The utility of interference pattern analysis

Muscle and Nerve

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 18-36

  Fuglsang Frederiksen, Anders ^a  

^a GENTOFTE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Electromyography; Fatigue; Interference pattern analysis; Muscle force; Neuromuscular disorders

Indexed keywords

AMPLITUDE MODULATION; DECOMPOSITION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DYSTONIA; ELECTRIC ACTIVITY; ELECTROMYOGRAM; EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING; MOTOR UNIT; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FATIGUE; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MUSCLE FATIGUE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 0033971109     PISSN: 0148639X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200001)23:1<18::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-B     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Abel EW, Zacharia PC, Forster A, Farrow TL. Neural network analysis of the EMG interference pattern. Med Eng Phys 1996;18:12-17.
2. Arendt-Nielsen I., Mills KR. The relationship between mean power frequency of the EMG spectrum and muscle fibre conduction velocity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;60:130-134.
3. Arendt-Nielsen L, Mills KR, Forster A. Changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity, mean power frequency, and mean EMG voltage during prolonged sub maximal contractions. Muscle Nerve 1989;12:493-497.
4. Bakke M, Michler L. Temporalis and masseter muscle activity in patients with anterior open bite and craniomandibular disorders. Scand J Dent Res 1991;99:219-228.
5. Bakke M, Möller E. Craniomandiubular disorders and masticatory-muscle function. ScandJ Dent Res 1992;100:32-38.
6. Bakke M, Thomsen CE, Vilmann A, Soneda K, Farella M, Möller E. Ultrasonographic assessment of the swelling of the human masseter muscle after static and dynamic activity. Arch Oral Biol 1996;41:133-140.
7. Barkhaus PE, Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB. Quantitative EMG in inflammatory myopathy. Muscle Nerve 1990;13:247-253.
8. Barkhaus PE, Periquet MI, Nandedkar SD. Quantitative electrophysiologic studies in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Muscle Nerve 1999;22:480-487.
9. Behm DG, St Pierre DM. Fatigue characteristics following ankle fractures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:1115-1123.
10. Bigland-Ritchie B, Donovan EF, Roussos CS. Conduction velocity and EMG power spectrum changes in fatigue of sustained maximal efforts. J Appl Physiol 1981;51:1300-1305.
11. Bigland-Ritchie B, Johansson R, Lippold OC, Smith S, Woods JJ. Changes in motoneurone firing rates during sustained maximal voluntary contractions. J Physiol (Lond) 1983;340:335-346.
12. Bigland-Ritchie B, Johansson R, Lippold OC, Woods JJ. Contractile speed and EMG changes during fatigue of sustained maximal voluntary contractions. J Neurophysiol 1983;50: 313-324.
13. Bigland-Ritchie B, Jones DA, Hosking GP, Edwards RH. Central and peripheral fatigue in sustained maximum voluntary contractions of human quadriceps muscle. Clin Sci Mol Med 1978;54:609-614.
14. Bjelle A, Hagberg M, Michaelson G. Occupational and individual factors in acute shoulder-neck disorders among industrial workers. Br Jind Med 1981;38:356-363.
15. Bril V, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Number of potential reversals (turns) and amplitude of the pattern of electrical activity of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle in patients with neurogenic diseases. Acta Neurol Scand 1984;70:169-175.
16. Broman H, Bilotto G, De Luca CJ. Myoelectric signal conduction velocity and spectral parameters, influence of force and time. J Appl Physiol 1985;58:1428-1437.
17. Bromberg MB, Waring WP, Sanders PL. Pattern of denervation in clinically uninvolved limbs in patients with prior poliomyelitis. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996;36: 107-111.
18. Buchman AS, Comella CL, Leurgans S, Stebbins GT, Goetz CG. The effect of changes in head posture on the patterns of muscle activity in cervical dystonia (CD). Mov Disord 1998; 13:490-496.
19. Buchman AS, Comella CL, Stebbins GT, Tanner CM, Goetz CG. Quantitative electromyographic analysis of changes in muscle activity following botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993;16:205-210.
20. Buchthal F. Electromyography in the evaluation of muscle diseases. Methods Clin Neurophysiol 1991;2:25-45.
21. Buchthal F, Madsen A. Synchronous activity in normal and atrophic muscles. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1950;2:425-444.
