Assessing the risk of breast cancer

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 342, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 564-571

  Armstrong, Katrina ^a,b,c,d   Eisen, Andrea ^a,b   Weber, Barbara ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^d 1233 Blockley Hall ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; ESTROGEN; RALOXIFENE; TAMOXIFEN;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS;

ADULT; AGED; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; MIDDLE AGED; PROBABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TAMOXIFEN;

EID: 0034004583     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200002243420807     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L, Edwards BK, eds. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1996: tables and graphs. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, 1999.
2. Offit K, Brown K. Quantitating familial cancer risk: a resource for clinical oncologists. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:1724-36.
3. Vogel VG. Assessing women's potential risk of developing breast cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 1996;10:1451-8, 1461-3.
4. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: guide to clinical preventive services. 2nd ed. Alexandria, Va.: International Medical Publishing, 1996:73-87
5. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1769-75.
6. Folsom AR, Mink PJ, Sellers TA, Hong CP, Zheng W, Potter JD. Hormonal replacement therapy and morbidity and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Am J Public Health 1995;85:1128-32.
7. Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1589-93.
8. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117:1016-37.
9. Col NF, Eckman MH, Karas RH, et al. Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997; 277:1140-7
10. Col NF, Pauker SG, Goldberg RJ, et al. Individualizing therapy to prevent long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1458-66.
11. Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Risk factors for breast cancer according to family history of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:365-71.
12. Sellers TA, Mink PJ, Cerhan JR, et al. The role of hormone replacement therapy in the risk for breast cancer and total mortality in women with a family history of breast cancer. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:973-80.
13. Rockhill B, Weinberg CR, Newman B. Population attributable fraction estimation for established breast cancer risk factors: considering the issues of high prevalence and unmodifiability. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147: 826-33.
14. Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1681-5.
15. Bruzzi P, Green SB, Byar DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.
16. Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1641-7.
17. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. JAMA 1999;281:2189-97.
18. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1999;282:637-45.
19. Kerlikowske K, Grady D, Rubin SM, Sandrock C, Ernster VL. Efficacy of screening mammography: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1995;273:149-54.
20. Mettler FA, Upton AC, Kelsey CA, Ashby RN, Rosenberg RD, Linver MN. Benefits versus risks from mammography: a critical reassessment. Cancer 1996;77:903-9.
21. Lindfors KK, Rosenquist CJ. The cost-effectiveness of mammographic screening strategies. JAMA 1995;274:881-4. [Erratum, JAMA 1996;275: 112.]
22. Hendrick RE, Smith RA, Rutledge JH III, Smart CR. Benefit of screening mammography in women aged 40-49: a new meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In: Journal of the National Cancer Institute monographs no. 22. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, 1997:87-92.
23. Kerlikowske K, Grady D, Barclay J, Sickles EA, Eaton A, Ernster V. Positive predictive value of screening mammography by age and family history of breast cancer. JAMA 1993;270:2444-50.
24. Salzmann P, Kerlikowske K, Phillips K. Cost-effectiveness of extending screening mammography guidelines to include women 40 to 49 years of age. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:955-65. [Erratum, Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:878.]
25. Mammography recommendations for women ages 40-49. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Advisory Board, 1997:1-5.
26. Rowe PM. ACS orders mammography for younger women. Lancet 1997;349:928.
27. Eddy DM. Screening for breast cancer. Ann Intern Med 1989;111: 389-99.
28. Taplin SH, Thompson RS, Schnitzer F, Anderman C, Immanuel V. Revisions in the risk-based Breast Cancer Screening Program at Group Health Cooperative. Cancer 1990;66:812-18. [Erratum, Cancer 1991;67: 2400.]
29. Gail M, Rimer B. Risk-based recommendations for mammographic screening for women in their forties. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3105-14. [Erratum, J Clin Oncol 1999;17:740.]
30. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1371-88.
31. Powles T, Eeles R, Ashley S, et al. Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomised chemoprevention trial. Lancet 1998;352:98-101.
