An alternative route of European integration: The community's railways policy

West European Politics

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 65-88

  Knill, Christoph ^a   Lehmkuhl, Dirk ^a  

^a Max Planck Project Group Common Goods: Law Politics and Economics   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RAILWAY TRANSPORT; REGIONALIZATION; TRANSPORTATION POLICY;

EUROPE;

EID: 0034000374     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402380008425352     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. These deficits are well documented by scientific observers as well as the Commission's own statistics. See, for example, C.D. Ehlermann, 'Enforcement of Community Law: How to Improve the Existing Structures'. United Kingdom Association for European Law - Annual Address, London, 7 Nov. 1996; C. Knill (ed.), The Impact of National Administrative Traditions on the Implementation of EU Environmental Policy (Florence: European Univ. Inst. 1997); European Commission, Thirteenth Annual Report on Monitoring the Application of Community Law (1995) (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC 1996); European Commission, Implementing Community Environmental Law. Communication to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (Brussels: Commission of the European Union 1996).
2. These deficits are well documented by scientific observers as well as the Commission's own statistics. See, for example, C.D. Ehlermann, 'Enforcement of Community Law: How to Improve the Existing Structures'. United Kingdom Association for European Law - Annual Address, London, 7 Nov. 1996; C. Knill (ed.), The Impact of National Administrative Traditions on the Implementation of EU Environmental Policy (Florence: European Univ. Inst. 1997); European Commission, Thirteenth Annual Report on Monitoring the Application of Community Law (1995) (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC 1996); European Commission, Implementing Community Environmental Law. Communication to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (Brussels: Commission of the European Union 1996).
3. These deficits are well documented by scientific observers as well as the Commission's own statistics. See, for example, C.D. Ehlermann, 'Enforcement of Community Law: How to Improve the Existing Structures'. United Kingdom Association for European Law - Annual Address, London, 7 Nov. 1996; C. Knill (ed.), The Impact of National Administrative Traditions on the Implementation of EU Environmental Policy (Florence: European Univ. Inst. 1997); European Commission, Thirteenth Annual Report on Monitoring the Application of Community Law (1995) (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC 1996); European Commission, Implementing Community Environmental Law. Communication to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (Brussels: Commission of the European Union 1996).
4. These deficits are well documented by scientific observers as well as the Commission's own statistics. See, for example, C.D. Ehlermann, 'Enforcement of Community Law: How to Improve the Existing Structures'. United Kingdom Association for European Law - Annual Address, London, 7 Nov. 1996; C. Knill (ed.), The Impact of National Administrative Traditions on the Implementation of EU Environmental Policy (Florence: European Univ. Inst. 1997); European Commission, Thirteenth Annual Report on Monitoring the Application of Community Law (1995) (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC 1996); European Commission, Implementing Community Environmental Law. Communication to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament (Brussels: Commission of the European Union 1996).
5. The reasons for these problems of compliance are seen in essentially two factors, namely, the restricted legal sanctions available to the Community in order to enforce EU legislation vis-à-vis the member states and the impact of national administrative traditions which may differ from country to country. See R. Dehousse et al., Europe after 1992. New Regulatory Strategies (Florence: European Univ. Inst., EUI Working Paper No. 92/31); C. Knill, 'Appropriate Implementation. The Impact of National Administrative Traditions on European Policy-Making', Journal of Public Policy 18 (1998).
6. The reasons for these problems of compliance are seen in essentially two factors, namely, the restricted legal sanctions available to the Community in order to enforce EU legislation vis-à-vis the member states and the impact of national administrative traditions which may differ from country to country. See R. Dehousse et al., Europe after 1992. New Regulatory Strategies (Florence: European Univ. Inst., EUI Working Paper No. 92/31); C. Knill, 'Appropriate Implementation. The Impact of National Administrative Traditions on European Policy-Making', Journal of Public Policy 18 (1998).
7. European Commission, Implementing Community Environmental Law (note 1) p.6.
8. Council Directive 91/440/EEC of 29 July 1991 on the development of the Community's railways (OJ No. L/237).
