Cutaneous malignant melanoma: Clinical aspects, imaging modalities and treatment

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 447-458

  Ak, I ^a   Stokkel, M P M ^a   Bergman, W ^a   Pauwels, E K J ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Imaging; Malignant melanoma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER STAGING; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MELANOMA; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY;

EID: 0034001820     PISSN: 03406997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002590050529     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. 1. Serraino D, Fratino L, Gianni W, et al. Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous malignant melanoma [review]. Oncol Rep 1998; 5: 905-909.
2. 2. Jones WO, Harman CR, Ng AK, Shaw JH. Incidence of malignant melanoma in Auckland, New Zealand: highest rates in the world. World J Surg 1999; 23: 732-735.
3. 3. Hall HI, Miller DR, Rogers JD, Bewerse B. Update on the incidence and mortality from melanoma in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 35-42.
4. 4. Whited JD, Grichnik JM. Does this patient have a mole or a melanoma? JAMA 1998; 279: 696-701.
5. 5. Anonymous. Guidelines of care for malignant melanoma. Committee on Guidelines of Care. Task Force on Malignant Melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 638-641.
6. 6. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Thompson JF, Hoefnagel CA. Melanoma. In: Murray IPC, Ell PJ, eds. Nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. London: Harcourt Brace & Co; 1998: 989-1000.
7. 7. Cascinelli N, Ferrario M, Tonelli T, Leo E. A possible new tool for clinical diagnosis of melanoma: the computer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16: 361-367.
8. 8. Paladugu RR, Winberg CD, Yonemoto RH. Acral lentiginous melanoma. A clinicopathologic study of 36 patients. Cancer 1983; 52: 161-168.
9. 9. Cascinelli N, Clemente C, Belli F. Cutaneous melanoma. In: Peckham M, Pinedo H, Veronesi U, eds. Oxford textbook of oncology, vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995: 902-929.
10. 10. Breslow A. Tumor thickness in evaluating prognosis of cutaneous melanoma [letter]. Ann Surg 1978; 187: 440.
11. 11. Holmes EC, Clark W, Morton DL, Eilber FR, Bochow AJ. Regional lymph node metastases and level of invasion of primary melanoma. Cancer 1976; 37: 199-210.
12. 12. Soon S, Weiss HL. Predicting outcome in patients with localised melanoma. In: Balch CM, Hougton AN, Sober AJ, Soon S, eds. Cutaneous melanoma, 3rd edn. St. Louis: QMP Publishing; 1998: 51-56.
13. 13. Gershenwald JE, Buzaid AC, Ross MI. Classification and staging of melanoma [review]. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998; 12: 737-765.
14. 14. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J, et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1991 Jul 25; 325: 292]. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1159-1162.
15. 15. Essner R. The role of lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node mapping in assessing patients risk in melanoma. Semin Oncol 1997; 24 Suppl 4: S4-S11.
16. 16. Ross MI, Reintgen DS. Role of the lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the detection of melanoma nodal metastases. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34 Suppl 3: S7-S11.
17. 17. Hochwald SN, Coit DG. Role of elective lymph node dissection in melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1998; 14: 276-282.
18. 18. Arthur JS, Howard K. Melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. In: Isselbacker KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 13th edn. Nürnberg, Germany: McGraw-Hill; 1994: 1867-1871.
19. 19. Sharpless SM, Das Gupta TK. Surgery for metastatic melanoma [review]. Semin Surg Oncol 1998; 14: 311-318.
20. 20. Ho RC. Medical management of stage IV malignant melanoma. Medical issues [review]. Cancer 1995; 75: 735-741.
21. 21. Wagner JD, Schauwecker D, Davidson D, et al. Prospective study of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging of lymph node basins in melanoma patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1508-1515.
22. 22. Cammarota T, Pinto F, Magliaro A, Sarno A. Current uses of diagnostic high-frequency US in dermatology. Eur J Radiol 1998; 27: S215-S223.
23. 23. Lassau N, Spatz A, Avril MF, et al. Value of high-frequency US for preoperative assessment of skin tumors. Radiographics 1997; 17: 1559-1565.
24. 24. Hoffmann K, Jung J, el Gammal S, Altmeyer P. Malignant melanoma in 20-MHz B scan sonography [published erratum appears in Dermatology 1992; 185: 160]. Dermatology 1992; 185: 49-55.
