Middle- and late-Wisconsin paleobotanic and paleoclimatic records from the southern Colorado Plateau, USA

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 155, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 31-57

  Anderson, R Scott ^a   Betancourt, Julio L ^b   Mead, Jim I ^a,c   Hevly, Richard H ^a   Adam, David P ^d  

^a NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c Museum Northern Arizona   (United States)

^d CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Colorado Plateau; Packrat middens; Paleoecology; Plant macrofossils; Pollen; Quaternary

Indexed keywords

PALEOBOTANY; PALEOCLIMATE; QUATERNARY; WISCONSINAN;

UNITED STATES;

ARTEMISIA; ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA; COLEOGYNE; CONIFEROPHYTA; JUNIPERUS; PICEA; PICEA ENGELMANNII; PINUS PONDEROSA;

EID: 0033959443     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00093-0     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (132)

1. Adam, D.P., Hevly, R.H., Diggs, R.E., 1985. Pollen data from a 2.93 m Holocene lacustrine section from Walker Lake, Coconino County, Arizona. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 85-46.
2. Adams, D.K., Comrie, A.C., 1997. The North American monsoon. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 2197-2214.
3. Allen, B.D., Anderson, R.Y., 1993. Evidence from western North America for rapid shifts in climate during the last glacial maximum. Science 260, 1920-1923.
4. Anderson, R.S., 1989. Development of the southwestern ponderosa pine forests: what do we really know? In: Multiresource Management of Ponderosa Pine Forests. USDA For. Serv., Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-185, pp. 15-22.
5. Anderson, R.S., 1993. A 35,000 year vegetation and climate history from Potato Lake, Mogollon Rim, Arizona. Quat. Res. 40, 351-359.
6. Anderson, R.S., Van Devender, T.R., 1995. Vegetation history and paleoclimates of the coastal lowlands of Sonora, Mexico - pollen records from packrat middens. J. Arid Environ. 30, 295-306.
7. Anderson, R.S., Hasbargen, J., Koehler, P.A., Feiler, E.J., 1999. Post-glacial vegetation change in subalpine forests on the Markagunt Plateau, southwestern Colorado Plateau, USA. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 31, 366-375.
8. 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature 345, 405-410.
9. Bartlein, P.J., Anderson, K.H., Anderson, P.M., Edwards, M.E., Mock, C.J., Thompson, R.S., Webb, R.S., Webb, T., Whitlock, C., 1998. Paleoclimatic simulation for North America over the past 21,000 years: features of the simulated climate and comparisons with paleoenvironmental data. Quat. Sci. Rev. 17, 549-585.
10. Behl, R.J., Kennett, J.P., 1996. Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr. Nature 379, 243-246.
11. Benson, L.D., Darrow, R.A., 1981. Trees and Shrubs of the Southwestern Deserts. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 419 pp.
12. Benson, L.V., Burdett, J.W., Kashgarian, M., Lund, S.P., Phillips, F.M., Rye, R.O., 1996. Climatic and hydrologic oscillations in the Owens Lake Basin and adjacent Sierra Nevada. Science 274, 746-749.
13. Benson, L., Burdett, L., Lund, S., Kashgarian, M., Mensing, S., 1997. Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination. Nature 388, 263-265.
14. 14C yr B.P. Quat. Res. 50, 113-127.
15. Berry, R.W., McCormick, C.W., Adam, D.P., 1982. Pollen data from a 5-meter Upper Pleistocene lacustrine section from Walker Lake, Coconino County, Arizona. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep. 82-383.
16. Betancourt, J.L., 1984. Late Quaternary plant zonation and climate in southeastern Utah. Great Basin Nat. 44, 1-35.
17. Betancourt, J.L., 1990. Late Quaternary biogeography of the Colorado Plateau. In: Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S. (Eds.), Packrat Middens: the Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 259-293.
18. Betancourt, J.L., Davis, O.K., 1984. Packrat middens from Canyon de Chelly, northeastern Arizona: paleoecological and archaeological implications. Quat. Res. 21, 56-64.
19. Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., 1981. Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Science 214, 656-658.
20. Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S. (Eds.), 1990a. Packrat Middens: the Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 467 pp.
21. Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S., 1990b. Synthesis and prospectus. In: Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S. (Eds.), Packrat Middens: the Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 435-448.