22. Buchthal F, Rosenfalck P. Spontaneous electrical activity of human muscle. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1966;20:321-336.
23. Cao J, Sanders DB. Multivariate discriminant analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern, statistical approach to discrimination among controls, myopathies and neuropathies. Med Biol Eng Comput 1996;34:369-374.
24. Cenkovich F, Hsu SF, Gersten JW. A quantitative electromyographic index that is independent of the force of contraction. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1982;54:79-86.
25. Chen R, Remtulla H, Bolton CF. Electrophysiological study of diaphragmatic myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58:480-483.
26. Christensen H. Muscle activity and fatigue in the shoulder muscles of assembly-plant employees. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:582-587.
27. Christensen H, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Power spectrum and turns analysis of EMG at different voluntary efforts in normal subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986;64:528-535.
28. Christensen H, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Quantitative surface EMG during sustained and intermittent submaximal contractions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988;70: 239-247.
29. Christensen H, Lo-Monaco M, Dahl K, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Processing of electrical activity in human muscle during a gradual increase in force. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;58:230-239.
30. Christensen H, Lo-Monaco M, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Quantitative needle electromyography during sustained maximal effort. J EMG Kinesiol 1991;1:130-138.
31. Christensen T, Wulff C, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Kehlet H. Electrical activity and arm muscle force in postoperative fatigue. Acta Chir Scand 1985;151:1-5.
32. Clark GT, Sakai S, Merrill R, Flack VF, McArthur D, McCreary C. Waking and sleeping temporalis EMG levels in tension-type headache patients. J Orofac Pain 1997;11: 298-306.
33. Classen J, Liepert J, Wise SP, Hallett M , Cohen LG. Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice. J Neurophysiol 1998;79:1117-1123.
34. Close JR. Motor function in the lower extremity. Springfield: Thomas; 1952. 156 p.
35. Close JR, Nickel ED, Todd FN. Motor-unit action-potential counts. Their significance in isometric and isotonic contraction. J Bone Joint Surg 1960;42A:1207-1222.
36. Collins SJ, Chen RE, Remtulla H, Parkes A, Bolton CF. Novel measurement for automated interference pattern analysis of the diaphragm. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:1038-1040.
37. Colston JR, Fearnley ME. Preliminary experience with an experimental action potential analyser in clinical electromyography. Ann Phys Med 1967;9:127-138.
38. Comella CL, Buchman AS, Tanner CM, Brown-Toms NC, Goetz CG. Botulinum toxin injection for spasmodic torticollis: increased magnitude of benefit with electromyographic assistance. Neurology 1992;42:878-882.
39. Conwit RA, Stashuk D, Tracy B, McHuge E, Brown WF, Metter EJ. The relationship of motor unit size, firing rate and force. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:1270-1275.
40. Cruz MA, Ferrer MT, Perez CM. Automatic analysis of the electromyogram. 2. Studies in patients with primary muscle disease and neurogenic involvement. Comparison of diagnostic yields versus individual motor unit potential parameters. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;24:17-38.
41. Davidson BJ, Ludlow CL. Long-term effects of botulinum toxin injections in spasmodic dysphonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105:33-42.
42. De Luca CJ. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech 1997;13:135-163.
43. Dietz V. Analysis of the electrical muscle activity during maximal contraction and the influence of ischaemia. J Neurol Sci 1978;37:187-197.
44. Dohrmann RJ, Laskin DM. An evaluation of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1978;96:656-662.
45. Dorfman LJ, Howard JE, McGill KC. Motor unit firing rates and firing rate variability in the detection of neuromuscular disorders. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;73: 215-224.
46. Dowling JJ. The use of electromyography for the noninvasive prediction of muscle forces. Current issues. Sports Med 1997;24:82-96.
47. Dowling MH, Fitch P, Willison RG. A special purpose digital computer (Biomac 500) used in the analysis of the human electromyogram. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1968;25:570-573.
48. Edwards RG, Lippold OC. The relation between force and integrated electrical activity in fatigued muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 1956;132:677-681.
49. Erdal J, Östergaard L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Werdelin L, Dalager T, Sjö O, Regeur, I., Long-term botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia - EMG changes in injected and noninjected muscles. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110: 1650-1654.
50. Erdal J, Werdelin L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Experience with long-term botulinum toxin treatment of oromandibular dystonia, guided by quantitative EMG. Acta Neurol Scand 1996;94:424.
