메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 1109-1122

Control of solute concentrations in cloud and fog water by liquid water content

Author keywords

Aerosol; Cloudwater composition; Cloudwater loading; Microphysics; Nucleation scavenging

Indexed keywords

CLOUDWATER; MICROPHYSICS;

EID: 0033964345     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00351-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (67)

References (108)
  • 3
    • 0000163010 scopus 로고
    • Climatic effects of changing atmospheric aerosol levels
    • A. Henderson-Sellers. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
    • Andreae M.O. Climatic effects of changing atmospheric aerosol levels. Henderson-Sellers A. World Survey of Climatology, Vol. 16, Future Climates of the World. 1995;341-392 Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    • (1995) World Survey of Climatology, Vol. 16, Future Climates of the World , pp. 341-392
    • Andreae, M.O.1
  • 4
    • 0030618083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry
    • Andreae M.O., Crutzen P.J. Atmospheric aerosols. biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry Science. 276:1997;1052-1058.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1052-1058
    • Andreae, M.O.1    Crutzen, P.J.2
  • 8
    • 0026880816 scopus 로고
    • Determination of anions and cations in individual raindrops
    • Bächmann K., Röder A., Haag I. Determination of anions and cations in individual raindrops. Atmospheric Environment. 26A:1992;1795-1797.
    • (1992) Atmospheric Environment , vol.26 , pp. 1795-1797
    • Bächmann, K.1    Röder, A.2    Haag, I.3
  • 9
    • 0026524614 scopus 로고
    • Capillary electrophoresis of organic and inorganic cations with indirect UV detection
    • Beck W., Engelhardt H. Capillary electrophoresis of organic and inorganic cations with indirect UV detection. Chromatographia. 33:1992;313-316.
    • (1992) Chromatographia , vol.33 , pp. 313-316
    • Beck, W.1    Engelhardt, H.2
  • 12
    • 0023525334 scopus 로고
    • Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate
    • Charlson R.J., Lovelock J.E., Andreae M.O., Warren S.G. Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature. 326:1987;655-661.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.326 , pp. 655-661
    • Charlson, R.J.1    Lovelock, J.E.2    Andreae, M.O.3    Warren, S.G.4
  • 15
    • 0024992384 scopus 로고
    • The chemical composition of intercepted cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada
    • Collett J.L., Daube B.C., Hoffmann M.R. The chemical composition of intercepted cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada. Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;959-972.
    • (1990) Atmospheric Environment , vol.24 , pp. 959-972
    • Collett, J.L.1    Daube, B.C.2    Hoffmann, M.R.3
  • 16
    • 0027387516 scopus 로고
    • Cloud chemistry at Mt Rigi, Switzerland: Dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry
    • Collett J.L., Oberholzer B., Staehelin J. Cloud chemistry at Mt Rigi, Switzerland. dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry Atmospheric Environment. 27A:1993;33-42.
    • (1993) Atmospheric Environment , vol.27 , pp. 33-42
    • Collett, J.L.1    Oberholzer, B.2    Staehelin, J.3
  • 17
    • 0024182851 scopus 로고
    • Hydrological and chemical inputs to fir trees from rain and clouds during a 1-month study at Clingmans Peak, NC
    • Dasch J.M. Hydrological and chemical inputs to fir trees from rain and clouds during a 1-month study at Clingmans Peak, NC. Atmospheric Environment. 22:1988;2255-2262.
    • (1988) Atmospheric Environment , vol.22 , pp. 2255-2262
    • Dasch, J.M.1
  • 18
    • 0020939230 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the gas- And aqueous-phase composition of stratiform clouds
    • H.R. Pruppacher, R.G. Semonin, & W.G.N. Slinn. New York: Elsevier
    • Daum P.H., Schwartz S.E., Newman L. Studies of the gas- and aqueous-phase composition of stratiform clouds. Pruppacher H.R., Semonin R.G., Slinn W.G.N. Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension. 1983;31-44 Elsevier, New York.