25. 25. Rompel R, Sellke C, Whony J. 20 MHz. sonometric determination of tumour thickness and invasion index correlates with Breslow thickness and Clark levels in malignant melanoma. Eur J Dermatol 1997; 7: 197-200.
26. 26. Pinto F, Lencioni R, Maggliaro A, Nardini V, Armillotta N, Bartolozzi C. High frequency US preoperative assessment in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Radiology 1997; Suppl 205: 421-422.
27. 27. Pinto F, Lencioni R, Magliaro A, Ghiara F, Nardini V, Cervadaro G, et al. Sonographic findings in cutaneous melanomas. Eur J Radiol 1997; Suppl 7: 396.
28. 28. Nazarian LN, Alexander AA, Rawool NM, Kurtz AB, Maguire HC, Mastrangelo MJ. Malignant melanoma: impact of superficial US on management. Radiology 1996; 199: 273-277.
29. 29. Rossi CR, Seno A, Vecchiato A, et al. The impact of ultrasound scanning in the staging and follow-up of patients with clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 200-203.
30. 30. Kaufmann PM, Crone-Munzebrock W. Tumor follow-up using sonography and computed tomography in the abdominal region of patients with malignant melanoma [in German]. Aktuelle Radiol 1992; 2: 81-85.
31. 31. Uozumi A, SaegUnited States T, Ohsato K, Yamaura A. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of nonhemorrhagic, metastatic melanoma of the brain - case report. Neurol Med Chir 1990; 30: 143-146.
32. 32. Fisher MR, Barker B, Amparo EG, et al. MR imaging using specialized coils. Radiology 1985; 157: 443-447.
33. 33. Takahashi M, Kohda H. Diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging in malignant melanoma [published erratum appears in J Am Acad Dermatol 1993 Mar; 28: 513-515] [see comments]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27: 51-54.
34. 34. Zemtsov A, Lorig R, Bergfield WF, Bailin PL, Ng TC. Magnetic resonance imaging of cutaneous melanocytic lesions. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989; 15: 854-858.
35. 35. Buzaid AC, Sandler AB, Mani S, et al. Role of computed tomography in the staging of primary melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 638-643.
36. 36. Buzaid AC, Tinoco L, Ross MI, Legha SS, Benjamin RS. Role of computed tomography in the staging of patients with local-regional metastases of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2104-2108.
37. 37. Kuvshinoff BW, Kurtz C, Coit DG. Computed tomography in evaluation of patients with stage III melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1997; 4: 252-258.
38. 38. van den Brekel MW, Pameijer FA, Koops W, Hilgers FJ, Kroon BB, Balm AJ. Computed tomography for the detection of neck node metastases in melanoma patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998; 24: 51-54.
39. 39. Terhune MH, Swanson N, Johnson TM. Use of chest radiography in the initial evaluation of patients with localized melanoma [see comments]. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: 569-572.
40. 40. Kirkwood JM, Myers JE, Vlock DR, et al. Tomographic gallium-67 citrate scanning: useful new surveillance for metastatic melanoma. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 694-699.
41. 41. Milder MS, Frankel RS, Bulkley GB, Ketcham AS, Johnston GS. Gallium-67 scintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Cancer 1973; 32: 1350-1356.
42. 42. Jackson FI, McPherson TA, Lentle BC. Gallium-67 scintigraphy in multisystem malignant melanoma. Radiology 1977; 122: 163-167.
43. 43. Kagan R, Witt T, Bines S, Mesleh G, Economou S. Gallium-67 scanning for malignant melanoma. Cancer 1988; 61: 272-274.
44. 44. Lindholm P, Leskinen S, Nagren K, et al. Carbon-11-methionine PET imaging of malignant melanoma. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 1806-1810.
45. 45. Omlor G, Berberich R, Gross G, Alexander C, Feifel G. Initial experiences with a new monoclonal antibody in diagnosis of malignant melanomas [in German]. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1991; 376: 359-362.
46. 46. Feggi L, Indelli M, Pansini GC, Santini A, Prandini N, Virgili AR. Immunoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma: a five-year clinical experience. Nucl Med Commun 1993; 14: 145-148.
47. 99mTc-labelled monoclonal antibody fragments. The European Multicentre Study Group. Eur J Nucl Med 1990; 16: 317-323.
48. 99mTc labelled cutaneous melanoma antibody fragments [see comments]. Br J Ophthalmol 1987; 71: 651-658.
