The decline of citizenship in an Era of globalization

Citizenship Studies

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 5-17

  Falk, Richard ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CITIZENSHIP; GLOBALIZATION; NATION STATE; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

EID: 0033997367     PISSN: 13621025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/136210200109997     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Paper prepared under the auspices of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development for presentation at Globalization and Citizenship: An International Conference, 9-11 December 1996, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.
2. See T.H. Marshall's influential formulations in (1950) Citizenship and Social Class (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press).
3. Hobbes, of course, most famously and definitively, specified these realities in Hobbes, T. (1991) The Leviathan, R. Tuck (Ed.) (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press) for a sophisticated contemporary discussion, see Walker, R.B.J. (1993) Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press).
4. Hobbes, of course, most famously and definitively, specified these realities in Hobbes, T. (1991) The Leviathan, R. Tuck (Ed.) (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press) for a sophisticated contemporary discussion, see Walker, R.B.J. (1993) Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press).
5. These responsibilities were discharged internationally by reference to the broader overlapping category of affiliation designated as 'nationality', which traditionally engaged the international law doctrine of 'diplomatic protection'.
6. This distinction borrowed from Michael Walzer's (1994) Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press).
7. The Work of Nations (New York, Knopf, 1991), p. 8; see also Rosecrance, R. (1996) 'The rise of the virtual state', Foreign Affairs, 75; pp. 45-61.
8. The Work of Nations (New York, Knopf, 1991), p. 8; see also Rosecrance, R. (1996) 'The rise of the virtual state', Foreign Affairs, 75; pp. 45-61.
9. P. 9; Reich puts the issue more vividly elsewhere in the book: 'To improve the economic position of the bottom four-fifths will require that the fortunate fifth share its wealth and invest in the wealth-creating capacities of other Americans. Yet as the top becomes ever more tightly linked to the global economy, it has less stake in the performance and potential of its less fortunate compatriots. Thus our emerging dilemma, and that of other nations as well.' One has to wonder about the functioning of democracy if such a large majority cannot come to appreciate their own self-interest or seem unable to generate the political means for its effective promotion. Or is democracy itself a casualty of the discipline of global capital?
10. For elaboration, see Falk, R. (1997) 'Resisting "globalisation-from-above" through "globalization-from-below"', New Political Economy, p. 2, 17-24.
11. Reich acknowledges that this rootlessness of economic global citizens is an obstacle to the acceptance of his ideas, but he seems nevertheless hopeful that his appeal will be heeded.
12. See Wallerstein, I. (1995) After Liberalism (New York, New Press), especially pp. 252-271.
13. See The Economist cover story (1996) 'Backlash in Latin America', 30 November-6 December, I, pp. 17-18, 23-26.
14. For and excellent analysis along these lines, see Wei-Ming, T. (1996) 'Confucian traditions in East Asian modernity', Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, pp. 12-39; the relationship between 'citizenship' and 'human rights' as aspects of the decline of the sovereign state will be discussed in a subsequent section.
15. See results of 1996 survey on science and math, Newsweek, that puts Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea at or near the top of the educational ladder up through high school preparation.
16. See pp. 311-315.
17. An intellectually formidable effort to do this can be found in Daly, H.E. and Cobb, Jr., J.B. (1989) For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Boston, Beacon).
18. See Gabriel Kolko's insightful renderings in (1994) Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 (New York, New Press).
19. For representative discussions of these developments, see Sakamoto, Y. (Ed.) (1999) The Transformation of the State (Tokyo, United Nations University Press); also Mittelman, J.H. (Ed.) (1996) Globalization: Critical Reflections (Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner).
20. For representative discussions of these developments, see Sakamoto, Y. (Ed.) (1999) The Transformation of the State (Tokyo, United Nations University Press); also Mittelman, J.H. (Ed.) (1996) Globalization: Critical Reflections (Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner).
21. Held, D. and Archibugi, D. (Eds) (1995) Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge, Polity); Held, D. (1995) Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State of Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, Stanford University Press).
22. Held, D. and Archibugi, D. (Eds) (1995) Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge, Polity); Held, D. (1995) Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State of Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, Stanford University Press).
23. See here sensitive discussions by Tu Wei-Ming.
24. Falk (1997) 'False universalism and the geopolitics of exclusion: the case of Islam,' Third World Quarterly, 181, pp. 7-23.
25. The literature here is vast and rich, but see Ahmed, A.S. (1992) Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise (London, Routledge);
26. more broadly, see Said, E. (1978) Orientalism (New York, Pantheon)
27. Bauman, Z. (1992) Intimations of Postmodernity (London, Routledge).
28. The idea of treason is based on the legitimacy of the state demanding partisanship on a territorial basis in the context of international relations.
29. For example, van Steenbergen, B. (Ed.) (1994) The Conditions of Citizenship (London, Sage); also Nussbaum, M. et al. (1996) For Love of Country (Boston, Beacon).
30. For example, van Steenbergen, B. (Ed.) (1994) The Conditions of Citizenship (London, Sage); also Nussbaum, M. et al. (1996) For Love of Country (Boston, Beacon).
31. Best articulated by Luttwak, E. (1996) 'Post-heroic armies', Foreign Affairs, 75, pp. 33-44; also Mueller, J. (1989) Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York, Basic Books).
32. Best articulated by Luttwak, E. (1996) 'Post-heroic armies', Foreign Affairs, 75, pp. 33-44; also Mueller, J. (1989) Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York, Basic Books).
33. Although for other reasons, Colin Powell reemerged as a powerful political player.
34. Well explored by Paul Wapner (1996) in Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany, SUNY Press).
35. See Falk (1993) 'The making of global citizenship', in: J. Brecher, J.B. Childs and J. Cutler (Eds), Global Visions: Beyond the New World Order (Boston, South End Press), pp. 39-50.
36. See Raghavan, C. (1996) 'ILO-ban all extreme forms of child labour', Third World Network Features.
37. I have tried to consider these possibilities in R. Falk, (1992) Explorations at the Edge of Time (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press); Falk (1995) On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Cambridge, Polity); see also ending of Ruth Gordon's excellent article on 'failed states' for a suggested orientation toward identity and cross-national relations that is congenial to the position taken here. Gordon, R. (1997) 'Saving failed states: sometimes a neocolonialist notion', American University Journal of International Law and Policy, 12; pp. 904-974.
38. I have tried to consider these possibilities in R. Falk, (1992) Explorations at the Edge of Time (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press); Falk (1995) On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Cambridge, Polity); see also ending of Ruth Gordon's excellent article on 'failed states' for a suggested orientation toward identity and cross-national relations that is congenial to the position taken here. Gordon, R. (1997) 'Saving failed states: sometimes a neocolonialist notion', American University Journal of International Law and Policy, 12; pp. 904-974.
39. I have tried to consider these possibilities in R. Falk, (1992) Explorations at the Edge of Time (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press); Falk (1995) On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Cambridge, Polity); see also ending of Ruth Gordon's excellent article on 'failed states' for a suggested orientation toward identity and cross-national relations that is congenial to the position taken here. Gordon, R. (1997) 'Saving failed states: sometimes a neocolonialist notion', American University Journal of International Law and Policy, 12; pp. 904-974.