    • (1983) Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension , pp. 31-44
    • Daum, P.H.1    Schwartz, S.E.2    Newman, L.3
  • 19
    • 0021639578 scopus 로고
    • Acidic and related contituents in liquid water stratiform clouds
    • Daum P.H., Schwartz S.E., Newman L. Acidic and related contituents in liquid water stratiform clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research. 89:1984;1447-1458.
    • (1984) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.89 , pp. 1447-1458
    • Daum, P.H.1    Schwartz, S.E.2    Newman, L.3
  • 22
    • 0025691339 scopus 로고
    • Study of rain and fogs collected in the vosges region (1986-1988)
    • G. Restelli, & G. Angeletti. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Derexel P., Masniere P. Study of rain and fogs collected in the vosges region (1986-1988). Restelli G., Angeletti G. Physico-chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants. 1989;431-438 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1989) Physico-chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants , pp. 431-438
    • Derexel, P.1    Masniere, P.2
  • 24
    • 0003916103 scopus 로고
    • The formation of sulfates and the enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei in clouds
    • Easter R.C., Hobbs P.V. The formation of sulfates and the enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei in clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 31:1974;1586-1594.
    • (1974) Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , vol.31 , pp. 1586-1594
    • Easter, R.C.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 27
    • 0022554329 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry of fogwater and estimated rates of occult deposition in an agricultural area of Central Switzerland
    • Führer J. Chemistry of fogwater and estimated rates of occult deposition in an agricultural area of Central Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 17:1986;153-164.
    • (1986) Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , vol.17 , pp. 153-164
    • Führer, J.1
  • 28
    • 0343180097 scopus 로고
    • Radiation fog chemistry and microphysics
    • W. Jaeschke. Berlin: Springer
    • Fuzzi S. Radiation fog chemistry and microphysics. Jaeschke W. Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems. 1986;213-226 Springer, Berlin.
    • (1986) Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems , pp. 213-226
    • Fuzzi, S.1
  • 30
    • 0014744869 scopus 로고
    • On the relation between drop size and concentration of trace elements in rainwater
    • Georgii H.W., Wötzel D. On the relation between drop size and concentration of trace elements in rainwater. Journal of Geophysical Research. 75:1970;1727-1731.
    • (1970) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.75 , pp. 1727-1731
    • Georgii, H.W.1    Wötzel, D.2
  • 33
    • 0025630934 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous production of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmophere
    • Hegg D.A. Heterogeneous production of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmophere. Geophysical Research Letters. 17:1990;2165-2168.
    • (1990) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.17 , pp. 2165-2168
    • Hegg, D.A.1
  • 34
    • 0020920245 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary measurements on the scavenging of sulfate and nitrate by clouds
    • H.R. Pruppacher, R.G. Semonin, & W.G.N. Slinn. New York: Elsevier
    • Hegg D.A., Hobbs P.V. Preliminary measurements on the scavenging of sulfate and nitrate by clouds. Pruppacher H.R., Semonin R.G., Slinn W.G.N. Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension. 1983;79-87 Elsevier, New York.
    • (1983) Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension , pp. 79-87
    • Hegg, D.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 35
    • 0021641258 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of the scavenging of sulfate and nitrate in clouds
    • Hegg D.A., Hobbs P.V., Radke L.F. Measurements of the scavenging of sulfate and nitrate in clouds. Atmospheric Environment. 18:1984;1939-1946.
    • (1984) Atmospheric Environment , vol.18 , pp. 1939-1946
    • Hegg, D.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2    Radke, L.F.3
  • 36
    • 0022554251 scopus 로고
    • Sulfate and nitrate chemistry in cumuliform clouds
    • Hegg D.A., Hobbs P.V. Sulfate and nitrate chemistry in cumuliform clouds. Atmospheric Environment. 20:1986;901-909.
    • (1986) Atmospheric Environment , vol.20 , pp. 901-909
    • Hegg, D.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 37
    • 0024165076 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of sulfate and nitrate production in clouds on the Mid-Atlantic and Pacific northwest coasts of the United States
    • Hegg D.A., Hobbs P.V. Comparisons of sulfate and nitrate production in clouds on the Mid-Atlantic and Pacific northwest coasts of the United States. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 7:1988;325-333.
