Review of venous vascular ultrasound

World Journal of Surgery

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 241-248

  Phillips, Gareth W L ^a  

^a Radar Medical Imaging   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC DISEASE; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; ECHOGRAPHY; INFERIOR CAVA VEIN; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; REVIEW; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; ULTRASOUND; VEIN DISEASE;

CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, DUPLEX; VASCULAR DISEASES; VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0033966484     PISSN: 03642313     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002689910038     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Bettmann, M.A., Robbins, A., Braun, S., Wetzner, S., Dunnick, N.R., Finkelstein, J.: Contrast venography of the leg: diagnostic efficacy, tolerance, and complication rates with ionic and nonionic contrast media. Radiology 165:113, 1987
2. Lensing, A.W.A., Prandoni, P., Buller, H.R., Casara, D., Cogo, A., Wouter ten Gate, J.: Lower extremity venography with iohexol: results and complications. Radiology 777:503, 1990
3. Cope, L.H.: Case report: deep venous thrombosis following iopamidol venography. Clin. Radiol. 45:44, 1992
4. Foley, W.D., Middlcton, W.D., Lawson, T.L.: Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower extremity venous disease. Am. J. Roentgenol. 752:371, 1989
5. Zwiebel, W.J.: Venous thrombosis and other pathology. In Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography, 3rd edition, W.J. Zwiebel, editor. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1992, pp. 305-321
6. Rose, S.C., Zwiebel, W.J., Nelson, B.D., Priest. D.L., Knighton, R.A., Brown, J.W., Lawrence, P.P., Stults, B.M., Reading, J.C., Miller, F.J.: Symptomatic lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: accuracy, limitations, and role of color duplex flow imaging in diagnosis. Radiology 775:639, 1990
7. Atri, M., Herba, M.J., Reinhold, C., Leclerc, J., Ye, S., Illescas, F.F., Bret, P.M.: Accuracy of sonography in the evaluation of calf deep vein thrombosis in both postoperative surveillance and symptomatic patients. Am. J. Roentgenol. 166:1361, 1996
8. Dorfman, G.S., Cronan, J.J.: Venous ultrasonography. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 30:819, 1992
9. Pezullo, J.A., Perkins, A.B., Cronon, J.J.: Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: diagnosis with limited compression US. Radiology 198:67, 1996
10. Frederick, M.G., Hertzberg, B.S., Kliewer, M.A., Paulson, E.K., Bowic, J.D., Lalouche, K.J., DeLong, D.M., Carroll, B.A.: Can the examination of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis be abbreviated? A prospective study of 755 examinations. Radiology 799:45. 1996
11. Polak, J.F.: Sonographic imaging of calf veins in patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis: a cost-effective strategy? Am. J. Roentgenol. 766:1368, 1996
12. Cronan, J.J.: Controversies in venous ultrasound. Semin. Ultrasound CT MRl 18:33, 1997
13. Rose, S. C., Zwiebel, W.J., Miller, F.J.: Distribution of acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: imaging implications. J. Ultrasound Med. 13:243, 1994
14. Moser, K.M., LeMoine, J.R.: Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann. Intern. Med. 94:439, 1981
15. Lagerstedt, C.I., Olsson, VC.G., Fagher, B.O., Oqvist, B.W., Albreehtsson, U.: Need for long term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis. Lancet 2:515, 1985
16. Moreno-Cabral, R., Kistner, R.L., Nordyke, R.A.: Importance of calf vein thrombophlebitis. Surgery 50:735, 1976
17. Kakkar, V., Howe, C.T., Flanc, C., Clarke, M.B.: Natural history of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Lancet 2:230, 1969
18. Philbrick, J., Becker, D.: Calf deep vein thrombosis. A wolf in sheep's clothing? Arch. Intern. Med. 148:2131, 1988
19. Huisman, M.V., Buller, H.R., Ten Cate, J.W.: Serial impedance plethysmography for suspected deep venous thrombosis in outpatients. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:823, 1986
