Direct and indirect effects of predation by Common Eiders and abiotic disturbance in an intertidal community

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 21-43

  Hamilton, Diana J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK   (Canada)

Author keywords

Abiotic disturbance; Common Eider; Compensatory predation; Direct effects; Exclosures; Exploitation competition; Field experiments; Indirect effects; Intertidal communities; Mussel beds; Mytilus edulis; Somateria mollissima

Indexed keywords

ASYMMETRIC COMPETITION; COMPENSATION; DISTURBANCE; INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY; MOLLUSC; PREDATION; WATERFOWL;

CANADA; NEW BRUNSWICK; PASSAMAQUODDY BAY;

BIVALVIA; GASTROPODA; MYTILUS EDULIS; SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA;

EID: 0033982715     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0021:DAIEOP]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Bayne, B. L., and C. Scullard. 1978. Rates of feeding by Thais (Nucella) lapillus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 32:113-129.
2. Bazely, D. R., and R. L. Jefferies. 1986. Changes in the composition and standing crop of salt-marsh communities in response to the removal of a grazer. Journal of Ecology. 74:693-706.
3. Bédard, J., J. C. Therriault, and J. Bérubé. 1980. Assessment of the importance of nutrient recycling by seabirds in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:583-588.
4. Begon, M., J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend. 1986. Ecology: individuals, populations and communities. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
5. Bender, E. A., T. J. Case, and M. E. Gilpin. 1984. Perturbation experiments in community ecology: theory and practice. Ecology 65:1-13.
6. Berlow, E. L. 1997. From canalization to contingency: historical effects in a successional rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 67:435-460.
7. Bousfield, E. L. 1960. Canadian Atlantic sea shells. Queen's Press, Ottawa, Canada.
8. Bousfield, E. L. 1973. Shallow water gammaridean Amphipoda of New England. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
9. Bustnes, J. O., and K. E. Erikstad. 1990. Size selection of common mussels, Mytilus edulis, by common eiders, Somateria mollissima: energy maximization or shell weight minimization? Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:2280-2283.
10. Cantin, M., J. Bédard, and H. Milne. 1974. The food and feeding of common eiders in the St. Lawrence estuary in summer. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52:319-334.
11. Connell, J. H. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42:710-723.
12. Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302-1310.
13. Davis, D. S. 1976. Periwinkles. Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
14. Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41:351-389.
15. Egerrup, M., and M. H. Laursen. 1992. Aspects of predation on intertidal blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in the Danish Wadden Sea. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Shellfish Committee K:25.
16. Elliot, J. M. 1977. Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 25. Titus Wilson and Son, Kendal, UK.
17. Fairweather, P. G. 1988. Correlations of predatory whelks with intertidal prey at several scales of space and time. Marine Ecology Progress Series 45:237-243.
18. Farrell, T. M. 1988. Community stability: effects of limpet removal and reintroduction in a rocky intertidal community. Oecologia 75:190-197.
19. Good, T. P. 1992. Experimental assessment of gull predation on the Jonah crab Cancer borealis (Stimpson) in New England rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 157:275-284.
20. Gosner, K. L. 1971. Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
21. Goudie, R. I., and C. D. Ankney. 1986. Body size, activity budgets, and diets of sea ducks wintering in Newfoundland. Ecology 67:1475-1482.
22. Guillemette, M., J. H. Himmelman, C. Barette, and A. Reed. 1993. Habitat selection by common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1259-1266.
23. Guillemette, M., A. Reed, and J. H. Himmelman. 1996. Availability and consumption of food by common eiders wintering in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: evidence of prey depletion. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:32-38.
24. Guillemette, M., R. C. Ydenberg, and J. H. Himmelman. 1992. The role of energy intake rate in prey and habitat selection of common eiders Somateria mollissima in winter: a risk-sensitive interpretation. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:599-610.
25. Hahn, T., and M. Denny. 1989. Tenacity-mediated selective predation by oystercatchers on intertidal limpets and its role in maintaining habitat partitioning by Collisella scabra and Lottia digitalis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 53:1-10.
26. Hamilton, D. J. 1997. Community consequences of habitat use and predation by Common Eiders in the intertidal zone of Passamaquoddy Bay. Dissertation. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
27. Hamilton, D. J., and C. D. Ankney. 1994. Consumption of zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha by diving ducks in Lakes Erie and St. Clair. Wildfowl 45:159-166.
28. Hamilton, D. J., C. D. Ankney, and R. C. Bailey. 1994. Predation of zebra mussels by diving ducks: an exclosure study. Ecology 75:521-531.
29. Hamilton, D. J., T. D. Nudds, and J. Neate. 1999. Size-selective predation of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) by common eiders (Somateria mollissima) under controlled field conditions. Auk 116:403-416.
30. Hilgerloh, G. 1997. Predation by birds on blue mussel Mytilus edulis beds of the tidal flats of Spiekeroog (southern North Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 146:61-72.