    • (1988) Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry , vol.7 , pp. 325-333
    • Hegg, D.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 38
    • 0002508728 scopus 로고
    • Cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere: A review
    • N. Fukuta, & P.E. Wagner. Hampton, VA, USA: Deepak Publishing
    • Hegg D.A., Hobbs P.V. Cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere. a review Fukuta N., Wagner P.E. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. 1992;181-192 Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, USA.
    • (1992) Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols , pp. 181-192
    • Hegg, D.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 42
    • 0025587863 scopus 로고
    • The vertical distribution of aerosols and acid related compounds in air and cloudwater
    • Isaac G.A., Leaitch W.R., Strapp J.W. The vertical distribution of aerosols and acid related compounds in air and cloudwater. Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;3033-3046.
    • (1990) Atmospheric Environment , vol.24 , pp. 3033-3046
    • Isaac, G.A.1    Leaitch, W.R.2    Strapp, J.W.3
  • 43
    • 0021541602 scopus 로고
    • A field investigation of physical and chemical mechanisms affecting pollutant concentrations in fog droplets
    • Jacob D.J., Waldman J.M., Munger J.W., Hoffmann M.R. A field investigation of physical and chemical mechanisms affecting pollutant concentrations in fog droplets. Tellus. 36B:1984;272-285.
    • (1984) Tellus , vol.36 , pp. 272-285
    • Jacob, D.J.1    Waldman, J.M.2    Munger, J.W.3    Hoffmann, M.R.4
  • 45
    • 0342745464 scopus 로고
    • Report No. AC-2-85. W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
    • Jacob, D.J., 1985. The origins of inorganic acidity in fogs. Report No. AC-2-85. W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
    • (1985) The Origins of Inorganic Acidity in Fogs
    • Jacob, D.J.1
  • 46
    • 0023524906 scopus 로고
    • Case studies on the chemical composition of fogwater: Influence of local gaseous emissions
    • Johnson C.A., Sigg L., Zobrist J. Case studies on the chemical composition of fogwater. influence of local gaseous emissions Atmospheric Environment. 21:1987;2365-2374.
    • (1987) Atmospheric Environment , vol.21 , pp. 2365-2374
    • Johnson, C.A.1    Sigg, L.2    Zobrist, J.3
  • 47
    • 0025994478 scopus 로고
    • A field study on chemistry, S(IV) oxidation rates and vertical transport during fog conditions
    • Joos F., Baltensberger U. A field study on chemistry, S(IV) oxidation rates and vertical transport during fog conditions. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;217-230.
    • (1991) Atmospheric Environment , vol.25 , pp. 217-230
    • Joos, F.1    Baltensberger, U.2
  • 48
    • 0000507653 scopus 로고
    • Das Wachstum der Kondensationskeime mit der relativen Feuchtigkeit
    • Junge C. Das Wachstum der Kondensationskeime mit der relativen Feuchtigkeit. Annals of Meteorology. 3:1950;129-135.
    • (1950) Annals of Meteorology , vol.3 , pp. 129-135
    • Junge, C.1
  • 50
    • 0028184128 scopus 로고
    • Effects of variation in supersaturation on the formation of cloud condensation nuclei
    • Kaufman Y.J., Tanré D. Effects of variation in supersaturation on the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. Nature. 369:1994;45-48.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.369 , pp. 45-48
    • Kaufman, Y.J.1    Tanré, D.2
  • 51
    • 0026442706 scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition of clouds at Mt. Mitchel, North Carolina, USA
    • Kim D.-S., Aneja V.P. Chemical composition of clouds at Mt. Mitchel, North Carolina, USA. Tellus. 44B:1992;41-53.