20. Kakkar, V., Lawrence, D.: Hemodynamic and clinical assessment after therapy for acute deep vein thrombosis. Am. J. Surg. 150:54, 1985
21. Zwiebel, W.J., Priest, D.L.: Colour duplex sonography of extremity veins. Semin. Ultrasound CT MRI 17:136, 1990
22. Polak, J.F., Culter, S.S., O'Leary, D.H.: Deep veins of the calf: assessment with color Doppler flow imaging. Radiology 171:481, 1989
23. Nicolaides, A.N., Kakkar, V.V., Renney, J.T.C.: The soleal sinuses: origin of deep vein thrombosis. Br. J. Surg. 57:860, 1970
24. Nicolaides, A.N., Kakkar, V.V., Field, E.S., Renney, J.T.G.: The origin of deep vein thrombosis: a venographic study. Br. J. Radiol. 44:653. 1971
25. Lea Thomas, M., O'Dwyer, J.A.: A phlebographic study of the incidence and significance of venous thrombosis in the foot. Am. J. Roentgenol. 130:751, 1978
26. Foley, W.D., Middleton, W.D., Lawson, T.L.: Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower extremity venous disease. Am. J. Roentgenol. 152:371, 1989
27. May. R.: Surgery of the Veins of the Leg and Pelvis, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1979, p. 210
28. Lea Thomas, M.: Plebography of the Lower Limb, Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1982, pp. 162-163
29. Cronan, J., Dorfman, G.S., Grusmark, J.: Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: further experience with and refinements of US assessment. Radiology 168:101, 1988
30. Rabinov, K., Paulin, S.: Abrams Angiography, Boston, Little, Brown, 1983, p. 1896
31. Cronan, J.J., Leen, V.: Recurrent deep venous thrombosis: limitations of US. Radiology 170:739, 1989
32. Murphy, T.P., Cronan, J.J.: Evolution of deep venous thrombosis: a prospective evaluation with US. Radiology 177:543, 1990
33. Baxter, G.M., Duffy, P., MacKechnie, S.: Colour Doppler ultrasound of the post-phlebitic limb: sounding a cautionary note. Clin. Radiol. 43:301, 1991
34. Dorfman, G.S., Cronan, J.J.: Asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in deep venous thrombosis: long term follow-up. Radiology 765:205, 1987
35. Bell, J.M., Ross, F.G.M., Mackenzie, S., Goddard, P.R.: The swollen leg: ultrasonographic demonstration of non-thrombotic causes. Postgrad. Med. J. 67:23, 1985
36. Vaccaro, J.P., Cronan, J.J., Dorfman, G.S.: Outcome analysis of patients with normal compression US examinations. Radiology 175:645, 1990
37. Belch, J.J.F., McMillan, N.C., Fogelman, I., Capell, H., Forbes, C.D.: Combined phlebography and arthrography in patients with painful swollen calf. BMJ 282:949, 1981
38. Porter, J.M., Rutherford, R.B., Clegett, G.P.: Ad Hoc Committee: reporting standards in venous disease. J. Vase. Surg. 8:172, 1988
39. Burnand, K.G., Whimster, I., Clemenson, G., Thomas, M.L., Browse, N.L.: The relationship between the number of capillaries in the skin of the venous ulcer bearing area of the lower leg and the fall in foot vein pressure during exercise. Br. J. Surg. 68:297, 1981
40. Burnand, K.G., Whimster, I., Naidoo, A., Browse, N.L.: Pericapillary fibrin in the ulcer bearing skin of the leg: the cause of lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration. BMJ 255:1071, 1982
41. Shirley, H.H., Wolfram, C.G., Wasserman, K., Mayerson, H.S.: Capillary permeability to macromolecules: stretched pore phenomenon. J. Physiol. 790:183, 1957
42. Browse, N.L., Burnand, K.C.: The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet 2:243, 1982
43. Browse, N.L., Gray, L., Tarrett, H., Marland, M.: Blood and vein wall fibrinolytic activity in health and vascular disease. BMJ 7:478, 1977
44. Browse, N.L.: The pathogenesis of venous ulceration. In Surgery of the Veins, J.J. Bergan, J.S.T. Yao, editors, Orlando, Grune & Stratton, 1985, pp. 25-31
45. Browse, N.L., The etiology of venous ulceration. World J. Surg. 70:938, 1986
46. Pollack, A.A., Wood, E.H.: Venous pressure in the saphenous vein in the ankle in man during exercise and changes in posture. J. Appl. Physiol. 7:649, 1949
