Pathogenesis and management of respiratory insufficiency following pulmonary resection

Seminars in Surgical Oncology

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 183-196

  Alpard, Scott K ^a   Duarte, Alexander G ^b   Bidani, Akhil ^b   Zwischenberger, Joseph B ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult respiratory distress syndrome; Barotrauma; Carbon dioxide; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; High frequency ventilation; Lung neoplasms; Membrane oxygenators; Morbidity; Mortality; Nitric oxide; Non small cell lung carcinoma; Pneumonectomy; Postoperative complications; Preoperative care; Pulmonary edema; Respiratory insufficiency; Survival rate

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; HYPERCAPNIA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG RESECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW;

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PNEUMONECTOMY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT;

EID: 0033961118     PISSN: 87560437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(200003)18:2<183::AID-SSU12>3.0.CO;2-C     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Mittman C: Assessment of operative risk in thoracic surgery. Am Rev Resp Dis 1961;84:197.
2. Boushy SF, Billig DM, North LB, Helgason AH: Clinical course related to preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1971;59:383-391.
3. Boysen PG, Block AJ, Moulder PV: Relationship between preoperative pulmonary function tests and complications after thoracotomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;152:813-815.
4. Lockwood P: Lung function test results and the risk of post-thoracotomy complications. Respiration 1973;30:529-542.
5. Miller JI, Grossman GD, Hatcher CR: Pulmonary function test criteria for operability and pulmonary resection. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;153:893-895.
6. Ferguson MK: Assessment of operative risk for pneumonectomy [Review]. Chest Surg Clin North Am 1999;9:339-351.
7. Pomerantz M, Madsen L, Goble M, Iseman M: Surgical management of resistant mycobacterial tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pulmonary infections. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:1108-1112.
8. Ginsberg RJ, Hill LD, Eagan RT, et al: Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;86:654-658.
9. Motta G, Ratio GB: Complications of surgery in the treatment of lung cancer: their relationship with the extent of resection and preoperative respiratory function tests. Acta Chir Belg 1989; 89:161-165.
10. Wahi R, McMurtrey MJ, DeCaro LF, et al: Determinants of perioperative morbidity and mortality after pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;48:33-37.
11. Patel RL, Townsend ER, Fountain SW: Elective pneumonectomy: factors associated with morbidity and operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:84-88.
12. Ishida T, Yokoyama H, Kaneko S, et al: Long-term results of operation for non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg 1990;50:919-922.
13. Roxburgh JC, Thompson J, Goldstraw P: Hospital mortality and long-term survival after pulmonary resection in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:800-803.
14. Cybulsky IJ, Lanza LA, Ryan MB, et al: Prognostic significance of computed tomography in resected N2 lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:533-537.
15. Jensik RJ: The extent of resection for localized lung cancer: segmental resection. In Kittle CF (ed): "Current controversies in thoracic surgery." Philadelphia: Saunders; 1986. p 175-182.
16. Martini N: The extent of resection for localized lung cancer: lobectomy. In: Kittle CF (ed): "Current controversies in thoracic surgery." Philadelphia: Saunders; 1986. p 171-174.
17. Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein L: Patients with T1N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1991;7:83.
18. Keagy BA, Lores ME, Starek PJ, et al: Elective pulmonary lobectomy: factors associated with morbidity and operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 1985;40:349-352.
19. von Knorring J, Lepantalo M, Lindgren L, Lindfors O: Cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia after thoracotomy for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;53:642-647.
20. Tedder M, Anstadt MP, Tedder SD, Lowe JE: Current morbidity, mortality, and survival after bronchoplastic procedures for malignancy [Review]. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:387-391.
21. Starling EH: On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. J Physiol (London) 1896;19:312-326.
22. Slinger PD: Perioperative fluid management for thoracic surgery: the puzzle of postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995;9:442-451.
23. Nicolaysen G, Waaler BA, Aarseth P: On the existence of stretchable pores in the exchange vessels of the isolated rabbit lung preparation. Lymphology 1979;12:201-207.