22. Blagbrough, J.W., Breed, W.J., 1967. Protalus ramparts on Navajo Mountain, southern Utah. Am. J. Sci. 265, 759-772.
23. Bond, G., Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation. Science 267, 1005-1010.
24. Bond, G., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, L., Jouzel, J., Bonani, G., 1993. Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature 365, 143-147.
25. Bradbury, J.P., 1997a. A diatom record of climate and hydrology for the past 200 ka from Owens Lake, California with comparison to other Great Basin records. Quat. Sci. Rev. 16, 203-219.
26. Bradbury, J.P., 1997b. A diatom-based paleohydrologic record of climate change for the past 800 k.y. from Owens Lake, California. In: Smith, G.I., Bischoff, J.L. (Eds.), An 800,000-Year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 317, 99-112.
27. Broecker, W.S., 1994. Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change. Nature 372, 421-424.
28. Cinnamon, S.K., 1988. The vegetation community of Cedar Canyon, Wupatki National Monument as influenced by pre-historic and historic environmental change. Unpubl. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ., 98 pp.
29. Cinnamon, S.K., Hevly, R.H., 1988. Late Wisconsin macroscopic remains of pinyon pine on the southern Colorado Plateau, Arizona. Current Res. Pleist. 5, 47-48.
30. Clark, P.U., Bartlein, P.J., 1995. Correlation of late Pleistocene glaciation in the western United States with North Atlantic Heinrich events. Geology 23, 483-486.
31. Coats, L.L., 1996. Middle to Late Wisconsinan vegetation change at Little Nankoweap, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Unpubl. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ. 139 pp.
32. COHMAP Project Members, 1988. Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: observations and model simulations. Science 241, 1043-1052.
33. Cole, K.L., 1981. Late Quaternary environments in the eastern Grand Canyon: vegetational gradients over the last 25,000 years. Unpubl. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, 170 pp.
34. Cole, K.L., 1982. Late Quaternary zonation of vegetation in the Grand Canyon. Science 217, 1142-1145.
35. Cole, K.L., 1985. Past rates of change, species richness, and a model of vegetational inertia in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Am. Nat. 125, 289-303.
36. Cole, K.L., 1990. Late Quaternary vegetation gradients through the Grand Canyon. In: Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S. (Eds.), Packrat Middens: the Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 240-258.
37. 4 plant dominance and summer rainfall in the southwestern United States from isotopic study of herbivore teeth. Quat. Res. 50, 179-193.
38. Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Clausen, H.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N.S., Hammer, C.U., Hvidberg, C.S., Steffensen, J.P., Sveinbjornsdottir, A.E., Jouzel, J., Bond, G., 1993. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364, 218-220.
39. D'Arrigo, R.D., Jacoby, G.C., 1991. A 1000-yr precipitation record from northwestern New Mexico, USA: a reconstruction from tree rings and its relation to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. The Holocene 1, 95-101.
40. Davis, O.K., 1990. Caves as sources of biotic remains in arid western North America. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 76, 331-348.
41. Davis, O.K., 1998. Palynological evidence for vegetation cycles in a 1.5 million year pollen record from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. USA. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 138, 175-185.
42. Davis, O.K., Moutoux, T.E., 1998. Tertiary and Quaternary vegetation history of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. J. Paleolimnol. 19, 417-427.
43. Davis, O.K., Agenbroad, L.D., Martin, P.S., Mead, J.I., 1984. The Pleistocene dung blanket of Bechan Cave, Utah. In: Genoways, H.H., Dawson, M.R. (Eds.), Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial of John E. Guilday. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. 8, 267-282.
44. Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D.R., Diaz, H.F., Meko, D.M., 1998. North-south precipitation patterns in western North America on interannual-to-decadal time scales. J. Climatol. 11, 3095-3111.
45. Dixon, H., 1935. Ecological studies on the high plateaus of Utah. Bot. Gaz. 97, 272-320.
46. Dryer, J.D., 1994. Late Pleistocene Vegetation Change at Stanton's Cave, Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Unpubl. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ., 102 pp.