47. Nicolaides, A.N., Zukowski, A.J.: The value of dynamic venous pressure measurements. World J. Surg. 70:919, 1986
48. Browse, N.L., Burnand, K.G., Lea Thomas, M.L.: Diseases of the Veins. Baltimore, E.A. Arnold, 1988, pp. 55, 331
49. Kohler, T.R., Strandness, D.E.: Noninvasive testing for the evaluation of chronic venous disease. World J. Surg. 70:903, 1986
50. Yao, J.S.T., Flinn, W., McCarthy, W.J., Bergan, J.J.: The role of noninvasive testing in the evaluation of chronic venous problems. World J. Surg. 70:911, 1986
51. O'Donnell, T.F., Scott McEnroe, C., Heggerick, P.: Chronic venous insufficiency. Surg. Clin. North Am. 70:159, 1990
52. Katz, M.L., Comerota, A.J., Kerr, R.: Air plethysmography (APG): a new technique to evaluate patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J. Vase. Technol. 75:23, 1991
53. Lea Thomas, M.L.: Post thrombotic states. In Phlebography of the Lower Limb, New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1982, pp. 116-136
54. Herman, R.J., Neiman, J.L., Yao, J.S.T., Egan, T.J., Bergan, J.J., Malave, S. R.: Descending venography: a method of evaluating lower extremity venous valvular function. Radiology 737:63, 1980
55. Lea Thomas, M.L., Keeling, P.P., Ackroyd, J.S.: Descending phlebography: a comparison of three methods and an assessment of the normal range of deep vein reflux. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 27:27, 1986
56. Lundstrom, B., Osterman, G.: Assessment of deep venous insufficiency by descending phlebography. Acta Radiol. 24:315, 1983
57. Strandness, D.E., Langlois, J., Cramer, M., Randlett, A., Thiele, B.L.: Long-term sequelae of acute venous thrombosis. JAMA 250:1289, 1983
58. Gooley, N.A., Sumner, D.S.: Relationship of venous reflux to the site of venous valvular incompetence: implications for venous reconstructive surgery. J. Vase. Surg. 7:50, 1988
59. Athanasoulis, C.A., Yucel, E.K.: Venous reflux: assessing the level of incompetence. Radiology 774:326, 1990
60. Lea Thomas, M.L., McAllister, V., Rose, D.H., Tonge, K.: A simplified technique of phlebography for the localisation of incompetent perforating veins of the legs. Clin. Radiol. 23:486, 1972
61. Lea Thomas, M.L.: Varicose veins. In Phlebography of the Lower Limb. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1982, pp. 137-152
62. Lea Thomas, M.L., Bowles, J.N.: Incompetent perforating veins: comparison of varicography and ascending phlebography. Radiology 154: 619, 1985
63. Phillips, G.W.L., Esler, S.: Chaotic phasic pattern as sole ultrasound evidence of extensive post-thrombotic change. Australas. Radiol. 39: 358, 1995
64. Thibault, P.; Bray, A., Wlodarezyk, J., Lewis, W.: Cosmetic leg veins: evaluation using duplex venous imaging. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 76:612, 1990
65. Phillips, G.W., Paige, J., Molan, M.P.: A comparison of colour duplex ultrasound with venography and varicography in the assessment of varicose veins. Clin. Radiol. 50:20, 1995
66. Priest, D.L., Zwiebel, W.J.: Chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins and saphenous vein mapping. In Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography, 3rd edition, W.J. Zwiebel, editor, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1992, pp. 323-331
67. Ludbrook, J.: Primary great saphenous varicose veins revisited. World J. Surg. 70:954, 1986
68. Browse, N.L., Burnand, K.G., Lea Thomas, M.L.: Diseases of the Veins. Baltimore, E.A. Arnold, 1988, pp. 153-158
69. Cotton, L.: Varicose veins: gross anatomy and development. Br. J. Surg. 2:14, 1967
70. King, E.S.J.: The genesis of varicose veins. Aust. N.Z. J. Surg. 20:126, 1950
71. Rose, S.S., Ahmed, A.: Some thoughts on the aetiology of varicose veins. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 27:534, 1986
72. Chan, A., Chisolm, I., Royle, J.P.: The use of directional Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of saphenofemoral incompetence. Aust. N.Z. J. Surg. 55:399, 1983