51. Fatt P, Katz B. Some observations on biological noise. Nature 1950;166:597.
52. Ferrer MT, Cruz MA, Pèrez CM. Automatic quantitative electromyography: an approach to results in neurogenic disorders. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;27:83-89.
53. Fex J, Krakau CET. Some experiences with Walton's frequency analysis of the electromyogram. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1957;20:178-184.
54. Finsterer J. Influence of spontaneous activity on peak-ratio analysis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998;107: 254-257.
55. Finsterer J, Fuchs I, Mamoli B. Automatic EMG-guided botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997;20:195-203.
56. Finsterer J, Fuchs I, Mamoli B. Quantitative electromyography-guided botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997;20:42-48.
57. Finsterer J, Fuglsang FA, Mamoli B. Needle EMG of the tongue: motor unit action potential versus peak ratio analysis in limb and bulbar onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:175-180.
58. Finsterer J, Mamoli B. T/A-analysis with or without measuring force: problems in the evaluation of normal limits. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;34:215-224.
59. Finsterer J, Mamoli B. Turn/amplitude-analysis in subclinical myogenic lesions. Acta Neurol Scand 1997;96:46-51.
60. Finsterer J, Mamoli B. Turn/amplitude parameter changes during sustained effort. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996;101:438-445.
61. Finsterer J, Mamoli B, Fuglsang FA. Peak-ratio interference pattern analysis in the detection of neuromuscular disorders. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;105: 379-384.
62. Fisher MA. Root mean square voltage/turns in chronic neuropathies is related to increase in fiber density. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:241-243.
63. Fisher MA, Itkin A, Vrms/T quantitation: usefulness in patients with neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 1995;18:1398-1402.
64. Fitch P. An analyser for use in human electromyography. Electron Eng 1967;39:240-243.
65. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Ostergaard L, Sjö O, Werdelin L, Winkel H. Quantitative electromyographical changes in cervical dystonia after treatment with botulinum toxin. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998;38:75-79.
66. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Electrical activity and force during voluntary contraction of normal and diseased muscle. Acta Neurol Scand 1981;63 (suppl 83):1-60.
67. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Turns-amplitude analysis of the EMG Interference pattern. Methods Clin Neurophysiol 1993;4:81-100.
68. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Christensen H, Lo-Monaco M, Dahl K. Pattern of electrical activity and force in normal and pathological muscle: S-index of turns and amplitude. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;60:30-32.
69. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Dahl K, Lo-Monaco M. Electrical muscle activity during a gradual increase in force in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;57:320-329.
70. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Krarup C. Pattern of electrical activity during voluntary contraction in myasthenia. Acta Neurol Scand 1982;65 (suppl 90):122-123.
71. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Lo-Monaco M, Dahl K. Integrated electrical activity and number of zero crossings during a gradual increase in muscle force in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 58:211-219.
72. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Lo-Monaco M, Dahl K. Turns analysis (peak ratio) in EMG using the mean amplitude as a substitute of force measurement. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;60:225-227.
73. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Månsson A. Analysis of electrical activity of normal muscle in man at different degrees of voluntary effort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38: 683-694.
74. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Mansson A. Pattern of electrical activity during moderate effort and properties of motor unit potentials sampled during weak effort in progressive muscular dystrophy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1974; 36:576.
75. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Östergaard L, Sjö O, Werdelin L, Winkel H, Prytz S. Turns-amplitude analysis in botulinum toxin treatment of focal dystonia. Can J Neurol Sci 1993;20:350.
76. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Rønager J. EMG power spectrum, turns-amplitude analysis and motor unit potential duration in neuromuscular disorders. J Neurol Sci 1990;97:81-91.
77. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Rønager J. The motor unit firing rate and the power spectrum of EMG in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988;70:68-72.
78. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Scheel U. Transient decrease in number of motor units after immobilisation in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978;41:924-929.
79. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Scheel U, Buchthal F. Diagnostic yield of analysis of the pattern of electrical activity and of individual motor unit potentials in myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:742-750.
80. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Scheel U, Buchthal F. Diagnostic yield of the analysis of the pattern of electrical activity of muscle and of individual motor unit potentials in neurogenic involvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40: 544-554.
81. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Sjö O, Östergaard L, Winkel H. Quantitative EMG changes in torticollis after treatment with botulinum toxin. Proceedings IX International Congress of Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Jerusalem 1992; p 217.
82. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Sjö O, Winkel H. Quantitative electromyography as a guidance for botulinum toxin treatment of torticollis patients. Muscle Nerve 1991;14.895.
83. Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Smith T, Hogenhaven H. Motor unit firing intervals and other parameters of electrical activity in normal and pathological muscle. J Neurol Sci 1987;78: 51-62.
84. Fusfeld RD. Analysis of electromyographic signals by measurement of wave duration. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1971;30:337-344.
85. Fusfeld RD. A study of the differentiated electromyogram. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972;33:511-515.
86. Garcia HA, Milner-Brown HS, Fisher MA. "Turns" analysis in the physiological evaluation of neuromuscular disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:1091-1097.
87. Gardner-Medwin D. Studies of the carrier state in the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy. 2. Quantitative electromyography as a method of carrier detection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1968;31:124-134.
88. Gerdle B, Henriksson-Larsén K, Lorentzon R, Wretling ML. Dependence of the mean power frequency of the electromyogram on muscle force and fibre type. Acta Physiol Scand 1991;142:457-465.
89. Gilai A. Continuous EMG interference pattern analysis. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987;27:339-348.
90. Gilai A, Hadas-Halperin I, Roth VG. Continuous EMG interference pattern analysis (CIPA) and computerised tomography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;61:57.
91. Gilchrist JM, Nandedkar SD, Stewart CS, Massey JM, Sanders DB, Barkhaus PE. Automatic analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern using the turns: amplitude ratio. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988;70:534-540.
92. Girlanda P, Toscano A, Nicolosi C, Sinicropi S, Picciolo G, Macaione A, Quatarone C, Messina C. Electrophysiological study of neuromuscular system involvement in mitochondrial cytopathy. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:1284-1289.
93. Hägg GM. Electromyographic fatigue analysis based on the number of zero crossings. Pflugers Arch 1981;391:78-80.
94. Hägg GM, Suurküla J. Zero crossing rate of electromyograms during occupational work and endurance tests as predictors for work related myalgia in the shoulder/neck region. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991;62:436-444.
95. Hagberg M, Ericson BE. Myoelectric power spectrum dependence on muscular contraction level of elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982;48:147-156.
96. Hagberg M, Jonsson B. The amplitude distribution of the myoelectric signal in an ergonomic study of the deltoid muscle. Ergonomics 1975;18:311-319.
97. Haig AJ, Gelblum JB, Rechtien JJ, Gitter AJ. Technology assessment: the use of surface EMG in the diagnosis and treatment of nerve and muscle disorders. Muscle Nerve 1996;19:392-395.
98. Haridasan G, Sanghvi SH, Jindal GD, Joshi VM, Desai AD. Quantitative electromyography using automatic analysis. A comparative study with a fixed fraction of a subject's maximum effort and two levels of thresholds for analysis. J Neurol Sci 1979;42:53-64.
99. Hass E. Über die Art der Tätigkeit unserer Musklen beim Halten verschieden schwerer Gewichte. Pflügers Archiv 1926;212:651-656.
100. Hatch JP, Moore PJ, Cyr-Provost M, Boutros NN, Seleshi E, Borcherding S. The use of electromyography and muscle palpation in the diagnosis of tension-type headache with and without pericranial muscle involvement. Pain 1992;49: 175-178.
101. Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Kopec J. EMG parameters changes in the effort pattern at various load in dystrophic muscle. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;24:121-136.
102. Hayward M, Seaton D. Late sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis: a clinical and electromyographic study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979;42:117-122.
103. Hayward M, Willison RG. Automatic analysis of the electromyogram in patients with chronic partial denervation. J Neurol Sci 1977;33:415-423.
104. Hayward M, Willison RG. The recognition of myogenic and neurogenic lesions by quantitative EMG. In: Desmedt JE, editor. New developments in electromyography. Basel: Karger; 1973. p 448-453.
105. Headache classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988;8 (suppl 7):1-96.
106. Hirose K, Uono M, Sobue I. Quantitative electromyography. Its application to progressive muscular dystrophy. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1974;14:355-363.