49. 49. Schaling DF, Oosterhuis JA, Jager MJ, Kakebeeke-Kemme H, Pauwels EKJ. Possibilities and limitations of radioimmunoscintigraphy and conventional diagnosic modalities in choroidal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 244-248.
50. 50. Britton KE, Granowska M. The diagnostic role of the radiolabelled antibodies. In: Murray IJC, Ell PJ, eds. Nuclear medicine in diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. London: Harcourt Brace & Co; 1998: 871-892.
51. 51. Bard DR, Knight CG, Page-Thomas DP. A chelating derivative of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone as a potential imaging agent for malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 919-922.
52. 52. Wraight EP, Bard DR, Maughan TS, Knight CG, Page-Thomas DP. The use of a chelating derivative of α melanocyte stimulating hormone for the clinical imaging of malignant melanoma. Br J Radiol 1992; 65: 112-118.
53. 53. Boni R, Steinert H, Huch Boni R, et al. Radioiodine-labelled α-methyl-tyrosine in malignant melanoma: cell culture studies and results in patients. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 96-100.
54. 123I]iodoamphetamine to melanin production. J Nucl Med 1984; 25: 315-319.
55. 55. Wada M, Ichiya Y, Katsuragi M, et al. Scintigraphic visualization of human malignant melanoma with N-isopropyl-p-[I-123]iodoamphetamine. Clin Nucl Med 1985; 10: 415-417.
56. 56. Liewendahl K, Kairento AL, Pyrhonen S, et al. Localization of melanoma with radiolabelled monoclonal antibody fragments and iodoamphetamine. Eur J Nucl Med 1986; 12: 359-362.
57. 123I-iodoamphetamine. Nucl Med Commun 1996; 17: 153-159.
58. 58. Alonso O, Martinez M, Lago G, et al. Scintigraphic detection of invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma with Tc-99m MIBI. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21: 557-559.
59. 59. Miyazaki T, Ohnishi T, Hoshi H, et al. Tl-201 uptake in an intracranial primary malignant melanoma. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21: 572.
60. 201Tl whole-body scintigraphy in patients with malignant melanoma. Nucl Med Commun 1997; 18: 230-234.
61. 61. Rettenbacher L, Koller J, Kassmann H, Galvan G. Detection of melanoma metastases with thallium-201 scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 798-802.
62. 62. Soler C, Perrot JL, Thiffet O, et al. The role of technetium-99m sestamibi single photon emission tomography in the follow-up of malignant melanoma and the detection of lymph node metastases. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24: 1522-1525.
63. 63. Balch CM. Surgical management of regional lymph nodes in cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980; 3: 511-524.
64. 64. Balch CM, Soon SJ, Show HM. Changing trends in the clinical and pathologic features of melanoma. In: Balch CM, Hougton AN, Milton GW, Soon SJ, eds. Cutaneous melanoma, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1992: 40-45.
65. 65. Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer 1977; 39: 456-466.
66. 66. Cottingham T, Larson J, Delaney JP, Zachary C. Sentinel node dissection in the treatment of melanoma. Report of three cases and review of the literature [review]. Dermatol Surg 1997; 23: 113-118.
67. 67. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 392-399.
68. 68. Lenisa L, Santinami M, Belli F, et al. Sentinel node biopsy and selective lymph node dissection in cutaneous melanoma patients. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1999; 18: 69-74.
69. 69. van der Veen H, Hoekstra OS, Paul MA, Cuesta MA, Meijer S. Gamma probe-guided sentinel node biopsy to select patients with melanoma for lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1769-1770.
70. 70. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Shaw HM, Thompson JF, McCarthy WH. Lymphoscintigraphy in high-risk melanoma of the trunk: predicting draining node groups, defining lymphatic channels and locating the sentinel node. J Nucl Med 1993; 34: 1435-1440.
71. 71. O'Brien CJ, Uren RF, Thompson JF, et al. Prediction of potential metastatic sites in cutaneous head and neck melanoma using lymphoscintigraphy. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 461-466.
72. 72. Norman J, Cruse CW, Espinosa C, et al. Redefinition of cutaneous lymphatic drainage with the use of lymphoscintigraphy for malignant melanoma. Am J Surg 1991; 162: 432-437.
73. 73. Pijpers R, Collet GJ, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS. The impact of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guidance on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med 1995; 22: 1238-1241.
74. 74. Taylor A Jr, Murray D, Herda S, Vansant J, Alazraki N. Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy to identify the sentinel and satellite nodes. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21: 755-758.
