Phylogenetic evidence for the evolution of ecological specialization in Timema walking-sticks

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 249-262

  Crespi, B J ^a   Sandoval, C P ^b  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Crypsis; Host plants; Phylogeny; Specialization

Indexed keywords

COLOR; EVOLUTION; HOST SPECIFICITY; INSECT; PHYLOGENETICS; POLYMORPHISM;

ORTHOPTERA; PHASMATIDAE; TIMEMA;

EID: 0033998880     PISSN: 1010061X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00164.x     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Armbruster, W.S. & Baldwin, B.C. 1998. Switch from specialized to generalized pollination. Nature 394: 632.
2. Axelrod, D.I. 1980. Contributions to the Neogene Paleobotany of Central California. In: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, V. 121. Los Angeles, California. The University of California Press.
3. Axelrod, D.I. 1989. Age and origin of the chaparral. In: Symposium on Paradigms in Chaparral Ecology, Los Angeles California USA (S. Keeley, ed.), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, no. 34.
4. Benson, R.B. 1950. An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. 10: 46-142.
5. Berenbaum, M. 1990. Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35: 319-343.
6. Bernays, E.A. & Chapman, R.F. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous Insects. Chapman & Hall, New York.
7. Bernays, E.A. & Graham, M. 1988. On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology 69: 886-892.
8. Brower, L.P. 1958. Bird predation and foodplant specificity in closely related procryptic insects. Am. Nat. 92: 183-187.
9. Caudell, A.N. 1903. The Phasmidae, or walkingsticks, of the United States. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 26: 863-889.
10. Colwell, R.K. & Futuyma, D.J. 1971. On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecology 52: 567-576.
11. Courtney, S.P. 1986. The ecology of pierid butterflies: dynamics and interactions. Adv. Ecological Res. 15: 51-131.
12. Craig, T.P., Horner, J.D. & Itami, J.K. 1997. Hybridization studies on the host races of Eurosta solidaginis: implications for sympatric speciation. Evolution 51: 1552-1560.
13. Crespi, B.J. & Abbott, P. 1999. The behavioral ecology and evolution of kleptoparasitism in Australian gall thrips. Fla. Entomol. 82: 147-164.
14. Denno, R.F., Larsson, S. & Olmstead, K.L. 1990. Role of enemy-free space and plant quality in host-plant selection by willow beetles. Ecology 71: 124-137.
15. Dibblee, T.W. Jr. 1966. Geology of the Central Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California. Bulletin 186 California Division of Mines and Geology, San Francisco.
16. Ehrlich, P.R. & Raven, P.H. 1964. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.
17. Endler, J.A. 1978. A predator's view of animal color patterns. Evol. Biol. 11: 319-364.
18. Endler, J. A. 1984. Progressive background matching in moths, and a quantitative measure of crypsis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 22: 187-231.
19. Essig, E.O. 1926. Insects of Western North America. Macmillan, New York.
20. Farrell, B.D. & Mitter, C. 1994. Adaptive radiation in insects and plants: time and opportunity. Amer. Zool. 34: 57-69.
21. Feder, J.L., Stolz, U., Lewis, K.M., Perry, W., Roethele, J.B. & Rogers, A. 1997. The effects of winter length on the genetics of apple and hawthorn races of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). Evolution 51: 1862-1876.
22. Fox, L.R. & Morrow, P.A. 1981. Specialization: species property or local phenomenon? Science 211: 887-893.
23. Fry, J.D. 1990. Trade-offs in fitness on different hosts: evidence from a selection experiment with a phytophagous mite. Am. Nat. 136: 569-580.
24. Funk, D.J. 1998. Isolating a role for natural selection in speciation: host adaptation and sexual isolation in Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles. Evolution 52: 1744-1759.
25. Funk, D.L., Futuyma, D.J., Ortí, G. & Meyer, A. 1995. A history of host associations and evolutionary diversification for Ophraella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): New evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 49: 1008-1017.
26. Futuyma, D.J. 1976. Food plant specialization and environmental predictability in Lepidoptera. Am. Nat. 110: 285-292.
27. Futuyma, D.J. 1983. Evolutionary interactions among herbivorous insects and plants. In: Coevolution (D. J. Futuyma & M. Slatkin, eds), pp. 207-231. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