107. Hubbard DR, Berkoff GM. Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity. Spine 1993;18:1803-1807.
108. Huppertz HJ, Disselhorst KC, Silny J, Ran G, Heimann G. Diagnostic yield of noninvasive high spatial resolution electromyography in neuromuscular diseases. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:1360-1370.
109. Inbar GF, Allin J, Paiss O, Kranz H. Monitoring surface EMG spectral changes by the zero crossing rate. Med Biol Eng Comput 1986;24:10-18.
110. Inman VT, Ralston HJ, Saunders JBCM, Feinstein B, Wright EW. Relation of human electromyogram to muscular tension. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1952;4: 187-194.
111. Jensen R, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Muscular factors are of importance in tension-type headache. Headache 1998;38: 10-17.
112. Jensen R, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Quantitative surface EMG of pericranial muscles. Relation to age and sex in a general population. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;93: 175-183.
113. Jensen R, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Olesen J. Quantitative surface EMG of pericranial muscles. Reproducibility and variability. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993;89:1-9.
114. Jensen R, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Olesen J. Quantitative surface EMG of pericranial muscles in headache. A population study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;93: 335-344.
115. Johnson JC. Comparison of analysis techniques for electromyographic data. Aviat Space Environ Med 1978;49:14-18.
116. Jørgensen S, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Turns-amplitude analysis at different sampling frequencies. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991;81:1-7.
117. Juel C. Muscle action potential propagation velocity changes during activity. Muscle Nerve 1988;11:714-719.
118. Kadefors R, Kaiser E, Petersén I. Dynamic spectrum analysis of myo-potentials and with special reference to muscle fatigue. Electromyography 1968;8:39-74.
119. Kahn JF, Favriou F, Jouanin JC, Monod H. Influence of posture and training on the endurance time of a low-level isometric contraction. Ergonomics 1997;40:1231-1239.
120. Kaiser E, Petersén I. Frequency analysis of muscle action potentials during tetanic contraction. Electromyography 1963;3:5-17.
121. Kankaanpää M, Taimela S, Laaksonen D, Hänninen O, Airaksinen O. Back and hip extensor fatigability in chronic low back pain patients and controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:412-417.
122. Komi PV, Tesch P. EMG frequency spectrum, muscle structure, and fatigue during dynamic contractions in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1979;42:41-50.
123. Kopec A, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I. Frequency analysis of the eletromyogram. Acta Physiol Pol 1966;17:713-725.
124. Kopec J, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I. On-line computer application in clinical quantitative electromyography. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1976;16:49-64.
125. Kunze K. Quantitative EMG analysis in myogenic and neurogenic muscle diseases. In: Desmedt JE, editor. New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology, vol 2. Basel: Karger; 1973. p 469-476.
126. Larsson LE. On the relation between the EMG frequency spectrum and the duration of symptoms in lesions of the peripheral motor neuron. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975;38:69-78.
127. Lefaucheur JP, Verroust J, Gherardi RK. Turns-amplitude analysis assessment of myopathies in HIV-infected patients. J Neurol Sci 1996;136:148-153.
128. Lenman AJ. Quantitative electromyographic changes associated with muscular weakness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1959;22:306-310.
129. Liepert J, Tegenthoff M, Malin JP. Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995;97:382-386.
130. Liguori R, Dahl K, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Turns-amplitude analysis of the electromyographic recruitment pattern disregarding force measurement. I. Method and reference values in healthy subjects. Muscle Nerve 1992;15:1314-1318.
131. Liguori R, Dahl K, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Trojaborg W. Turns-amplitude analysis of the electromyographic recruitment pattern disregarding force measurement. II. Findings in patients with neuromusrular disorders. Muscle Nerve 1992;15:1319-1324.
132. Liguori R, Dahl K, Vingtoft S, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Determination of peak-ratio by digital turns-amplitude analysis on line. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;30:371-378.
133. Lindström L, Kadefors R, Petersén I. An electromyographic index for localized muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1977;43: 750-754.
134. Lindstrom L, Magnusson R, Petersén I. Muscular fatigue and action potential conduction velocity changes studied with frequency analysis of EMG signals. Electromyography 1970; 10:341-356.
135. Lindström L, Malmstrøm J-F., Petersen I. Clinical applications of spectral analysis of EMG. In: Struppler A, Weindl A, editors. Electromyography end evoked potentials. Berlin: Springer: 1985. p 108-113.