31. Hughes, R. N., and S. de B. Dunkin. 1984. Behavioural components of prey selection by dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), feeding on mussels, Mytilus edulis L., in the laboratory. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 77:45-68.
32. Keppel, G. 1982. Design and analysis: a researcher's handbook. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
33. Koehn, R. K., J. G. Hall, D. J. Innes, and A. J. Zera. 1984. Genetic differentiation of Mytilus edulis in eastern North America. Marine Biology 79:117-126.
34. Lubchenco, J. 1978. Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. American Naturalist 112:23-39.
35. Lubchenco, J. 1983. Littorina and Fucus: effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession. Ecology 64:1116-1123.
36. Lubchenco, J. 1986. Relative importance of competition and predation: early colonization by seaweeds in New England. Pages 537-555 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case, editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
37. Lubchenco, J., and B. A. Menge. 1978. Community development and persistence in a low rocky intertidal zone. Ecological Monographs 59:67-94.
38. Marsh, C. P. 1986a. Rocky intertidal community organization: the impact of avian predators on mussel recruitment. Ecology 67:771-786.
39. Marsh, C. P. 1986b. Impact of avian predators on high intertidal limpet populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 104:185-201.
40. McCook, L. J., and A. R. O. Chapman. 1993. Community succession following massive ice-scour on a rocky intertidal shore: recruitment, competition and predation during early, primary succession. Marine Biology 115:565-575.
41. McCullough, G. B. 1981. Migrant waterfowl utilization of the Lake Erie shore, Ontario, near the Nanticoke industrial development. Journal of Great Lakes Research 7:117-122.
42. Meese, R. J. 1993. Effects of predation by birds on gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby distribution and abundance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 166:47-64.
43. Menge, B. A. 1976. Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community: role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity. Ecological Monographs 46: 355-393.
44. Menge, B. A. 1978a. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Relation between foraging activity and environmental harshness. Oecologia 34:1-16.
45. Menge, B. A. 1978b. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community. Effect of an algal canopy, wave action and dessication on predator feeding rates. Oecologia 34:17-35.
46. Menge, B. A. 1979. Coexistence between the seastars Asterias vulgaris and A. forbesi in a heterogeneous environment: a non-equilibrium explanation. Oecologia 41:245-272.
47. Menge, B. A. 1983. Components of predation intensity in the low zone of the New England rocky intertidal zone. Oecologia 58:141-155.
48. Menge, B. A. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65:21-74.
49. Menge, B. A. 1997. Detection of direct vs. indirect effects: were experiments long enough? American Naturalist 149: 801-823.
50. Menge, B. A., E. L. Berlow, C. A. Blanchette, S. A. Navarrette, and S. B. Yamada. 1994. The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecological Monographs 64:249-286.
51. Menge, B. A., and T. M. Farrell. 1989. Community structure and interaction webs in shallow marine hard-bottom communities: tests of an environmental stress model. Advances in Ecological Research 19:189-262.
52. Menge, B. A., and J. Lubchenco. 1981. Community organization in temperate and tropical rocky intertidal habitats: prey refuges in relation to consumer pressure gradients. Ecological Monographs 51:429-150.
53. Menge, B. A., J. Lubchenco, L. R. Ashkenas, and F. Ramsey. 1986. Experimental separation of effects on sessile prey in the low zone of a rocky shore in the Bay of Panama: direct and indirect consequences of food web complexity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 100: 225-269.
54. Menge, B. A., and J. P. Sutherland. 1976. Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. American Naturalist 110:351-369.
55. Menge, B. A., and J. P. Sutherland. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. American Naturalist 130:730-757.
56. Mercier, F., and R. McNeil. 1994. Seasonal variations in intertidal density of invertebrate prey in a tropical lagoon and effects of shorebird predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1755-1763.
57. Mills, L. S., M. E. Soulé, and D. F. Doak. 1993. The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. Bioscience 43:219-224.
58. Milne, H., and G. M. Dunnet. 1972. Standing crop, productivity and trophic relations of the fauna of the Ythan Estuary. Pages 86-106 in R. S. K. Barnes and J. Green, editors. The estuarine environment. Applied Science, London, UK.
59. Navarrete, S. A. 1996. Variable predation: effects of whelks on a mid-intertidal successional community. Ecological Monographs 66:301-321.
60. Navarrete, S. A., and B. A. Menge. 1996. Keystone predation and interaction strength: interactive effects of predators on their main prey. Ecological Monographs 66:409-429.
61. Nilsson, E. 1969. Food consumption of diving ducks wintering at the coast of South Sweden in relation to food resources. Oikos 20:128-135.
62. Nilsson, L. 1972. Habitat selection, food choice, and feeding habitats of diving ducks in coastal waters of south Sweden during the non-breeding season. Omis Scandinavica 3:55-78.
63. Nilsson, L. 1980. Wintering diving duck populations and available food resources in the Baltic. Wildfowl 31:131-143.
64. Nudds, T. D. 1992. Patterns in breeding waterfowl communities. Pages 540-567 in B. D. H. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec, and G. L. Krapu, editors. Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
