors Phenomena, Earth Pred. Res. 1, 179-189.
11. FRIEDMANN, H. (1983), A Portable Radonmeter, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 4, 119-122.
12. GARAVAGLIA, M., BRAITEMBERG, G., ZADRO, M., and QUATTROCCHI, F. (1999), Radon Measurements in Soil and Waters in the Seismic Fruili Area, Il Nuovo Cimento, 22C (3-4), 415-422.
13. HAUKSSON, E. (1981), Radon Content of Groundwater as an Earthquake Precursor: Evaluation of Worldwide Data and Physical Basis, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9397-9410.
14. 2 and Radon Measurements in the Vogtland Area (Germany) - A Contribution to Earthquake Prediction Research, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (7), 771-774.
15. HOLUB, R. F., and BRADY, B. T. (1981), The Effect of Stress on Radon Emanation from Rock, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1776-1784.
16. HONKURA, Y., and ISIKARA, A. M. (1991), Multidisciplinary Research on Fault Activity in the Western Part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Tectonophysics 193, 347-357.
17. IGARASHI, G., TOHJIMA, Y., and WAKITA, H. (1993). Time-variable Response Characteristics of Groundwater Radon to Earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20 (17), 1807-1810.
18. IGARASHI, G., and WAKITA, H. (1995), Geochemical and Hydrological Observations for Earthquake Prediction in Japan, J. Phys. Earth 43, 585-598.
19. IGARASHI, G., SEAKI, T., TAKAHATA, N., SMIKAWA, K., TASAKA, S., SASAKI, Y., TAKAHASHI, M., and SANO, J. (1995), Groundwater Radon Anomaly, before the Kobe Earthquake in Japan, Science 269, 60-61.
20. KING, C. Y. (1985), Radon Monitoring for Earthquake Prediction in China, Earth. Pred. Res. 3, 47-78.
21. KING, C. Y. (1986), Gas Geochemistry Applied to Earthquake Prediction: An Overview, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12,269-12,281.
22. KING, C. Y. (1993), Radon Anomalies on Three Kind of Faults in California. Pure appl. geophys. 141, 111-124.
23. KOCH, U., and HEINICKE, J., Earthquake prediction research by radiometric-geochemical methods in the Vogtland-NW Bohemian region: New results and aspects. In Seismology in Europe, Proceedings of the XXV ESC General Assembly, Reykyavik, 9-14 September 1996, pp. 2241-246.
24. 222Rn in the Ground and a New Physical Model for the Transport, Geophysics 47, 1444-1452.
25. LI, T., and YANG, G. (1978), Manufacture and application of the JSZ-2 type intermittent/continuous digital automatic radon monitor. In Collected Reports in Seismo-hydrogeochemistry (State Seismological Bureau, Division of Scientific Research, Beijing), pp. 469-481 (in Chinese).
26. LOMBARDI, S. (Project Leader), BILLI, A., ANGELONE, M., BRUNORI, C. A., CIOTOLI, G., DI FILIPPO, M., DOUMAZ, F., DUDDRIDGE, G. A., FUNICIELLO, R., FYTIKAS, M., GRAINGER, P., GUERRA, M., MARTY, B., MELE, G., MONTONE, P., ORLANDI, C., PAPACHRISTOU, M., PAVLIDIS, S., PIZZINO, L., PONGETTI, F., QUATTROCCHI, F., ROMEO, G., SALVI, S., SALVINI, F., SCARLATO, P., SCIACCA, U., SOULAKELLIS, N., TACCETTI, Q., URBINI, G., and ZOUROS, N. (1999), Final Report of the Geochemical Seismic Zonation EC Program, EC Contract N. ENV4-CT96-0291, ECE-DG XII, Brussels, Belgium.
27. LUCAS, H. F., and MARKUN, F. (1988), Radon in Air Calibration Procedure: A Primary Method, Nuclear Science and Engin. 99, 82-87.
28. 222Rn, Using AC Canisters, Health Physics 69, 408-410.
29. 222Rn, Study During the Geochemical Surveillance of Some Seismogenic Areas: Comparison between Different Techniques for Discrete Monitoring, Annali di Geofisica, 43 (1), 1-20.
30. MEGUMI, K., and MAMURO, T. (1987), Radon and Thoron Exhalation from the Ground, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 804-1808.
31. MELVIN, J. D., SHAPIRO, M. H., and COPPING, N. A. (1978), An Automated Radon-Thoron Monitor for Earthquake Prediction Research, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 153, 239-251.
32. MENDENHALL, M. H., SHAPIRO, M. H., MELVIN, J. D., and TOMBRELLO, T. A. (1981), Preliminary Spectral Analysis of Near-real Time Radon Data, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8 (5), 449-452.