73. McIrvine, A.J., Corbett, C.R.R., Aston, N.O., Sherriff, E.A., Wiseman, P.A., Jamieson, C.W.: The demonstration of saphenofemoral incompetence: Doppler ultrasound compared with standard clinical tests. Br. J. Surg. 77:509, 1984
74. Hoare, M.C., Nicolaides, A.N., Miles, C.R., Shull, K., Jury, R.P., Needham, T., Dudley, H.A.F.: The role of primary varicose veins in venous ulceration. Surgery 92:450, 1982
75. Pearce, W.H., Ricco, J.B., Queral, L.A., Flinn, W.R., Yao, J.S.T.: Haemodynamic assessment of venous problems. Surgery 93:115, 1983
76. Sethia, K.K., Darke, S.G.: Long saphenous incompetence as a cause of venous ulceration. Br. J. Surg. 77:754, 1984
77. Phillips, G.W.L., Cheng, L.S.: The value of ultrasound in the assessment of incompetent perforating veins. Australas. Radiol. 40:15, 1996
78. Szendro, G., Nicolaides, A.N., Zukowski, A.J., Christopoulos, D., Malouf, G.M., Christodoulou, C, Myers, K.: Duplex scanning in the assessment of deep venous incompetence. J. Vase. Surg. 4:237, 1986
79. van Bemmelen, P.S., Bedford, G., Beach, K., Strandness, D.E.: Quantitative segmental evaluation of venous valvular reflux with duplex ultrasound scanning. J. Vase. Surg. 70:425, 1989
80. Welch, H.J., Faliakou, E.C., McLaughlin, R.L., Umphrey, S.E., Belkin, M., O'Donnell, T.F.: Comparison of descending phlebography with quantitative photoplethysmography, air plethysmography, and duplex quantitative valve closure time in assessing deep vein reflux. J. Vase. Surg. 76:913, 1992
81. Neglen, P., Raju, S.: A rational approach to detection of significant reflux with duplex Doppler scanning and air plethysmography. J. Vase. Surg. 770:590, 1993
82. Browse, N.L., Burnand, K.G., Lea Thomas, M.L.: Diseases of the Veins. Baltimore, E.A. Arnold, 1988
83. Christopoulos, D., Nicolaides, A.N., Szendro, G.: Venous reflux: quantification and correlation with the clinical severity of chronic venous disease. Br. J. Surg. 75:352, 1988
84. Vasdekis, S.N., Clarke, G.H., Nicolaides, A.N.: Quantification of venous reflux by means of duplex scanning. J. Vase. Surg. 70:670, 1989
85. Beckwith, T.G., Richardson, G.D., Sheldon, M., Clarke, G.H.: A correlation between blood flow volume and ultrasonic Doppler wave forms in the study of valve efficiency. Phlebology 8:12, 1993
86. Grassi, C.J., Polak, J.F.: Axillary and subclavian venous thrombosis: follow-up evaluation with color Doppler flow US and venography. Radiology 775:651, 1990
87. Edwards, J.M., Zierler, R.E.: Duplex ultrasound assessment of upper extremity arteries. In Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography, 3rd edition, W.J. Zwiebel, editor, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1992, pp. 232-233
88. Koslin, D.B., Berland, L.L.: Duplex Doppler examination of the liver and portal venous system. J. Clin. Ultrasound 15:675, 1987
89. Miller, V.E., Berland, L.L.: Pulsed Doppler duplex sonography and CT of portal vein thrombosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 145:73, 1985
90. Weltin, G., Taylor, K.J.W., Carter, A.R., Taylor, C.R.: Duplex Doppler: identification of cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Am. J. Roentgenol. 144:999, 1985
91. Subramanyam, B.R., Balthazar, E.J., Madamba, M.R.: Sonography of portosystemic venous collaterals in portal hypertension. Radiology 146:161, 1983
92. Braun, B., Weilemann, L.S., Weigand, W.: Ultrasonographic demonstration of renal vein thrombosis. Radiology 138:157, 1981
93. Goncharenko, V., Gerlock, A.J., Kadir, S., Turner, B.: Incidence and distribution of venous extension in 70 hypernephromas. Am. J. Roentgenol. 133:262, 1979
94. Mellins, H.Z.: Inferior vena cava obstruction. In Clinical Urography: An Atlas and Textbook of Urological Imaging, H.M. Pollack, editor. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1990, pp. 2105-2111
95. Lea Thomas, M., Pitcher, E.W.L., Cockett, F.B., Negus, D.: Venous collaterals in external and common iliac vein obstruction. Clin. Radiol. 18:403, 1967
96. Richardson, G.D., Beckwith, T.C., Sheldon, M.: Ultrasound windows to abdominal and pelvic veins. Phlebology 6:111, 1991