Oral contraceptives and bone mineral density: A population-based study

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 182, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 265-269

  Pasco, Julie A ^a   Kotowicz, Mark A ^a   Henry, Margaret J ^a   Panahi, Soheila ^a   Seeman, Ego ^b   Nicholson, Geoffrey C ^a  

^a University Department of Medicine   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bone mineral density; Epidemiology; Oral contraceptives

Indexed keywords

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BONE DENSITY; DRUG EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LUMBAR SPINE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; ORAL CONTRACEPTION; POPULATION RESEARCH; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0034001434     PISSN: 00029378     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70209-2     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. 1. Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Kiel DP, Wilson PWF, Anderson JJ. The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1141-6.
2. 2. Goldsmith NF, Johnston JO. Bone mineral: effects of oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and lactation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975;57:657-68.
3. 3. Lindsay R, Tohme J, Kanders B. The effect of oral contraceptive use on vertebral bone mass in pre-and post-menopausal women. Contraception 1986;34:333-40.
4. 4. Enzelsberger H, Metka M, Heytmanek G, Schurz B, Kurz Ch, Kusztrich M. Influence of oral contraceptive use on bone density in climacteric women. Maturitas 1988;9:375-8.
5. 5. Stevenson JC, Lees B, Devenport M, Cust MP, Ganger KF. Determinants of bone density in normal women: risk factors for future osteoporosis? BMJ 1989;298:924-8.
6. 6. Kleerekoper M, Brienza RS, Schultz LR, Johnson CC. Oral contraceptive use may protect against low bone mass. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1971-6.
7. 7. Recker RR, Davies KM, Hinders SM, Heaney RP, Stegrnan MR, Kimmel DB. Bone gain in young adult women. JAMA 1992;268:2403-8.
8. 8. Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women as determined by prior oral contraceptive use. Am J Public Health 1993;83:100-2.
9. 9. Hreshchyshyn MM, Hopkins A, Zylstra S, Anbar M. Associations of parity, breast-feeding, and birth control pills with lumbar spine and femoral neck bone densities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:318-22.
10. 10. Lloyd T, Buchanan JR, Ursino GR, Myers C, Woodward G, Halbert DR. Long-term oral contraceptive use does not affect trabecular bone density. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:402-4.
11. 11. Mazess RB, Barden HS. Bone density in premenopausal women: effects of age, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-control pills. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:132-42.
12. 12. Murphy S, Khaw KT, Compston JF. Lack of relationship between hip and spine bone mineral density and oral contraceptive use. Eur J Clin Invest 1993;23:108-11.
13. 13. Mais V, Fruzzetti F, Ajossa S, Paoletti AM, Guerriero S, Melis GB. Bone metabolism in yonng women taking a monophasic pill containing 20 mcg ethinylestradiol: a prospective study. Contraception 1993;48:445-52.
14. 14. Haapasalo H, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Uusi-Rasi K, Heinonen A, et al. Development of mass, density, and estimated mechanical characteristics of bones in Caucasian females. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:1751-60.
15. 15. Matkovic V, Jelic T, Wardlaw GM, Ilich JZ, Goel PK, Wright JK, et al. Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model. J Clin Invest 1994;93:799-808.
16. 16. Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Melton LJ III, Richelson LS, Judd HL, Offord KP. Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women. Evidence of substantial vertebral bone loss before menopause. J Clin Invest 1986;77:1487-91.
17. 17. Baran D, Sorensen A, Grimes J, Lew R, Karellas A, Johnson B, et al. Dietary modification with dairy products for preventing vertebral bone loss in premenopansal women: a three-year prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:264-70.
18. 18. Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC. The effect of age and menopause on bone mineral density of the proximal femur. J Bone Miner Res 1989;4:639-42.
19. 19. Duppe H, Gardsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE. Bone mineral content in women: trends of change. Osteoporos Int 1992;2:262-5.
20. 20. Seeman E, Wahner HW, Offord KP, Kumar R, Johnson WJ, Riggs BL. Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton. J Clin Invest 1982;69:1302-9.
21. 21. Ott R. An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. 4th ed. California: Wadsworth, Inc; 1993. p. 647-733.
22. 22. Sowers MR, Wallace RB, Lemke JH. Correlates of mid-radius bone density among postmenopausal women: a community study. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;41:1045-53.
23. 23. Hartard M, Bottermann P, Bartenstein P, Jeschke D, Schwaiger M. Effects on bone mineral density of low-dosed oral contraceptives compared to and combined with physical activity. Contraception 1997;55:87-90.
24. 24. Harlow SD, Linet MS. Agreement between questionnaire data and medical records. The evidence for accuracy of recall. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:233-48.
25. 25. Horsman A, Jones M, Francis R, Nordin C. The effect of estrogen dose on postmenopausal bone loss. N Engl J Med 1983;309:1405-7.
26. 26. Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs BL. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:1227-33.