    • (1992) Tellus , vol.44 , pp. 41-53
    • Kim, D.-S.1    Aneja, V.P.2
  • 53
  • 55
    • 0028667627 scopus 로고
    • On the collection efficiency of a rotating arm collector and its applicability to cloud- And fogwater sampling
    • Krämer M., Schütz L. On the collection efficiency of a rotating arm collector and its applicability to cloud- and fogwater sampling. Journal of Aerosol Sciences. 25:1994;137-148.
    • (1994) Journal of Aerosol Sciences , vol.25 , pp. 137-148
    • Krämer, M.1    Schütz, L.2
  • 56
    • 0024873332 scopus 로고
    • Trace substance input to coniferous forests via cloud interception
    • H.-W. Georgii. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Kroll G., Winkler P. Trace substance input to coniferous forests via cloud interception. Georgii H.-W. Mechanisms and Effects of Pollutant-Transfer into Forests. 1989;205-211 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1989) Mechanisms and Effects of Pollutant-Transfer into Forests , pp. 205-211
    • Kroll, G.1    Winkler, P.2
  • 57
    • 0001652775 scopus 로고
    • Multiphase chemistry of orographic clouds: Observations at subalpine mountain sites
    • Lammel G., Metzig G. Multiphase chemistry of orographic clouds. observations at subalpine mountain sites Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 340:1991;564-574.
    • (1991) Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry , vol.340 , pp. 564-574
    • Lammel, G.1    Metzig, G.2
  • 58
    • 19444374978 scopus 로고
    • Reduced species of sulfur and nitrogen in fog water
    • G. Angeletti, & G. Restelli. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of European Communities
    • Lammel G., Gieray R. Reduced species of sulfur and nitrogen in fog water. Angeletti G., Restelli G. Physico-chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants. 1994;975-981 Office for Official Publications of European Communities, Luxembourg.
    • (1994) Physico-chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants , pp. 975-981
    • Lammel, G.1    Gieray, R.2
  • 59
    • 0028970901 scopus 로고
    • Particulate and fog- And cloud-water bromide in polluted air
    • Lammel G. Particulate and fog- and cloud-water bromide in polluted air. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;3257-3262.
    • (1995) Atmospheric Environment , vol.29 , pp. 3257-3262
    • Lammel, G.1
  • 61
    • 0026465248 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution: Observations and climatic implications
    • Leaitch W.R., Isaac G.A., Strapp J.W., Banic C.M., Wiebe H.A. The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution. observations and climatic implications Journal of Geophysical Research. 97:1992;2463-2474.
    • (1992) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.97 , pp. 2463-2474
    • Leaitch, W.R.1    Isaac, G.A.2    Strapp, J.W.3    Banic, C.M.4    Wiebe, H.A.5
  • 63
    • 0026286213 scopus 로고
    • In-cloud scavenging and deposition of sulfates and nitrates: Case studies and parameterization
    • Lin N.-H., Saxena V.K. In-cloud scavenging and deposition of sulfates and nitrates. case studies and parameterization Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;2301-2320.
    • (1991) Atmospheric Environment , vol.25 , pp. 2301-2320
    • Lin, N.-H.1    Saxena, V.K.2
  • 68
    • 0041484007 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of pH, and chemical analyses of rain-, snow-, and fog-water
    • Mrose H. Measurements of pH, and chemical analyses of rain-, snow-, and fog-water. Tellus. 18:1966;266-270.
    • (1966) Tellus , vol.18 , pp. 266-270
    • Mrose, H.1
  • 72
    • 0024856008 scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition of coastal stratus clouds: Dependence on droplet size and distance from the coast
    • Munger J.W., Collett J., Daube B., Hoffmann M.R. Chemical composition of coastal stratus clouds. dependence on droplet size and distance from the coast Atmospheric Environment. 23:1989;2305-2320.
    • (1989) Atmospheric Environment , vol.23 , pp. 2305-2320
    • Munger, J.W.1    Collett, J.2    Daube, B.3    Hoffmann, M.R.4
  • 75
    • 0001204863 scopus 로고
    • Concentration of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and cloud water and in aerosol
    • Okita T. Concentration of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and cloud water and in aerosol. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 46:1968;120-127.