47. Elias, S.A., Mead, J.I., Agenbroad, L.D., 1992. Late Quaternary arthropods from the Colorado Plateau, Arizona and Utah. Great Basin Nat. 52, 59-67.
48. Flint, R.F., Denny, C.S., 1958. Quaternary geology of Boulder Mountain Aquarius Plateau, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1061-D.
49. Gillette, D.D., Madsen, D.B., 1993. The Columbian mammoth, Mammuthus columbi, from the Wasatch Mountains of central Utah. J. Paleontol. 67, 669-680.
50. Gleason, H.A., 1939. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Am. Midl. Nat. 21, 92-110.
51. Goodrich, S., Neese, E., 1986. Uinta Basin Flora. Unpublished manuscript, 320 pp.
52. Graham, E.H., 1937. Botanical studies in the Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 26, 1-432.
53. Grimm, E.C., Jacobson, G.L., Watts, W.A., Hansen, B.C.S., Maasch, K.A., 1993. A 50,000-year record of climate oscillations from Florida and its temporal correlation with the Heinrich events. Science 261, 198-200.
54. Gutzler, D.S., Preston, J.W., 1997. Evidence for a relationship between spring snow cover in North America and summer rainfall in New Mexico. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2207-2210.
55. Hanks, J.P., Fitzhugh, E.L., Hanks, S.R., 1983. A habitat type classification system for ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-97.
56. Hasbargen, J., 1994. A Holocene paleoclimatic and environmental record from Stoneman Lake, Arizona. Quat. Res. 42, 188-196.
57. Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequence of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quat. Res. 29, 142-152.
58. Hereford, R., Webb, R.H., 1992. Historic variation of warm-season rainfall, southern Colorado Plateau, southwestern U.S.A. Clim. Change 22, 239-256.
59. Heusser, L.E., 1995. Pollen stratigraphy and paleoecologic interpretation of the 160-K.Y. record from Santa Barbara Basin, Hole 893A. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results 146 (2), 265-279.
60. Hevly, R.H., 1985. A 50,000 year record of Quaternary environments; Walker Lake, Coconino Co., Arizona. In: Jacobs, B.F., Fall, P.L., Davis, O.K. (Eds.), Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climates of the American Southwest. AASP Contrib. Ser. 16, 141-154.
61. Higgins, R.W., Yao, Y., Wang, X.L., 1997. Influence of the North American monsoon system on the United States summer precipitation regime. J. Climatol. 10, 2600-2622.
62. Hunt, C.B., 1967. Physiography of the United States. The Colorado Plateau. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, pp. 277-307.
63. Jacobs, B.F., 1983. Past Vegetation and Climate of the Mogollon Rim Area, Arizona. Unpubl. Thesis, Univ. Arizona, 166 pp.
64. Jacobs, B.F., 1985. A Middle Wisconsin pollen record from Hay Lake, Arizona. Quat. Res. 24, 121-130.
65. Jameson, D.A., Williams, J.A., Wilton, E.W., 1962. Vegetation and soils of Fishtail Mesa, Arizona. Ecology 43, 403-410.
66. Kearney, T.H., Peebles, R.H., 1960. Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1032 pp.
67. Kennett, J.P., Ingram, B.L., 1995. A 20,000-year record of ocean circulation and climate change from the Santa Barbara basin. Nature 377, 510-514.
68. Kennett, J.P., Venz, K., 1995. Late Quaternary climatically related planktonic foraminiferal assemblage changes: Hole 893A, Santa Barbara Basin, California. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results 146 (2), 281-293.
69. Kutzbach, J.E., Webb, T., 1993. Conceptual basis for understand-ing Late-Quaternary climates. In: Wright Jr., H.E., Kutzbach, J.E., Webb, T., III, Ruddiman, W.F., Street-Perrott, F.A., Bartlein, P.J. (Eds.), Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 5-11.
70. Kutzbach, J.E., Guetter, P.J., Behling, P.J., Selin, R., 1993. Simulated climatic changes: results of the COHMAP climate-model experiments. In: Wright Jr., H.E., Kutzbach, J.E., Webb, T., III, Ruddiman, W.F., Street-Perrott, F.A., Bartlein, P.J. (Eds.), Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 24-93.
71. Little, E.L., 1941. Alpine flora of San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Madroño 6, 65-81.
72. Litwin, R.J., Adam, D.P., Fredenksen, N.O., Woolfenden, W.B., 1997. An 800,000-year pollen record from Owens Lake, California; preliminary analyses. In: Smith, G.I., Bischoff, J.L. (Eds.), An 800,000-Year Paleoclimatic Record from Core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 317, 127-142.
73. Liu, B., Phillips, F., Campbell, A., 1996. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of pedogenic carbonates, Ajo Mountains, southern Arizona: implications for paleoclimatic change. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 124, 233-246.