24. Albert RK, Lakshminarayan S, Kirk W, Butler J: Lung inflation can cause pulmonary edema in zone 1 of in situ dog lungs. J Appl Physiol 1980;49:815-819.
25. Laine GA, Allen SJ, Katz J, et al: Effect of systemic venous pressure elevation on lymph flow and lung edema formation. J Appl Physiol 1986;61:1634-1638.
26. Okada M, Ota T, Matsuda H, et al: Right ventricular dysfunction after major pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;108:503-511.
27. Reed CE, Spinale FG, Crawford FA Jr: Effect of pulmonary resection on right ventricular function. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53:578-582.
28. Williams EA, Quinlan GJ, Goldstraw P, et al: Postoperative lung injury and oxidative damage in patients undergoing pulmonary resection. Eur Respir J 1998;11:1028-1034.
29. Bone RC: Sir Isaac Newton, sepsis, SIRS, and CARS. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1125-1128.
30. Tomashefski JF,Jr: Pulmonary pathology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med 1990;11:593-619.
31. Murray JF, Matthay MA, Luce JM, Flick MR: An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:720-723.
32. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al: The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-824.
33. Wittnich C, Trudel J, Zidulka A, Chiu RC: Misleading pulmonary wedge pressure after pneumonectomy: its importance in postoperative fluid therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 1986;42:192-196.
34. Bendixen HH, Hedley-Whyte J, Laver MB: Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia with controlled ventilation: a concept of atelectasis. N Engl J Med 1963;269:991-996.
35. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE: Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967;2(7511):319-323.
36. Webb HH, Tierney DF: Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974;110:556-565.
37. Tsuno K, Prato P, Kolobow T: Acute lung injury from mechanical ventilation at moderately high airway pressures. J Appl Physiol 1990;69:956-961.
38. Dreyfuss D, Soler P, Basset G, Saumon G: High inflation pressure pulmonary edema. Respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:1159-1164.
39. Brown DL: Pulmonary barotrauma. In: Kirby RR, Taylor RW (eds): "Respiratory failure." Chicago: Year Book ; 1986. p. 602.
40. Macklin MT, Macklin CC: Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory diseases and other conditions: an interpretation of the clinical deterioration in light of the laboratory experiment. Medicine 1984;23:281.
41. Mannino FL, Feldman BH, Heldt GP: Early mechanical ventilation in RDS with prolonged inspiration. Pediatr Res 1976; 10:464.
42. Mathru M, Rao TL, Venus B: Ventilator-induced barotrauma in controlled mechanical ventilation versus intermittent mandatory ventilation. Crit Care Med 1983;11:359-361.
43. Moylan FMB, Walker AM, Kramer SS, et al: The relationship of bronchopulmonary dysplasia to the occurrence of alveolar rupture during positive pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med 1978;6: 140-142.
44. Diakun TA: Carbon dioxide embolism: successful resuscitation with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 1991;74:1151-1153.
45. Peterson GW, Baier H: Incidence of pulmonary barotrauma in a medical ICU. Crit Care Med 1983;11:67-69.
46. Hillman KM, Barber JD: Asynchronous independent lung ventilation (AILV). Crit Care Med 1980;8:390-395.
47. Hurd TE, Novak R, Gallagher TJ: Tension pneumopericardium: a complication of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1984;12: 200-201.
48. Alpan G, Goder K, Glick B, et al: Pneumopericardium during continuous positive airway pressure in respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1984;12:1080-1081.
49. Tsuno K, Miura K, Takeya M, et al: Histopathologic pulmonary changes from mechanical ventilation at high peak airway pressures. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143(5 Pt 1):1115-1120.
50. Dreyfuss D, Basset G, Soler P, Saumon G: Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:880-884.
51. Kohn S, Bellamy P: Pulmonary barotrauma in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) [Abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;125:129A.
52. Carlon GC, Howland WS, Ray C: High frequency jet ventilation: a prospective randomized evaluation. Chest 1983;84:551-559.