33. MJACHKIN, V. I., BRACE, W. F., SOBOLEV, G. A., and DIETERICH, H. J. (1975), Two Models for Earthquake Forerunner, Pure appl. geophys. 113, 169-181
34. NOGUCHI, M., and WAKITA, H. (1977), A Method for Continuous Measurements of Radon in Groundwater for Earthquake Prediction, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 1353-1357.
35. OKABE, S. (1956). Time Variation of the Atmospheric Radon Content near the Ground Surface with Relation to some Geophysical Phenomena, Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 28, 2 (Ser. A), 99-115.
36. QUATTROCCHI, F., CALCARA, M., PONGETTI, F., ROMEO, G., and SCIACCA, U. (1996), Evoluzione verso il II prolotipo di sistema di monitoraggio geochimico (GMS II), per la sorveglianza geochimico-ambientale e per lo studio dei pecursori dei terremoti, Proceedings of the XV GNGTS Meeting, CNR-Rome, pp. 437-442.
37. QUATTROCCHI, F., CALCARA, M., and PORFIDIA, B. (1997), A Prototype Radonmeter for Seismic Surveillance, Annali di Geofisica 40 (6), 1599-1611.
38. QUATTROCCHI, F., and CALCARA, M. (1998), Test-sites for Earthquake Prediction Experiments within the Colli Albani Region, Phys. Chem. Earth, 23 (9-10), 915-920.
39. QUATTROCCHI, F., DI STEFANO, G., PIZZINO, L., PONGETTI, F., ROMEO, G., SCARLATO, P., SCIACCA, U., and URBINI, G. (1999a), Geochemical Monitoring System II Prototype (GMS II) Installation at the "Aqua Difesa" Well, within the Etna Region: First Data, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., accepted.
40. QUATTROCCHI, F., GUERRA, M., PIZZINO, L., and LOMBARDI, S. (1999b), Radon and Helium as Pathfinders of Fault System and Groundwater Evolution in Different Italian Areas, Il Nuovo Cimento, 22C (3-4), 309-316.
41. QUATTROCCHI, F. (1999), In Search of Evidence of Deep Fluids Discharges and Pore Pressure Evolution in the Crust to Explain the Seismicity Style of the Umbria-Marche 1997-1998 seismic sequence (Central Italy), Annali di Geophysica 42 (4), 609-636.
42. SADOWSKY, M. A., NERSESOV, I. L., NIGMATULLAEV, S. K., LATYNINA, L. A., LUKK, A. A., SLMENOV, A. N., SIMBIREVA, I. G., and ULOMOV, V. I. (1972). The Processes Proceeding Strong Earthquakes in Some Regions of Middle Asia, Tectonophysics 14, 295-307.
43. SCIACCA, U., and QUATTROCCHI, F. (1997), Un nuovo sistema di monitoraggio geochimico (GMS II) per la sorveglianza dei rischi naturali: descrizione del sistema e prestazioni del software, ING Internal Publication 595, 13 pp., ING-Roma.
44. SCHOLZ, C. H., SYKES, L. R., and AGGERWAL, Y. P. (1973), Earthquake Prediction: A Physical Basis, Science 181, 803-810.
45. SCHROEDER, G. L., HOBART, W. K., and EVANS, R. D. (1965), Diffusion of Radon in Several Naturally Occurring Soil Types, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 471-474.
46. SHAPIRO, M. H., MELVIN, J. D., and TOMBRELLO, T. A. (1980), Automated Radon Monitoring at a Hard-rock Site in the Southern California Transverse Ranges, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 3058-3064.
47. SHI, H., and CAI, Z. (1986), Geochemical Characteristics of Underground Fluids in Some Active Fault Zones in China, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12,282-12,290.
48. SMITH, A. R., BOWMAN, H. R., MOSIER, D. F., ASARO, F., and WOLLENBERG, H. A. (1976), Investigation of Radon 222 in Subsurface Waters as an Earthquake Predictor, Trans. Inst. Elec. Electronic Eng., Trans. Nucl. Sci. 23, 694-698.
49. SOONAWALA, N. M., and TELFORD, W. M. (1980), Movement of Radon in Overburden, Geophysics 45, 1297-1315.
50. STREIL, T., HEINICKE, J., KOCH, U., OESER, V., and WIEGAND, J. (1997), EPOS1 - A Multi-parameter Measuring System to Earthquake Prediction Research, SARAD GmbH. Internal Report, Pesterwitz/ Dresden, Germany.
51. SUN, L. F., and TENG, T. L. (1983), Development and Deployment of Continuous Radon Monitors (CRMs), Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 64, 101-112.
52. TALWANI, P., MOORE, W. S., and CHIANG, J. (1980). Radon Anomalies and Micro-earthquakes at Lake Jocassee, South Carolina, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 3079-3088.
53. TANG, C. (1978), Bases for the Prediction of the Lungling Earthquake and the Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Precursors, Chin. Geophys. 1, 400-424.