32. Veronesi U, Maisonneuve P, Costa A, et al. Prevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen: preliminary findings from the Italian randomised trial among hysterectomised women. Lancet 1998;352:93-7.
33. Chlebowski RT, Collyar DE, Somerfield MR, Pfister DG. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment on breast cancer risk reduction strategies: tamoxifen and raloxifene. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1939-55.
34. Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340:77-84.
35. Stefanek ME. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy: issues and concerns. In: Journal of the National Cancer Institute monographs no. 17. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, 1995:37-42. (NIH publication no. 94-03837.)
36. Schrag D, Kuntz KM, Garber JE, Weeks JC. Decision analysis -effects of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy on life expectancy among women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1465-71. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1997;337:434.]
37. Feuer EJ, Wun LM, Boring CC, Flanders WD, Timmel MJ, Tong T. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85: 892-7.
38. Slattery ML, Kerber RA. A comprehensive evaluation of family history and breast cancer risk: the Utah Population Database. JAMA 1993;270: 1563-8.
39. Gail MH, Brinton LA, Byar DP, et al. Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1879-86.
40. Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med 1985;312:146-51.
41. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, et al. Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA 1998;279: 535-40.
42. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O, et al. Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer - a pooled analysis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:356-61.
43. Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, et al. Lactation history and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:932-8.
44. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Rao RS, et al. Case-control study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:25-37.
45. Michels KB, Willett WC. Does induced or spontaneous abortion affect the risk of breast cancer? Epidemiology 1996;7:521-8.
46. Hildreth NG, Shore RE, Dvoretsky PM. The risk of breast cancer after irradiation of the thymus in infancy. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1281-4.
47. Claus EB, Risch N, Thompson WD. Autosomal dominant inheritance of early-onset breast cancer: implications for risk prediction. Cancer 1994; 73:643-51.
48. Anderson DE, Badzioch MD. Risk of familial breast cancer. Cancer 1985;56:383-7.
49. Ottman R, Pike MC, King MC, Henderson BE. Practical guide for estimating risk for familial breast cancer. Lancet 1983;2:556-8.
50. Costantino JP, Gail MH, Pee D, et al. Validation studies for models projecting the risk of invasive and total breast cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1541-8.
51. Gail MH, Benichou J. Assessing the risk of breast cancer in individuals. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer prevention. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1992:1-15.
52. Bondy ML, Lustbader ED, Halabi S, Ross E, Vogel VG. Validation of a breast cancer risk assessment model in women with a positive family history. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:620-5.
53. Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Hunter D, Hertzmark E. Validation of the Gail et al. model for predicting individual breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:600-7.
54. McGuigan KA, Ganz PA, Breant C. Agreement between breast cancer risk estimation methods. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1315-7.
55. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 1994; 266:66-71.
56. Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 1995;378:789-92. [Erratum, Nature 1996;379:749.]
57. Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1401-8.
58. Ford D, Easton DF, Stratton M, et al. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62:676-89.
59. Couch FJ, DeShano ML, Blackwood MA, et al. BRCA1 mutations in women attending clinics that evaluate the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1409-15.
60. Shattuck-Eidens D, Oliphant A, McClure M, et al. BRCA1 sequence analysis in women at high risk for susceptibility mutations: risk factor analysis and implications for genetic testing. JAMA 1997;278:1242-50.
61. Hoskins KF, Stopfer JE, Calzone KA, et al. Assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer: a guide for clinicians. JAMA 1995;273:577-85.
62. Ford D, Easton DF, Peto J. Estimate of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:1457-62.
63. Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Black WC, Welch HG. The role of numeracy in understanding the benefit of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:966-72.
64. Rosser EM, Hurst JA, Chapman CJ. Cancer families: what risks are they given and do the risks affect management? J Med Genet 1996;33:977-80.