53. Parker JC, Hernandez, LA, Peevy KJ: Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care Med 1993;21:131-143.
54. Hillman KM: Pulmonary barotrauma. Clin Anaesthesiol 1985;3:877.
55. Reines HD: Manifestations of barotrauma in acute respiratory failure. Am Surg 1981;47:421-25.
56. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, et al: Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:730-736.
57. Bidani A, Tzouanakis AE, Cardenas VJ Jr, Zwischenberger JB: Permissive hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1994;272:957-962.
58. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, Jackson R: Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1568-1578.
59. Bidani A, Cardenas VJ Jr, Tzouanakis AE, Zwischenberger JB: Permissive hypercapnia. In: Bone RC, Dantzker DR, George RB, et al. (eds): "Pulmonary and critical care medicine." St. Louis: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc.; 1994. p. 1-17.
60. Lessard MR, Guerot E, Lorino H, et al: Effects of pressure-controlled with different I:E ratios versus volume-controlled ventilation on respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, and hemodynamics in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1994;80:983-991.
61. Clark RH, Yoder BA, Sell MS: Prospective, randomized comparison of high-frequency oscillation and conventional ventilation in candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 1994;124:447-454.
62. Pappert D, Rossaint R, Slama K, et al: Influence of positioning on ventilation-perfusion relationships in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1994;106:1511-1516.
63. Lamm WJ, Graham MM, Albert RK: Mechanism by which the prone position improves oxygenation in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:184-193.
64. Overbeck MC, Pranikoff T, Yadao CM, Hirschl RB: Efficacy of perfluorocarbon partial liquid ventilation in a large animal model of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1208-1214.
65. Leach CL, Greenspan JS, Rubenstein SD, et al: Partial liquid ventilation with perflubron in premature infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. The LiquiVent Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335:761-767.
66. Kinsella JP, Abman SH: Recent developments in the pathophysiology and treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Pediatr 1995;126:853-864.
67. Dellinger RP, Zimmerman JL, Hyes TM, et al: Inhaled nitric oxide in ARDS: preliminary results of a multicenter clinical trial [Abstract]. Crit Care Med 1996;24:A29.
68. Bartlett RH: Extracorporeal Life Support Registry Report 1995. ASAIO J 1997;43:104-107.
69. Kolla S, Awad SS, Rich PB, et al: Extracorporeal life support for 100 adult patients with severe respiratory failure. Ann Surg 1997;226:544-566.
70. Lewandowski K, Rossaint R, Pappert D, et al: High survival rate in 122 ARDS patients managed according to a clinical algorithm including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:819-835.
71. Glass P: Patient neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal ECMO. In: Arensman RM, Cornish JD (eds): "Extracorporeal life support." Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. p 241-251
72. Tracy TF Jr, Delosh T, Stolar CJ: The Registry of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. In Zwischenberger JB, Bartlett RH (eds): "ECMO: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support in critical care.: Ann Arbor, Michigan: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization; 1995. p. 251-260.
73. 2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1986;256:881-886.
74. 2R): an experimental study. Anesth Analg 1978;57:470-477.
75. Hickling KG: High frequency ventilation. N Z Med J 1988;101: 50-51.
76. Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, et al: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. A randomized prospective study. JAMA 1979;242:2193-2196.
77. 2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:295-305.
78. Lewandowski K, Slama K, Falke K: Approaches to improve survival in severe ARDS. In: Vincent JL (ed): "Update of intensive care and emergency medicine." Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992. p. 372-383.
79. Mortensen JD: An intravenacaval blood gas exchange (IVCBGE) device. A preliminary report. ASAIO Trans 1987;33:570-573.
80. Mortensen JD, Berry G: Conceptual and design features of a practical, clinically effective intravenous mechanical blood oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange device (IVOX). Im J Artif Organs 1989;12:384-389.
81. Cox CS Jr, Zwischenberger JB, Traber LD, et al: Use of an intravascular oxygenator/carbon dioxide removal device in an ovine smoke inhalation injury model. ASAIO Trans 1991;37:M411-413.
82. Zwischenberger JB, Cox CS Jr: A new intravascular membrane oxygenator to augment blood gas transfer in patients with acute respiratory failure. Tex Med 1991;87:60-63.