54. TENG, T. (1980), Some Recent Studies on Groundwater Radon Content as an Earthquake Precursor, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 3089-3099.
55. TENG, T. L., and SUN, L. F. (1986), Research on Groundwater Radon as a Fluid Phase Precursor to Earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12,305-12,313.
56. THOMAS, D. M., CUFF, K. E., and COX, M. E. (1989), The Association between Ground Gas Radon Variations and Geologic Activity in Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 12,186-12,198.
57. THOMAS, D. (1988), Geochemical Precursors to Seismic Activity, Pure appl. geophys. 126, 37-46.
58. THOMAS, D. M., COTTER, J. M., and HOLFORD, D. (1992), Experimental Design for Soil Gas Radon Monitoring, J. Radional. and Nuclear Chem. 161 (2), 313-323.
59. TIANJIN SEISMOLOGICAL BUREAU (Office of Hydrochemistry) (1978a), Summary of an automatic radon-monitoring method by measuring gamma rays. In Collected Reports in Seismo-Hydrogeochemistry, State Seismological Bureau, Division of Scientific Research, Beijing, pp. 248-257 (in Chinese).
60. TIANJIN SEISMOLOGICAL BUREAU (Office of Hydrochemistry) (1978b), Summary of tests on FD-128 type automatic radon monitor. In Collected Reports in Seismo-Hydrogeochemistry, State Seismological Bureau, Division of Scientific Research, Beijing, pp. 482-492 (in Chinese).
61. 222Rn Concentrations in Fractured Rock, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 (6), 845-848.
62. ULOMOV, V. I., and MAVASHEV, B. Z. (1967), A Precursor of a Strong Tectonic Earthquake, Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR Earth Sci. Sec. 176, 9-11.
63. VARHEGYI, A., HAKL, J., MONNIN, M., MORIN, J. P., and SEIDEL, J. L. (1992), Experimental Study of Radon Transport in Water as Test for a Transportation Micro-bubble Model, J. Appl. Geophys. 29, 37-46.
64. VIRK, H. S., and BALJINDER, S. (1993), Radon Anomalies in Soil-gas and Groundwater as Earthquake Precursor Phenomena, Tectonophys. 227, 215-224.
65. VIRK, H. S., WALIA, V., and SHARMA, K. (1995), Radon Precursory Signals of Chamba Earthquake, Current Science 69 (5), 452-454.
66. VIRK, H. S., and SINGH, B. (1995), Correlation of Radon Anomalies with the Uttarkashi Earthquake, Mem. Geol. Soc. India 30, 125-132.
67. WAKITA, H. (1978), Earthquake Prediction and Geochemical Studies in China, Chin. Geophys. 1, 443-457.
68. WAKITA, H., NAKAMURA, Y., and SANO, Y. (1985), Groundwater Radon Variations Reflecting Changes in Regional Stress Field, Earth. Predic. Res. 3, 545-557.
69. WAKITA, H., NAKAMURA, Y., NOTSU, K., NOGUCHI, M., and ASADA, T. (1989a), Radon Anomaly: A Possible Precursor of the 1978 Izu-Oshima-Kinkai Earthquake, Science 207, 882-883.
70. WAKITA, H., IGARASHI, G., NAKAMURA, Y., SANO, Y., and NOTSU, K. (1989b), Coseismic Radon Changes in Groundwater, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (2), 417-420.
71. WOLLENBERG, H. A., SMITH, A. R., MOSIER, D. F., FLEXSER, S., and CLARK, M. (1985), Radon 222 in Groundwater of the Long Valley Caldera, California, Pure appl. geophys. 1, 443-457.
72. WOITH, H., PEKDEGER, A., and ZSCHAU, J. (1991), Groundwater radon anomalies in space and time: a contribution to the joint Turkish-German earthquake prediction research project. Proceedings of the International Conference Earthquake Prediction: State of Art, Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 14-18 Oct. 1991, pp. 282-289.
73. WYSS, M. (1991), Evaluation of Proposed Earthquake Precursors, IASPEI Sub-commission on Earthquake Prediction, IASPEI, eds., pp. 74.
74. WYSS, M., and DMOWSKA, R. (1997). Earthquake Prediction, State of Art, Eds Birkhäuser 266 pp. (ISBN 3-7643-5101-2).
75. ZHU, K., and WANG, Y. (1978), Summary of work on the FD-118 G1 type automatic radon monitor. In Collected Reports in Seismo-Hydrogeochemistry, State Seismological Bureau, Division of Scientific Research, Beijing, pp. 493-498 (in Chinese).
76. ZHANG, W., SHI, Y., and ZHANG, P. (1994), A New Study Item of Earthquake Precursors: The Escaping Gas Rn in Groundwater, Earthquake Res. China 8 (1), 39-47.