136. Lindstrôm L, Petersén I. Power spectrum analysis of EMG signals and its applications. In: Desmedt JE, editor. Computer-aided electromyography. Basel: Karger; 1983. p 1-51.
137. Linssen WH, Stegeman DF, Joosten EM, van't Hof MA, Bhikhorst RA, Notermans SL. Variability and interrelationships of surface EMG parameters during local muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve 1993;16:849-856.
138. Lippold OC. The relation between integrated action potentials in a human muscle and its isometric tension. J Physiol (Lond) 1952;117:492-499.
139. Lovelace RE, Blitzer A, Brin MF. Quantitations of the effect of Botox on laryngeal/spasmodic dysphonia with the turns analysis method. Can J Neurol Sci 1993;20:365.
140. Luttmann A, Jäger M, Sökeland J, Laurig W. Electromyographical study on surgeons in urology. II. Determination of muscular fatigue. Ergonomics 1996;39:298-313.
141. Mambrito B, De Luca CJ. A technique for the detection, decomposition and analysis of the EMG signal. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;58:175-188.
142. Mannion AF, Dolan P. Relationship between myoelectric and mechanical manifestations of fatigue in the quadriceps femoris muscle group. Em J Appl Physiol 1996;74:411-419.
143. Marsden CD, Meadows JC, Merton PA. Isolated single motor units in human muscle and their rate of discharge during maximal voluntary effort. J Physiol (Lond) 1971;217: 12P-13P.
144. Mathiassen SE, Winkel J. Physiological comparison of three interventions in light assembly work: reduced work pace, increased break allowance and shortened working days. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1996;68:94-108.
145. Maton B. Human motor unit activity during the onset of muscle fatigue in submaximal isometric isotonic contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 1981;46:271-281.
146. McComas AJ. Motor unit estimation: anxieties and achievements. Muscle Nerve 1995;18:369-379.
147. McGill KC, Dorfman LJ. Automatic decomposition electromyography (ADEMG): validation and normative data in brachial biceps. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;61: 453-461.
148. McGill KC, Lau K, Dorfman LJ. A comparison of turns analysis and motor unit analysis in electromyography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991;81:8-17.
149. Merletti R, Knaflitz M, De Luca CJ. Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue in voluntary and electrically elicited contractions. J Appl Physiol 1990;69:1810-1820.
150. Merletti R, Roy S. Myoelectric and mechanical manifestations of muscle fatigue in voluntary contractions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996;24:342-353.
151. Miller RG, Giannini D, Milner-Brown HS, Layzer RB, Koretsky AP, Hooper D, Weiner MW. Effects of fatiguing exercise on high-energy phosphates, force, and EMG: evidence for three phases of recovery. Muscle Nerve 1987; 10:810-821.
152. Møller E. The chewing apparatus. Acta Physiol Scand 1966;69(suppl 280):1-229.
153. Möller E, Rasmussen Collin O. Bonde-Petersen F. Mechanism of ischemic pain in human muscles of mastication: intramuscular pressure, EMG force and blood flow of the temporal and masseter muscle during biting. In: Bonica JJ, editor. Advances in pain research and therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1979. p 271-281.
154. Moosa A, Brown BH. Quantitative electromyography: a new analogue technique for detecting changes in action potential duration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972;35: 216-220.
155. Moritani T, Muro M, Kijima A, Gaffney FA, Parsons D. Electromechanical changes during electrically induced and maximal voluntary contractions: surface and intramuscular EMG responses during sustained maximal voluntary contraction. Exp Neurol 1985;88:484-499.
156. Moritani T, Muro M, Nagata A. Intramuscular and surface electromyogram changes during muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1986;60:1179-1185.
157. Morlock MM, Bonin V, Müller G, Schneider E. Trunk muscle fatigue and associated EMG changes during a dynamic iso-inertial test. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997;76:75-80.
158. Nagata S, Arsenault AB, Gagnon D, Smyth G, Mathieu PA. EMG power spectrum as a measure of muscular fatigue at different levels of contraction. Med Biol Eng Comput 1990; 28:374-378.
159. Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB. Measurement of the amplitude of the EMG, envelope. Muscle Nerve 1990;13:933-938.
160. Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stålberg EV. Automatic analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern. Part I: development of quantitative features. Muscle Nerve 1986;9: 431-439.
161. Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stålberg EV. Automatic analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern. Part II: findings in control subjects and in some neuromuscular diseases. Muscle Nerve 1986;9:491-500.
162. Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stålberg EV. On the shape of the normal turns - amplitude cloud. Muscle Nerve 1991;14: 8-13.
163. Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stålberg EV. Simulation and analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern in normal muscle. Part I: turns and amplitude measurements. Muscle Nerve 1986;9:423-430.
164. Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stålberg EV. Simulation and analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern in normal muscle. Part II: activity, upper centile amplitude, and number of small segments. Muscle Nerve 1986;9: 486-490.
165. Nirkko AG, Rösler KM, Hess CW. Sensitivity and specificity of needle electromyography: a prospective study comparing automated interference pattern analysis with single motor unit potential analysis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995;97:1-10.
166. Odergren T, Tollbäck A, Borg J. Electromyographic single motor unit potentials after repeated botulinum toxin treatments in cervical dystonia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;93:325-329.
167. Ostergaard L, Fuglsang FA, Sjö O, Werdelin L, Winkel H. Quantitative EMG in cervical dystonia. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996;36:179-185.
168. Ostergaard L, Fuglsang FA, Werdelin L, Sjö O, Winkel H. Quantitative EMG in botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;93:434-439.
169. Ostergaard L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Werdelin L, Dalager T. Six-year follow-up study of quantitavite EMG changes in cervical dystonia treated with bolulinuin toxin. Acta Neurol Scand 1996;94:425-425.
170. Petajan JH. AAEM minimonograph #3: motor unit recruitment. Muscle Nerve 1991;14:489-502.
171. Petrofsky JS, Glaser RM, Phillips CA, Lind AR, Williams C. Evaluation of amplitude and frequency components of the surface EMG as an index of muscle fatigue. Ergonomics 1982;25:213-223.
172. Piotrkiewicz M, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Mierzejewska J. Are motoneurons involved in muscular dystrophy? Clin Neurophysiology 1999;110:1111-1122.
173. Puvanendran K, Cheah JS, Naganathan N, Wong PK. Thyrotoxic myopathy: a clinical and quantitative analytic electromyographic study. J Neurol Sci 1979;42:441-451.
174. Rice SO. Mathematical analysis of random noise. Bell Syst Tech J 1945;24:46-156.
175. Richardson AT. Newer concepts of electrodiagnosis. St. Thomas Hosp Rep 1951;7:164-174.
176. Robinson GA, Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Immobilization-induced changes in motor unit force and fatigability in the cat. Muscle Nerve 1991;-14:563-573.
177. Roeleveld K, Sandberg A, Stålberg EV, Stegeman DF. Motor unit size estimation of enlarged motor units with surface electromyography. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:878-886.
178. Rønager J, Christensen H, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Power spectrum analysis of the EMG pattern in normal and diseased muscles. J Neurol Sci 1989;94:283-294.
179. Rose AL, Willison RG. Quantitative electromyography using automatic analysis: studies in healthy subjects and patients with primary muscle disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1967;30:403-410.
180. Roy SH, De Luca CJ, Casavant DA. Lumbar muscle fatigue and chronic lower back pain. Spine 1989;14:992-1001.
181. Roy SH, De Luca CJ, Snyder-Mackler L, Emley MS, Grenshaw RL, Lyons JP. Fatigue, recovery, and low back pain in varsity rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:463-469.
182. Rugh JD, Montgomery GT. Physiological reactions of patients with TM disorders vs symptom-free controls on a physical stress task. J Craniomandib Disord 1987;1:243-250.
183. Sacco P, Newberry R, McFadden L, Brown T, McComas AJ. Depression of human electromyographic activity by fatigue of a synergistic muscle. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:710-717.
184. Sandstedt PE, Henriksson KG, Larrsson LE. Quantitative electromyography in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Acta Neurol Scand 1982;65:110-121.
185. Schoenen J, Gerard P, De Pasqua V, Juprelle M. EMG activity in pericranial muscles during postural variation and mental activity in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic tension type headache. Headache 1991;31:321-324.
186. Serra C, Mozzillo A, Facciolla D, Rossi A Ruocco A, Biondi A. Quantitative EMG and EEG findings in patients exposed to chronic intoxication from industrial adhesives. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1980;2:276-284.