83. Zwischenberger JB, Cox CS, Graves D, Bidani A: Intravascular membrane oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal - a new application for permissive hypercapnia?[Review]. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;40:115-120.
84. 2 removal and permissive hypercapnia to reduce airway pressure in acute respiratory failure. The theoretical basis for permissive hypercapnia with IVOX. ASAIO J 1993;39:97-102.
85. Conrad SA, Bagley A, Bagley B, Schaap RN: Major findings from the clinical trials of the intravascular oxygenator. Artif Organs 1994;18:846-863.
86. Zwischenberger JB, Nguyen TT, Tao W, et al: IVOX with gradual permissive hypercapnia: a new management technique for respiratory failure. J Surg Res 1994;57:99-105.
87. Tao W, Bidani A, Cardenas VJ Jr, et al: Strategies to reduce surface area requirements for carbon dioxide removal for an intravenacaval gas exchange device. ASAIO J 1995;41:M567-572.
88. Federspiel WJ, Hout MS, Hewitt TJ, et al: Development of a low flow resistance intravenous oxygenators. ASAIO J 1997;43: M725-730.
89. Kolobow T, Gattinoni L, Tomlinson T, Pierce JE: An alternative to breathing. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;75:261-266.
90. Tao W, Brunston RL Jr, Bidani A, et al: Significant reduction in minute ventilation and peak inspiratory pressures with arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal during severe respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1997;25:689-695.
91. Zwischenberger JB, Conrad SA, Alpard SK, et al: Percutaneous extracorporeal arteriovenous CO2 removal (AVCO2R) for severe respiratory failure. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:181-187.
92. Nagasaki F, Flehinger BJ, Martini N: Complications of surgery in the treatment of carcinoma of the lung. Chest 1982;82:25-29.
93. Kohman LJ, Meyer JA, Ikins PM, Oates RP: Random versus predictable risks of mortality after thoracotomy for lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91:551-554.
94. Deneffe G, Lacquet LM, Verbeken E, Vermaut G: Surgical treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma: a retrospective study of 720 thoracotomies. Ann Thorac Surg 1988;45:380-383.
95. Putnam JB Jr, Lammermeier DE, Colon R, et al: Predicted pulmonary function and survival after pneumonectomy for primary lung carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1990;49:909-915.
96. Kadri MA, Dussek JE: Survival and prognosis following resection of primary non small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1991;5:132-136.
97. Romano PS, Mark DH: Patient and hospital characteristics related to in-hospital mortality after lung cancer resection. Chest 1992;101:1332-1337.
98. Miller JI: Physiologic evaluation of pulmonary function in the candidate for lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105: 347-351.
99. Ferguson MK, Reeder LB, Mick R: Optimizing selection of patients for major lung resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:275-281.
100. Harpole DH Jr, Liptay MJ, DeCamp MM Jr, et al: Prospective analysis of pneumonectomy: risk factors for major morbidity and cardiac dysrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:977-982.
101. al-Kattan K, Sepsas E, Townsend ER, Fountain SW: Factors affecting long term survival following resection for lung cancer. Thorax 1996;51:1266-1269.
102. Mizushima Y, Noto H, Sugiyama S, et al: Survival and prognosis after pneumonectomy for lung cancer in the elderly. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:193-198.
103. Muysoms FE, de la Riviere AB, Defauw JJ, et al: Completion pneumonectomy: analysis of operative mortality and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66:1165-1169.
104. Pagni S, McKelvey A, Riordan C, et al: Pulmonary resection for malignancy in the elderly: is age still a risk factor? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998;14:40-45.
105. Wada H, Nakamura T, Nakamoto K, et al: Thirty-day operative mortality for thoracotomy in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:70-73.
106. Groenendijk RP, Croiset van Uchelen FA, Mol SJ, et al: Factors related to outcome after pneumonectomy: retrospective study of 62 patients. Eur J Surg 1999;165:193-197.