65. Nyström, K. G. K., O. Pehrsson, and D. Broman. 1991. Food of juvenile Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) in areas of high and low salinity. Auk 108:250-256.
66. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
67. Paine, R. T. 1969. A note on the trophic complexity and community stability. American Naturalist 103:91-93.
68. Paine, R. T. 1974. Experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant predator and its principal competitor. Oecologia 15:93-120.
69. Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:667-685.
70. Paine, R. T., and S. A. Levin. 1981. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of predation. Ecological Monographs 51:145-178.
71. Petraitis, P. S. 1995. The role of growth in maintaining spatial dominance by mussels (Mytilus edulis). Ecology 76:1337-1346.
72. Pimm, S. L., J. H. Lawton, and J. E. Cohen. 1991. Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature 350:669-674.
73. Power, M. E., D. Tilman, J. A. Estes, B. A. Menge, W. J. Bond, L. S. Mills, G. Daily, J. C. Castilla, J. Jubchenco, and R. T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. Bioscience 46:609-620.
74. Quammen, M. L. 1984. Predation by shorebirds, fish, and crabs on invertebrates in intertidal mudflats: an experimental test. Ecology 65:529-537.
75. Raffaelli, D., V. Falcy, and C. Galbraith. 1990. Eider predation and the dynamics of mussel-bed communities. Pages 157-169 in M. Barnes and R. N. Gibson, editors. Trophic relationships in the marine environment. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, UK.
76. Raffaelli, D., and S. J. Hall. 1992. Compartments and predation in an estuarine food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:551-560.
77. Robles, C., and J. Robb. 1993. Varied carnivore effects and the prevalence of intertidal algal turfs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 166:65-91.
78. Robles, C., R. Sherwood-Stephens, and M. Alvarado. 1995. Responses of a key intertidal predator to varying recruitment of its prey. Ecology 76:565-579.
79. SAS Institute. 1995. SAS version 6. 11. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
80. Scheiner, S. M. 1993. MANOVA: Multiple response variables and multispecies interactions. Pages 94-112 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological field experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
81. Schneider, D. 1978. Equalization of prey numbers by migratory shorebirds. Nature 271:353-354.
82. Seed, R. 1993. Invertebrate predators and their role in structuring coastal and estuarine populations of filter feeding bivalves. Pages 149-195 in R. F. Dame, editor. Bivalve filter feeders in estuarine and coastal ecosystem processes. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
83. Smith, L. M., L. D. Vangilder, R. T. Hoppe, S. J. Morreale, and I. L. Brisbin, Jr. 1986. Effect of diving ducks on benthic food resources during winter in South Carolina, USA. Wildfowl 37:136-141.
84. Sousa, W. P. 1979a. Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: the nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology 60:1225-1239.
85. Sousa, W. P. 1979b. Experimental investigations of disturbance and ecological succession in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 49:227-254.
86. Stott, R. S., and D. P. Olson. 1973. Food-habit relationship of sea ducks on the New Hampshire coastline. Ecology 54: 996-1007.
87. Strauss, S. Y. 1991. Indirect effects in community ecology: their definition, study, and importance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:206-210.
88. Strong, D. R. 1992. Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor-control in speciose ecosystems. Ecology 73:747-754.
89. Swennen, C., G. Nehls, and K. Laursen. 1989. Numbers and distribution of eiders Somateria mollissima in the Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 24:83-92.
90. Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 1989. Using multivariate statistics. Second edition. Harper Collins, New York, New York, USA.
91. Underwood, A. J., and P. S. Petraitis. 1993. Structure of intertidal assemblages in different locations: how can local processes be interpreted. Pages 39-51 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities - historical and geographic perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
92. Virnstein, R. W. 1977. The importance of predation by crabs and fishes on benthic infauna in Chesapeake Bay. Ecology 58:1199-1216.
93. Winer, B. J., D. R. Brown, and K. M. Michels. 1991. Statistical principles in experimental design. Third edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
94. Wootton, J. T. 1992. Indirect effects, prey susceptibility, and habitat selection: impacts of birds on limpets and algae. Ecology 73:981-991.
95. Wootton, J. T. 1993a. Indirect effects and habitat use in an intertidal community: interaction chains and interaction modifications. American Naturalist 141:71-89.
96. Wootton, J. T. 1993b. Size-dependent competition: effects on the dynamics vs. the end point of mussel bed succession. Ecology 74:195-206.
97. Wootton, J. T. 1994a. Predicting direct and indirect effects: an integrated approach using experiments and path analysis. Ecology 75:151-165.
98. Wootton, J. T. 1994b. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:443-466.
99. Wootton, J. T. 1997. Estimates and tests of per capita interaction strength: diet, abundance, and impact of intertidally foraging birds. Ecological Monographs 67:45-64.
100. Yodzis, P. 1988. The indeterminacy of ecological interactions as perceived through perturbation experiments. Ecology 69:508-515.
101. Yodzis, P. 1993. Environment and trophodiversity. Pages 26-38 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. The Univeristy of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
102. Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Third edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.