187. Sheikholeslam A, Möller E, Lous I. Postural and maximal activity in elevators of mandible before and after treatment of functional disorders. Scand J Dent Res 1982;90:37-46.
188. Sica RE, McComas AJ, Ferreira JC. Evaluation of an automated method for analysing the electromyogram. Can J Neurol Sci 1978;5:275-281.
189. Simons DG, Hong C, Simons LS. Prevalence of spontaneous electrical activity at trigger spots and at control sites in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Musculoskel Pain 1995;3:35-47.
190. Simpson JA, Sanderson ID. Experimental studies on the effect of "Laevadosin" in muscular dystrophy. Research in muscular dystrophy: the Proceedings of the III symposium. London: Pitman Medical; 1965. p 342-354.
191. Smyth DP, Willison RG. Quantitative electromyography in babies and young children with no evidence of neuromuscular disease. J Neurol Sci 1982;56:209-217.
192. Snyder R, Fisher CFS, Burton AC. Ratio between tension and total electrical activity in human skeletal muscle. Fed Proc 1949;8:149.
193. Stålberg E, Chu J, Bril V, Nandedkar S, Stålberg S, Ericsson M. Automatic analysis of the EMG interference pattern. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983;56:672-681.
194. Stephens JA, Taylor A. Fatigue of maintained voluntary muscle contraction in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1972;220:1-18.
195. Stetson RH, Bouman HD. The action-current as measure of muscle contraction. Science 1933;77:219-221.
196. Strempel S, Vielhaber S, Tschernitschek H, Hinrichs H, Awiszus F, Feistner H. Effects of the amplitude threshold on the separability of neuropathic and myopathic form normal EMG using parameters of the turns/amplitude analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;110:1139-1143.
197. Svensson P, Houe L, Arendt NL. Bilateral experimental muscle pain changes electromyographic activity of human jaw-closing muscles during mastication. Exp Brain Res 1997; 116:182-185.
198. Torbergsen T, Stålberg E, Bless JK. Nerve-muscle involvement in a large family with mitochondrial cytopathy: electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve 1991;14:35-41.
199. Troup JD, Chapman AE. Analysis of the waveform of the electromyograph using the analyser described by Fitch (1967). Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972;12:325-346.
200. Valli G, Scarlato G, Contartese M. Quantitative electromyography in the detection of the carriers in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. J Neurol 1976;212:139-149.
201. van Boxtel A, Goudswaard P. Changes in EMG power spectra during fatigue in muscle contraction and migraine headache patients. Headache 1983;23:223-228.
202. van Dieën JH, Böke B, Oosterhuis W, Toussaint HM. The influence of torque and velocity on erector spinae muscle fatigue and its relationship to changes of electromyogram spectrum density. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996;72:310-315.
203. van Dieën JH, Heijblom P, Bunkens H. Extrapolation of time series of EMG power spectrum parameters in isometric endurance tests of trunk extensor muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1998;8:35-44.
204. Viitasalo JH, Komi PV. Signal characteristics of EMG during fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 1977;37:111-121.
205. Walton J. Analysis with the audio-frequency spectrometer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1952;15:219-226.
206. Wiederholt WC. "End-plate noise" in electromyography. Neurology 1970;20:215-224.
207. Willison RG. Analysis of electrical activity in healthy and dystrophic muscle in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1964;27:386-394.
208. Willison RG. Quantitative electromyography - the detection of carries of Duchenne dystrophy. Excerpta Medica; International Congress Series No.175, 1967. p 123-125.
209. Wittrock DA. The comparison of individuals with tension-type headache and headache-free controls on frontal EMG levels: a meta-analysis. Headache 1997;37:424-432.
210. Woods JJ, Bigland-Ritchie B. Integrated surface EMG/force relationships and muscle fiber type composition and distribution. Fed Proc 1978;37:786.
211. Yaar I. Turn analysis of the EMG: the amplitude definition of a turn. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;34:501-508.
212. Yaar I, Niles L. On the parameterization of the EMG interference pattern power spectrum (EMG-IP-PS). Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;30:213-225.
213. Yu XM, Sessle BJ, Vernon H, Hu JW. Effects of inflammatory irritant application to the rat temporomandibular joint on jaw and neck muscle activity. Pain 1995;60:143-149.
214. Yu YL, Murray NMF. A comparison of concentric needle electromyography, quantitative EMG and single fiber EMG in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;58:220-225.