107. Harpole DH Jr, DeCamp MM Jr, Daley J, et al: Prognostic models of thirty-clay mortality and morbidity after major pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:969-979.
108. Regnard JF, Icard P, Magdeleinat P, et al: Completion pneumonectomy: experience in eighty patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:1095-1101.
109. Suen HC, Meyers BF, Guthrie T, et al: Favorable results after sleeve lobectomy or bronchoplasty for bronchial malignancies. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1557-1562.
110. Hasse J, Wertzel H, Kassa M, Burgard G: Thoracic cancer surgery in the elderly. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998;24:403-406.
111. Shennib HA, Landreneau RJ, Mulder DS, Mack M: Video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection of T1 lung cancer in high-risk patients. Ann Surg 1993;218:555-560.
112. Kirby TJ, Mack MJ, Landreneau RJ, Rice TW: Initial experience with video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:1248-1252.
113. Hermansson U, Konstantinov IE, Aren C: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the initial Swedish experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10:285-290.
114. Kaseda S, Aoki T, Hangai N: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the Japanese experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;10:300-304.
115. Lewis RJ, Caccavale RJ: Video-assisted thoracic surgical non-rib spreading simultaneously stapled lobectomy (VATS(n)SSL). Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10:332-339.
116. McKenna RJ Jr, Fischel RJ, Wolf R, Wurnig P: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10:321-325.
117. Roviaro G, Varoli F, Vergani C, Maciocco M: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) major pulmonary resections: the Italian experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10:313-320.
118. Walker WS: Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the Edinburgh experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10:291-299.
119. Yim AP, Izzat MB, Liu HP, Ma CC: Thoracoscopic major lung resections: an Asian experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;10:326-331.
120. Lewis RJ, Caccavale RJ, Bocage JP, Widmann MD: Video-assisted thoracic surgical non-rib spreading simultaneously stapled lobectomy. Chest 1999;116:1119-1124.
121. Eyal FG, Arad ID, Godder K, Robinson MJ: High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation in neonates. Crit Care Med 1984; 12:793-797.
122. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in prelerm infants. The HIFI Study Group. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:88-93.
123. Cioffi WG Jr, Graves TA, McManus WF, Pruitt BA Jr: High-frequency percussive ventilation in patients with inhalation injury. J Trauma 1989;29:350-354.
124. rd, Graves TA, et al: Prophylactic use of high-frequency percussive ventilation in patients with inhalation injury. Ann Surg 1991;213:575-582.
125. Clark RH, Gerstmann DR, Null DM Jr, DeLemos RA: Prospective randomized comparison of high-frequency oscillatory and conventional ventilation in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1992;89:5-12.
126. Rosenberg RB, Broner CW, Peters KJ, Anglin DL: High-frequency ventilation for acute pediatric respiratory failure. Chest 1993;104:1216-1221.
127. Randomized study of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. HIFO Study Group. J Pediatr 1993;122:609-619.
128. rd, Cioffi WG, Mason AD, et al: Improved survival of burned patients with inhalation injury. Arch Surg 1993;128: 772-780.
129. Gerstmann DR, Minton SD, Stoddard RA, et al: The Provo multicenter early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation trial: improved pulmonary and clinical outcome in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1996;98:1044-1057.
130. Fort P, Farmer C, Westerman J, et al: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adult respiratory distress syndrome - a pilot study. Crit Care Med 1997;25:937-947.
131. Rettwitz-Volk W, Veldman A, Roth B, et al: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome receiving surfactant. J Pediatr 1998;132:249-254.
132. Berner ME, Rouge JC, Suter PM: Combined high-frequency ventilation in children with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1991;17:209-214.
133. Smith DW, Frankel LR, Derish MT, et al: High-frequency jet ventilation in children with the adult respiratory distress syndrome complicated by pulmonary barotrauma. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993;15:279-286.
134. Nakachi K, Hayashi S, Kawajiri K, Imai K: Association of cigarette smoking and CYP1A1 polymorphisms with adenocarcinoma of the lung by grades of differentiation. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:2209-2213.