28. Futuyma, D.J. 1991. Evolution of host specificity in herbivorous insects: genetic, ecological, and phylogenetic aspects, pp. 431-454. In: Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions (P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes & W. W. Benson, eds), pp. 431-454. John Wiley, New York.
29. Futuyma, D.J. & McCafferty, S. 1990. Phylogeny and the evolution of host plant associations in the leaf beetle genus Ophraella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Evolution 44: 1885-1913.
30. Futuyma, D.J. & Moreno, G. 1988. The evolution of ecological specialization. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 207-233.
31. Futuyma, D.J. & Peterson, S.J. 1985. Genetic variation in the use of resources by insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 30: 217-238.
32. Futuyma, D.J., Keese, M.C. & Scheffer, S.J. 1993. Genetic constraints and the phylogeny of insect-plant associations: responses of Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to host plants of its congeners. Evolution 47: 888-905.
33. Futuyma, D.J., Walsh, J.S. Jr, Morton, T., Funk, D.J. & Keese, M.C. 1994. Genetic variation in a phylogenetic context: responses of two specialized leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to host plants of their congeners. J. Evol. Biol. 7: 127-146.
34. Futuyma, D.J., Keese, M.C. & Funk, D.J. 1995. Genetic constraints on macroevolution: the evolution of host affiliation in the leaf beetle genus Ophraella. Evolution 49: 797-809.
35. Garland, T.PE., JrMidford & Ives, A.R. 1999. An introduction to phylogenetically based statistical methods, with a new method for confidence intervals on ancestral values. Amer. Zool. 39: 374-388.
36. Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. 1989. Sympatric speciation and Darwin's finches. In: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte & J. A. Endler, eds), pp. 433-457. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
37. Hedrick, P.W., Ginevan, M.E. & Ewing, E.P. 1976. Genetic polymorphisms in heterogeneous environments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7: 1-32.
38. Hedrick, P.W. 1986. Genetic polymorphisms in heterogeneous environments: a decade later. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 535-566.
39. Holloway, J.D. & Hebert, P.D.N. 1979. Ecological and taxonomic trends in macrolepidopteran host plant selection. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 11: 229-251.
40. Jaenike, J. 1990. Host specialization in phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21: 243-273.
41. Jenny, T. 1988. Can predation lead to narrow food specialization in phytophagous insects? Ecology 69: 902-904.
42. Joshi, A. & Thompson, J.N. 1995. Trade-offs and the evolution of host specialization. Evol. Ecol. 9: 82-92.
43. Keese, M.C. 1998. Performance of two monophagous leaf feeding beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on each other's host plant: do intrinsic factors determine host plant specialization? J. Evol. Biol. 11: 403-419.
44. Kelley, S.T. & Farrell, B.D. 1998. Is specialization a dead end? The phylogeny of host use in Dendroctonus bark beetles (Scolytidae). Evolution 52: 1731-1743.
45. Lanyon, S.M. 1992. Interspecific brood parasitism in blackbirds (Icterinae): a phylogenetic perspective. Science 255: 77-79.
46. Lawton, J.H. 1986. The effects of parasitoids on phytophagous insect communities. In: Insect Parasitoids (J. Waage & D. Greathead, eds), pp. 265-287. Academic Press, New York.
47. Levene, H. 1953. Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available. Am. Nat. 87: 331-333.
48. Levins, R. & MacArthur, R. 1969. An hypothesis to explain the incidence of monophagy. Ecology 50: 910-911.
49. Losos, J.B. 1995. An approach to the analysis of comparative data when a phylogeny is unavailable or incomplete. Syst. Biol. 43: 117-123.
50. Losos, J.B., Irschick, D.J. & Schoener, T.W. 1994. Adaptation and constraint in the evolution of specialization in Anolis lizards. Evolution 48: 1786-1798.
51. Mackenzie, A. 1996. A trade-off for host plant utilization in the black bean aphid Aphis fabae. Evolution 50: 155-162.
52. Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. 1992. MacClade, Version 3.01. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
53. Maddison, W.P. & Slatkin, M. 1991. Null models for the number of evolutionary steps in a character on a phylogenetic tree. Evolution 45: 1184-1197.
54. Mardulyn, P. & Pasteels, J.M. 1994. Coding allozyme data using step matrices: defining new original states for the ancestral taxa. Syst. Biol. 43: 567-572.
55. Martins, E.P. & Hansen, T.F. 1997. Phylogenies and the comparative method: a general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data. Am. Nat. 149: 646-667.