9. H. Ingram and A. Schneider, 'Improving Implementation Through Framing Smarter Statutes' (1990) Journal of Public Policy 10 (1990) pp.67-88; B.G. Peters, 'Alternative Modelle des Policy-Prozesses: Die Sicht 'von unten' und die Sicht "von oben"', in A. Héritier (ed.), Policy-Analyse. Kritik und Neurorientierung, PVS Sonderheft 24 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1993) pp.289-306; R. Mayntz, 'Implementation von regulativer Politik', in idem (ed.), Implementation politischer Programme II (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1983) pp.50-74.
10. H. Ingram and A. Schneider, 'Improving Implementation Through Framing Smarter Statutes' (1990) Journal of Public Policy 10 (1990) pp.67-88; B.G. Peters, 'Alternative Modelle des Policy-Prozesses: Die Sicht 'von unten' und die Sicht "von oben"', in A. Héritier (ed.), Policy-Analyse. Kritik und Neurorientierung, PVS Sonderheft 24 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1993) pp.289-306; R. Mayntz, 'Implementation von regulativer Politik', in idem (ed.), Implementation politischer Programme II (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1983) pp.50-74.
11. H. Ingram and A. Schneider, 'Improving Implementation Through Framing Smarter Statutes' (1990) Journal of Public Policy 10 (1990) pp.67-88; B.G. Peters, 'Alternative Modelle des Policy-Prozesses: Die Sicht 'von unten' und die Sicht "von oben"', in A. Héritier (ed.), Policy-Analyse. Kritik und Neurorientierung, PVS Sonderheft 24 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1993) pp.289-306; R. Mayntz, 'Implementation von regulativer Politik', in idem (ed.), Implementation politischer Programme II (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1983) pp.50-74.
12. P. Taylor, The Limits of European Integration (London: Croom Helm 1983); F.W. Scharpf, Mehrebenenpolitik im vollendeten Binnenmarkt (Köln: Max-Planck Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Discussion Paper 93/9, 1993).
13. P. Taylor, The Limits of European Integration (London: Croom Helm 1983); F.W. Scharpf, Mehrebenenpolitik im vollendeten Binnenmarkt (Köln: Max-Planck Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Discussion Paper 93/9, 1993).
14. Ingram and Schneider (note 5) p.77; Peters, 'Alternative Modelle des Policy-Prozesses', p.305.
15. J. Erdmenger, 'Verkehrspolitik', in Werner Weidenfeld and Wolfgang Wessels (eds.), Jahrbuch der europäischen Integration (Bonn: Europa-Union 1997) pp.167-72.
16. J. Erdmenger, The European Community Transport Policy. Towards a Common Transport Policy (Aldershot: Gower 1983).
17. S.K. Schmidt, 'Die wettbewerbsrechtliche Handlungsfähigkeit der Europäischen Kommission in staatsnahen Sektoren' (PhD thesis, U. of Hamburg, 1997).
18. D. Kerwer and M. Teutsch, 'The Dynamics of the EC's Common Transport Policy', in Adrienne Héritier et al. (forthcoming), Differential Europe: New Opportunities and Restrictions for Policy-Making in Member States.
19. Communication on a Community Railway Policy. Proposal for a Council Directive on the Development of the Commmunity Railways, Com (89) 564 final.
20. Commission official quoted in Kerwer and Teutsch (note 11).
21. It is important to emphasise that, from our emprical material, it is difficult to judge whether the Commission deliberately selected the support approach as a more effective means to push domestic reforms or whether this choice was the result of previous failures of the compliance approach. Since we are primarily interested in the effects of the support-building approach this aspect is of minor importance in the context of this study.
22. See C. Knill, 'Reforming Transport Policy in the United Kingdom: Concurrence with Europe but Separate Developments', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11); C. Nash, 'Developments in Transport Policy. Rail Privatisation in Britain', Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 27 (1993) pp.317-22; R. Gibb, T. Lowndes and C. Charlton, 'The Privatisation of British Rail', Applied Geography 16 (1996) pp.35-51; D. Birginshaw, 'BR Break-up Begins', International Railway Journal (1994) pp. 13-14.
23. See C. Knill, 'Reforming Transport Policy in the United Kingdom: Concurrence with Europe but Separate Developments', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11); C. Nash, 'Developments in Transport Policy. Rail Privatisation in Britain', Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 27 (1993) pp.317-22; R. Gibb, T. Lowndes and C. Charlton, 'The Privatisation of British Rail', Applied Geography 16 (1996) pp.35-51; D. Birginshaw, 'BR Break-up Begins', International Railway Journal (1994) pp. 13-14.
24. See C. Knill, 'Reforming Transport Policy in the United Kingdom: Concurrence with Europe but Separate Developments', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11); C. Nash, 'Developments in Transport Policy. Rail Privatisation in Britain', Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 27 (1993) pp.317-22; R. Gibb, T. Lowndes and C. Charlton, 'The Privatisation of British Rail', Applied Geography 16 (1996) pp.35-51; D. Birginshaw, 'BR Break-up Begins', International Railway Journal (1994) pp. 13-14.