135. Pape HC, Regel G, Borgmann W, et al: [Effect of continuous change in axial position in treatment of post-traumatic lung failure (ARDS). A clinical study]. Unfallchir 1993;19:329-338. (Ger)
136. Stocker R, Neff T, Stein S, et al: Prone positioning and low-volume pressure-limited ventilation improve survival in patients with severe ARDS. Chest 1997;111:1008-1017.
137. Perez-Benavides F, Riff E, Franks C: Adult respiratory distress syndrome and artificial surfactant replacement in the pediatric patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 1995;11:153-155.
138. Pallua N, Warbanow K, Noah EM, et al: Intrabronchial surfactant application in cases of inhalation injury: first results from patients with severe burns and ARDS. Burns 1998;24:197-206.
139. Rossaint R, Falke KJ, Lopez F, et al: Inhaled nitric oxide for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 399-405.
140. Abman SH, Griebel JL, Parker DK, et al: Acute effects of inhaled nitric oxide in children with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. J Pediatr 1994;124:881-888.
141. Inhaled nitric oxide in full-term and nearly full-term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure. The Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:597-604.
142. Dellinger RP, Zimmerman JL, Taylor RW, et al: Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized phase II trial. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med 1998;26:15-23.
143. Gauger PG, Pranikoff T, Schreiner RJ, et al: Initial experience with partial liquid ventilation in pediatric patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1996;24:16-22.
144. Hirschl RB, Pranikoff T, Wise C, et al: Initial experience with partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 1996;275:383-389.
145. Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Toomasian J, et al: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure. 100 cases. Ann Surg 1986;204:236-245.
146. Ryan DP, Doody DP: Treatment of acute pulmonary failure with extracorporeal support: 100% survival in a pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:1111-1117.
147. Moler FW, Palmisano J, Custer JR: Extracorporeal life support for pediatric respiratory failure: predictors of survival from 220 patients. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1604-1611.
148. Cornish JD, Heiss KF, Clark RH, et al: Efficacy of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for neonates with respiratory and circulatory compromise. J Pediatr 1993;122:115-109.
149. Green TP, Timmons OD, Fackler JC, et al: The impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survival in pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure. Pediatric Critical Care Study Group. Crit Care Med 1996;24:323-329.
150. Pranikoff T, Hirschl RB, Steimle CN, et al: Mortality as directly related to the duration of mechanical ventilation before the initiation of extracorporeal life support for severe respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1997;25:28-32.
151. Osiovich HC, Peliowski A, Ainsworth W, Etches PC: The Edmonton experience with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1749-1752.
152. Roberts TE: Economic evaluation and randomised controlled trial of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: UK collaborative trial. BMJ 1998;317(7163):911-915.
153. Weber TR, Kountzman B: Extracorporeal membrane oxyenation for nonneonatal pulmonary and multiple-organ failure. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1605-1609.
154. Masiakos PT, Isalm S, Doody DP, et al: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for nonneonatal acute respiratory failure. Arch Surg 1999;134:375-380.
155. Michaels AJ, Schreiner RJ, Kolla S, et al: Extracorporeal life support in pulmonary failure after trauma. J Trauma 1999;46: 638-645.
156. Wagner PK, Knoch M, Sangmeister C, et al: Extracorporeal gas exchange in adult respiratory distress syndrome: associated morbidity and its surgical treatment. Br J Surg 1990;77: 1395-1398.
157. Brunet F, Belghith M, Mira JP, et al: Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal and low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation. Improvement in arterial oxygenation with reduction of risk of pulmonary barotrauma in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1993;104:889-898.
158. High KM, Snider MT, Richard R, et al: Clinical trials of an intravenous oxygenator in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 1992;77:856-863.
159. Jurmann MJ, Demertzis S, Schaefers HJ, et al: Intravascular oxygenation for advanced respiratory failure. ASAIO J 1992;38: 120-124.
160. Gentilello LM, Jurkovich GJ, Gubler KD, et al: The intravascular oxygenator (IVOX): Preliminary results of a new means of performing extra-pulmonary gas exchange. J Trauma 1993;35: 399-404.