    • (1968) Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan , vol.46 , pp. 120-127
    • Okita, T.1
  • 79
    • 0029414236 scopus 로고
    • The processing of water vapor and aerosols by atmospheric clouds, a global estimate
    • Pruppacher H.R., Jaenicke R. The processing of water vapor and aerosols by atmospheric clouds, a global estimate. Atmospheric Research. 38:1995;283-295.
    • (1995) Atmospheric Research , vol.38 , pp. 283-295
    • Pruppacher, H.R.1    Jaenicke, R.2
  • 80
    • 0020884014 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary measurements of the size distribution of cloud interstitial aerosol
    • H.R. Pruppacher, R.G. Semonin, & W.G.N. Slinn. New York: Elsevier
    • Radke L.F. Preliminary measurements of the size distribution of cloud interstitial aerosol. Pruppacher H.R., Semonin R.G., Slinn W.G.N. Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension. 1983;71-78 Elsevier, New York.
    • (1983) Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension , pp. 71-78
    • Radke, L.F.1
  • 81
    • 0024472387 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of summertime cloud water measurements made in a Southern Appalachian spruce forest
    • Reisinger L.M., Imhoff R.E. Analysis of summertime cloud water measurements made in a Southern Appalachian spruce forest. Water Air and Soil Pollution. 45:1989;1-15.
    • (1989) Water Air and Soil Pollution , vol.45 , pp. 1-15
    • Reisinger, L.M.1    Imhoff, R.E.2
  • 82
    • 0028976504 scopus 로고
    • Airborne chemical measurements in nighttime stratus clouds in the Los Angeles Basin
    • Richards L.W. Airborne chemical measurements in nighttime stratus clouds in the Los Angeles Basin. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;27-46.
    • (1995) Atmospheric Environment , vol.29 , pp. 27-46
    • Richards, L.W.1
  • 84
    • 0025596387 scopus 로고
    • Cloud chemistry measurements and estimates of acidic deposition on an above cloudbase coniferous forest
    • Saxena V.K., Lin N.-H. Cloud chemistry measurements and estimates of acidic deposition on an above cloudbase coniferous forest. Atmospheric Environment. 24A:1990;329-352.
    • (1990) Atmospheric Environment , vol.24 , pp. 329-352
    • Saxena, V.K.1    Lin, N.-H.2
  • 85
    • 0024903630 scopus 로고
    • Design and operation of a two-stage fogwater collector
    • H.-W. Georgii. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Schell D., Georgii H.-W. Design and operation of a two-stage fogwater collector. Georgii H.-W. Mechanism and Effects of Pollutant-Transfer into Forests. 1989;221-229 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1989) Mechanism and Effects of Pollutant-Transfer into Forests , pp. 221-229
    • Schell, D.1    Georgii, H.-W.2
  • 87
    • 0026614820 scopus 로고
    • Monsoon cloudwater chemistry on the Arabian Peninsula
    • Schemenauer R.S., Cereceda P. Monsoon cloudwater chemistry on the Arabian Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment. 26A:1992;1583-1587.
    • (1992) Atmospheric Environment , vol.26 , pp. 1583-1587
    • Schemenauer, R.S.1    Cereceda, P.2
  • 88
    • 0342310487 scopus 로고
    • The temporal distribution of trace element concentrations in fogwater during individual fog events
    • H.-W. Georgii. Dordrecht: Reidel
    • Schmitt G. The temporal distribution of trace element concentrations in fogwater during individual fog events. Georgii H.-W. Atmospheric Pollutants in Forest Areas. 1986;129-141 Reidel, Dordrecht.
    • (1986) Atmospheric Pollutants in Forest Areas , pp. 129-141
    • Schmitt, G.1
  • 89
    • 0342568029 scopus 로고
    • Report No. 72. Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
    • Schmitt, G., 1987. Methoden und Ergebnisse der Nebelanalyse. Report No. 72. Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
    • (1987) Methoden und Ergebnisse der Nebelanalyse
    • Schmitt, G.1
  • 90
    • 0026048945 scopus 로고
    • Aerosol and hydrometeor concentrations and their chemical composition during winter precipitation along a mountain slope - III. Size-differentiated in-cloud scavenging efficiencies
    • Schumann T. Aerosol and hydrometeor concentrations and their chemical composition during winter precipitation along a mountain slope - III. Size-differentiated in-cloud scavenging efficiencies. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;809-824.