25. See C. Knill, 'Reforming Transport Policy in the United Kingdom: Concurrence with Europe but Separate Developments', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11); C. Nash, 'Developments in Transport Policy. Rail Privatisation in Britain', Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 27 (1993) pp.317-22; R. Gibb, T. Lowndes and C. Charlton, 'The Privatisation of British Rail', Applied Geography 16 (1996) pp.35-51; D. Birginshaw, 'BR Break-up Begins', International Railway Journal (1994) pp. 13-14.
26. N. Zahariadis, 'Selling British Rail. An Idea Whose Time Has Come?', Comparative Political Studies 29 (1996) pp.400-22
27. J. Vickers and G. Yarrow, 'Telecommunications: Liberalisation and the Privatisation of British Telecom', in J. Kay, C. Mayer and D. Thompson (eds.) Privatisation and Regulation. The UK Experience (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989) pp.221-40.
28. Knill (note 15).
29. P. Dunleavy, 'Introduction: Stability, Crisis or Decline?', in P. Dunleavy, A. Gamble, I. Holliday and G. Peele (eds.) Developments in British Politics (London: Macmillan 1993) pp.1-18.
30. As recent developments reveal, many of these uncertainties actually turned out to pose severe problems for the operation of the privatised railways. See Knill (note 15).
31. Official of the British Department of Transport, quoted in Knill (note 15).
32. Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Beleidskader toelating tot het spoorvervoer (Brief aan de voozitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, 11 Feb. 1997, kenmerk GDV/CPV/PVV-S/V 721483) p.9.
33. P. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets. Industrial Policy in Europe (Ithaca: Cornell UP 1985). For the reform of the welfare state see J. Visser and A. Hemerijck, The Dutch Miracle, Job Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP 1997).
34. P. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets. Industrial Policy in Europe (Ithaca: Cornell UP 1985). For the reform of the welfare state see J. Visser and A. Hemerijck, The Dutch Miracle, Job Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP 1997).
35. A.C. Zijderveld, 'Een spoor door de verzorgingsstaat. De sociale en culturele betekenis van de NS na de Tweede Weredoorlog', in Nederlandse Spoorwegen (eds.) Het Spoor - 150 jaar spoorwegen in Nederland (Utrecht and Amsterdam: Nederlandse Spoorwegen/Meulenhoff Informatief 1989) p.271.
36. The fact that the Port of Rotterdam had developed into the biggest port in the world had significantly contributed to making the transport industry an important branch in the Dutch economy.
37. See for a general description D. Lehmkuhl, 'From Regulation to Stimulation: the Reform of Dutch Transport Policy', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11).
38. D. Lehmkuhl, 'Privatizing to keep it Public? The Reorganization of the German Railways', in Arthur Benz and Klaus H. Goetz (eds.) A New German Public Sector? Reform, Adaptation and Stability (Dartmouth: Aldershot 1996) pp.71-92; Michael Teutsch, 'Regulatory Reforms in the German Transport Sector: How to Overcome Multiple Veto Points', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11).
39. D. Lehmkuhl, 'Privatizing to keep it Public? The Reorganization of the German Railways', in Arthur Benz and Klaus H. Goetz (eds.) A New German Public Sector? Reform, Adaptation and Stability (Dartmouth: Aldershot 1996) pp.71-92; Michael Teutsch, 'Regulatory Reforms in the German Transport Sector: How to Overcome Multiple Veto Points', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11).
40. A. Benz and K.H. Goetz, 'The German Public Sector: National Priorities and the International Reform Agenda', Benz and Goetz, A New German Public Sector? (note 11) pp. 1-26, 9; P. Katzenstein, Politics and Policy in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State (Philadelphia: Temple UP 1987).
41. A. Benz and K.H. Goetz, 'The German Public Sector: National Priorities and the International Reform Agenda', Benz and Goetz, A New German Public Sector? (note 11) pp. 1-26, 9; P. Katzenstein, Politics and Policy in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State (Philadelphia: Temple UP 1987).
42. D. Lehmkuhl and C. Herr, 'Reform im Spannungsfeld von Dezentralisierung und Entstaatlichung: Die Neuordnung des Eisenbahnwesens in Deutschland', Politische Vierteljahresschrift 35 (1994) pp.631-57, 635.
43. Indeed, the original plans of the Ministry had been even more radical, but both the concept and the method of transition - the creation of a holding company - were the results of 'practical considerations' since, in view of the required broad consensus, a stage-by-stage restructuring process 'would create considerably less friction and resistance': Bundesminister für Verkehr, Kabinettssache, Datenblatt-Nr. 12/12074-05, 6 June 1992, p.31.
44. A.C. Douillet and D. Lehmkuhl, 'Strengthening the Opposition and Pushing Change: the Paradoxical Impact of Europe on the Reform of French Transport', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11).
45. D. Kerwer. 'Going Through the Motions. The Modest European impact on Italian Transport Policy', in Héritier et al., Differential Europe (note 11).