75. 75. Alex JC, Weaver DL, Fairbank JT, Rankin BS, Krag DN. Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol 1993; 2: 303-308.
76. 76. Krag DN, Meijer SJ, Weaver DL, et al. Minimal-access surgery for staging of malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1995; 130: 654-658.
77. 77. Cafiero F, Peressini A, Gipponi M, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1998; 15: 284-286.
78. 78. Pijpers R, Borgstein PJ, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS, van Hattum LH, Teule GJ. Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma patients: dynamic lymphoscintigraphy followed by intraoperative gamma probe and vital dye guidance. World J Surg 1997; 21: 788-792.
79. 79. Albertini JJ, Cruse CW, Rapaport D, et al. Intraoperative radio-lympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 1996; 223: 217-224.
80. 80. Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Liem I, et al. Localizing the sentinel node in cutaneous melanoma: gamma probe detection versus blue dye. Ann Surg Oncol 1997; 4: 156-160.
81. 81. Lukowsky A, Bellmann B, Ringk A, et al. Detection of melanoma micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node and in non-sentinel nodes by tyrosinase polymerase chain reaction. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113: 554-559.
82. 82. Lucignani G, Paganelli G, Modorati G, et al. MRI, antibody-guided scintigraphy, and glucose metabolism in uveal melanoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16: 77-83.
83. 83. Gritters LS, Francis IR, Zasadny KR, Wahl RL. Initial assessment of positron emission tomography using 2-fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in the imaging of malignant melanoma. J Nucl Med 1993; 34: 1420-1427.
84. 18F]-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography in staging of regional lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1770-1776.
85. 85. Boni R, Boni RA, Steinert H, et al. Staging of metastatic melanoma by whole-body positron emission tomography using 2-fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 556-562.
86. 86. Damian DL, Fulham MJ, Thompson E, Thompson JF. Positron emission tomography in the detection and management of metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 1996; 6: 325-329.
87. 87. Holder WD Jr, White RL Jr, Zuger JH, Easton EJ Jr, Greene FL. Effectiveness of positron emission tomography for the detection of melanoma metastases. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 764-769.
88. 211At-methylene blue for pigmented melanoma in an animal model system. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4332-4337.
89. 211At-methylene blue for targeted radiotherapy of human melanoma xenografts: treatment of micrometastases. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2963-2967.
90. 211At-methylene blue for targeted radiotherapy of human melanoma xenografts: treatment of cutaneous tumors and lymph node metastases. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4385-4390.
91. 211At-methylene blue for targeted radiotherapy of disseminated melanoma: microscopic analysis of tumour versus normal tissue damage. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 1986-1994.
92. 131I-methylene blue: preclinical and clinical experience. Hybridoma 1999; 18: 77-82.
93. 93. Hsueh EC, Gupta RK, Qi K, Yee R, Leopoldo ZC, Morton DL. TA90 immune complex predicts survival following surgery and adjuvant vaccine immunotherapy for stage IV melanoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1997; 3: 364-370.
94. 94. Kelley MC, Jones RC, Gupta RK, et al. Tumor-associated antigen TA-90 immune complex assay predicts subclinical metastasis and survival for patients with early stage melanoma. Cancer 1998; 83: 1355-1361.
95. 95. Jackel A, Deichmann M, Waldmann V, Bock M, Naher H. S-100 beta protein in serum, a tumour marker in malignant melanoma - current stage of knowledge and clinical experience. Hautarzt 1999; 50: 250-256.
96. 96. Karnell R, von Schoultz E, Hansson LO, Nilsson B, Arstrand K, Kagedal B. S100B protein, 5-S-cysteinyldopa and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid as biochemical markers for survival prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 1997; 7: 393-399.
97. 97. Nasi ML, Meyers M, Livingston PO, Houghton AN, Chapman PB. Anti-melanoma effects of R24, a monoclonal antibody against GD3 ganglioside [review]. Melanoma Res 1997; 7: S155-S162.
98. 98. Schultz ES, Diepgen TL, Von Den Driesch P. Clinical and prognostic relevance of serum S-100 beta protein in malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 426-430.
99. 99. Schwartze G, Fiedler H. The diagnostic significance of α-MSH in malignant melanoma of man [in German]. Hautarzt 1994; 45: 468-470.
100. 100. von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Dummer R, Weder W. Cost-effectiveness of whole-body PET imaging in non-small cell lung cancer and malignant melanoma. Acad Radiol 1998; 5: S300-S302.