    • (1991) Atmospheric Environment , vol.25 , pp. 809-824
    • Schumann, T.1
  • 91
    • 0000491738 scopus 로고
    • Units for use in atmospheric chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)
    • Schwartz S.E., Warneck P. Units for use in atmospheric chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1995). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 67:1995;1377-1406.
    • (1995) Pure and Applied Chemistry , vol.67 , pp. 1377-1406
    • Schwartz, S.E.1    Warneck, P.2
  • 92
    • 0342310486 scopus 로고
    • In-cloud scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets and ice crystals during precipitation at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch
    • In: Borell, P.M., Borell, P., Cvitas, T., Seiler, W. (Eds.), SPB Academic Publishing bv, Den Haag, Netherlands
    • Schwikowski, M., Poulida, O., Baltensberger, U., Gäggeler, H.W., 1994. In-cloud scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets and ice crystals during precipitation at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. In: Borell, P.M., Borell, P., Cvitas, T., Seiler, W. (Eds.), Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere - Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '94. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Den Haag, Netherlands, pp. 1221-1224.
    • (1994) Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere - Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '94 , pp. 1221-1224
    • Schwikowski, M.1    Poulida, O.2    Baltensberger, U.3    Gäggeler, H.W.4
  • 93
    • 0018008178 scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of sulfate removal by precipitation
    • Scott B.C. Parameterization of sulfate removal by precipitation. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 17:1978;1375-1389.
    • (1978) Journal of Applied Meteorology , vol.17 , pp. 1375-1389
    • Scott, B.C.1
  • 95
    • 0001345024 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry of fog: Factors regulating its composition
    • Sigg L., Stumm W., Zobrist J., Zürcher F. The chemistry of fog. factors regulating its composition Chimia. 41:1987;159-165.
    • (1987) Chimia , vol.41 , pp. 159-165
    • Sigg, L.1    Stumm, W.2    Zobrist, J.3    Zürcher, F.4
  • 97
    • 0023524277 scopus 로고
    • Efficient scavenging of aerosol sulfate by liquid-water clouds
    • ten Brink H.M., Schwartz S.E., Daum P.H. Efficient scavenging of aerosol sulfate by liquid-water clouds. Atmospheric Environment. 21:1987;2035-2052.
    • (1987) Atmospheric Environment , vol.21 , pp. 2035-2052
    • Ten Brink, H.M.1    Schwartz, S.E.2    Daum, P.H.3
  • 100
    • 0000309226 scopus 로고
    • The influence of pollution on the short-wave albedo of clouds
    • Twomey S. The influence of pollution on the short-wave albedo of clouds. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 34:1977;1149-1152.
    • (1977) Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , vol.34 , pp. 1149-1152
    • Twomey, S.1
  • 101
    • 0026278419 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, clouds and radiation
    • Twomey S. Aerosols, clouds and radiation. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;2435-2442.
    • (1991) Atmospheric Environment , vol.25 , pp. 2435-2442
    • Twomey, S.1
  • 103
    • 0003824006 scopus 로고
    • Report No. AC-11-85. W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
    • Waldman, J.M., 1985. Depositional aspects of pollutant behavior in fog. Report No. AC-11-85. W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
    • (1985) Depositional Aspects of Pollutant Behavior in Fog
    • Waldman, J.M.1
  • 108
    • 0343615445 scopus 로고
    • Tests of the salt-nuclei hypothesis of rain formation
    • Woodcock A.H., Blanchard D.C. Tests of the salt-nuclei hypothesis of rain formation. Tellus. 7:1955;437-448.
    • (1955) Tellus , vol.7 , pp. 437-448
    • Woodcock, A.H.1    Blanchard, D.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.