56. Maynard Smith, J. & Hoekstra, R. 1980. Polymorphism in a varied environment: how robust are the models? Genet. Res. 35:45-57.
57. Mayr, E. 1942. Systematic and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
58. Mitter, C. & Brooks, D. 1983. Phylogenetic aspects of coevolution. In: Coevolution (D. J. Futuyma & M. Slatkin, eds), pp. 65-98. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
59. Muller, A. 1996. Host-plant specialization in western palearctic anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea; Megachilidae). Ecol. Monogr. 66: 235-257.
60. Norris, R.M. & Webb, R.W. 1990. Geology of California, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York.
61. Otte, D. & Joern, A. 1977. On feeding patterns in desert grasshoppers and the evolution of specialized diets. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Philadelphia 128: 89-126.
62. Pellmyr, O., Massey, L.K., Hamrick, J.L. & Feist, M.A. 1997. Genetic consequences of specialization: yucca moth behavior and self-pollination in yuccas. Oecologia 109: 273-278.
63. Rausher, M.D. 1984. Tradeoffs in performance on different hosts: evidence from within- and between-site variation in the beetle Deloyola guttata. Evolution 38: 582-595.
64. Ronquist, F. 1994. Ancestral areas and parsimony. Syst. Biol. 43: 267-274.
65. Sandoval, C.P. 1993. Geographic, ecological and behavioral factors affecting spatial variation in color morph frequency in the walking-stick, Timema cristinae. PhD thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA.
66. Sandoval, C.P. 1994a. Differential visual predation on morphs of Timema cristinae (Phasmatodeae: Timemidae) and its consequences for host range. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 52: 341-356.
67. Sandoval, C.P. 1994b. The effects of gene flow and selection on morph frequencies in the walking-stick Timema cristinae. Evolution 48: 1866-1879.
68. Sandoval, C.P. & Vickery, V.R. 1996. Timema douglasi (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea), a new parthenogenetic species from southwestern Oregon and northern California, with notes on other species. Can. Entomol. 128: 79-84.
69. Sandoval, C.P., Carmean, D.A. & Crespi, B.J. 1998. Molecular phylogenetics of sexual and parthenogenetic Timema walking-sticks. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B 265: 589-595.
70. Schluter, D. 1998. Ecological causes of speciation. In: Endless Forms: Species and Speciation (D. J. Howard & S. H. Berlocher, eds), pp. 114-129. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
71. Schluter, D., Price, T., Mooers, A. & Ludwig, D. 1997. Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 51: 1699-1711.
72. Schultz, T.R., Cocroft, R.B. & Churchill, G.A. 1996. The reconstruction of ancestral character states. Evolution 50: 504-511.
73. Sellick, J.T.C. 1998. The micropylar plate of the eggs of Phasmida, with a survey of the range of plate form within the order. Syst. Entomol. 23: 203-228.
74. Simpson, G.G. 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. Simon and Schuster, New York.
75. Stone, G.N. & Cook, J.M. 1998. The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of extended phenotypes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 265: 979-988.
76. Strong, D.R., Lawton, J.H. & Southwood, R. 1984. Insects on Plants. Community Patterns and Mechanisms. Blackwell, Oxford.
77. Tauber, C.A. & Tauber, M.J. 1989. Sympatric speciation in insects: perception and perspective. In: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte & J. A. Endler, eds), pp. 307-344. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
78. Thompson, J.N. 1994. The Coevolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
79. Thompson, J.N. 1998. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13: 329-332.
80. Via, S. 1984. The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect herbivore. II. Genetic correlations in larval performance within and among host plants. Evolution 38: 896-905.
81. Vickery, V.R. 1993. Revision of Timema Scudder (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea) including three new species. Can. Entomol. 125: 657-692.
82. Wahrhaftig, C. & Birman, J.H. 1965. The Quaternary of the Pacific Mountain System in California. In: The Quaternary of the United States (H. E. Wright Jr & D. G. Frey, eds), pp. 299-340. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
83. West-Eberhard, M.J. 1986. Alternative adaptations, speciation, and phylogeny (A Review). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 1388-1392.
84. Winkler, D.W. & Sheldon, F.H. 1993. Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5705-5707.