74. Long, A., Warneke, L.A., Betancourt, J.L., Thompson, R.S., 1990. Deuterium variations in plant cellulose from fossil packrat middens. In: Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S. (Eds.), Packrat Middens: the Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 380-396.
75. Lowe, C.H., 1964. Arizona's Natural Environment. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 136 pp.
76. Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.G., Hays, J.D., Imbrie, J., Moore Jr., T.C., Shackleton, N.J., 1987. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quat. Res. 27, 1-29.
77. Mazaud, A., Laj, C., Bard, E., Arnold, M., Tric, E., 1991. Geomagnetic field control of 14-C production over the last 80 KY: implications for the radiocarbon time-scale. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1885-1888.
78. McVickar, J.L., 1991. Holocene Vegetation Change at Cowboy Cave, Southeastern Utah, and its Effect upon Human Subsistence. Unpubl. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ., 146 pp.
79. Mead, J.I., Agenbroad, L.D., 1992. Isotope dating of Pleistocene dung deposits from the Colorado Plateau, Arizona and Utah. Radiocarbon 34, 1-19.
80. Mead, J.I., Phillips, A.M., 1981. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene fauna and flora of Vulture Cave, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 26, 257-288.
81. Mead, J.I., Agenbroad, L.D., Davis, O.K., Martin, P.S., 1986. Dung of Mammuthus in the arid southwest, North America. Quat. Res. 25, 121-127.
82. Mead, J.I., Agenbroad, L.D., Phillips, A.M., III, Middleton, L.T., 1987. Extinct mountain goat (Oreamnos harringtoni) in southeastern Utah. Quat. Res. 27, 323-331.
83. Merriam, C.H., 1890. Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. USDA, North Am. Fauna 3, 1-136.
84. Merrill, R.K., Péwé, T.L., 1977. Late Cenozoic geology of the White Mountains Arizona. Ariz. Bur. Geol. Min. Tech., Spec. Pap. 1, University of Arizona, Tucson, 65 pp.
85. Mock, C.J., 1996. Climatic controls and spatial variations of precipitation in the western United States. J. Climatol. 9, 1111-1125.
86. Monger, H.C., Cole, D.R., Gish, J.W., Giordano, T.H., 1998. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in Quaternary soil carbonates as indicators of ecogeomorphic changes in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, USA. Geoderma 82, 137-172.
87. Mulvey, W.E., Curry, D.R., Lindsey, L.M.W., 1984. Southern-most occurrence of later Pleistocene glaciation in Utah: Brian Head-Signey Peaks area, Markagunt Plateau. Encyclia 61, 97-104.
88. Oviatt, C.G., 1997. Lake Bonneville fluctuations and global climate change. Geology 25, 155-158.
89. Pendall, E., Betancourt, J.L., Leavitt, S.L., 1999. Paleoclimatic significance of deuterium and carbon isotopes in pinyon pine needles from packrat middens. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 147, 53-72.
90. Péwé, T.L., Updike, R.G., 1976. San Francisco Peaks: A Guidebook to the Geology. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, 80 pp.
91. Phillips, A.M., 1977. Packrats, Plants and the Pleistocene in the Lower Grand Canyon. Unpubl. Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, 123 pp.
92. Phillips, A.M., 1984. Shasta ground sloth extinction: fossil packrat midden evidence from the western Grand Canyon. In: Martin, P.S., Klein, R.G. (Eds.), Quaternary Extinctions. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 148-158.
93. Phillips, A.M., Van Devender, T.R., 1974. Pleistocene packrat middens from the lower Grand Canyon of Arizona. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 9, 117-119.
94. Phillips, A.M., House, D.A., Phillips, B.G., 1989. The San Francisco Peaks and the life zone concept. Plateau 60, 19-30.
95. Phillips, B.G., 1995. Climate change and the lacustrine history of Lake Canyon, Utah. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ., 107 pp. (unpublished).
96. Phillips, F.M., Peeters, L.A., Tansey, M.K., 1986. Paleoclimatic inferences from an isotopic investigation of groundwater in the central San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Quat. Res. 26, 179-193.
97. Phillips, F.M., Zreda, M.G., Benson, L.V., Plummer, M.A., Elmore, D., Sharma, P., 1996. Chronology for fluctuations in Late Pleistocene Sierra Nevada glaciers and lakes. Science 274, 749-751.
98. Rhode, D., Madsen, D.B., 1995. Late Wisconsin/Early Holocene vegetation in the Bonneville Basin. Quat. Res. 44, 246-256.
99. Richmond, A.J., 1987. Historic Precipitation Sequences on the Colorado Plateau, 1859-1983. Unpubl. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ., 204, pp.
100. Richmond, G.M., 1962. Quaternary stratigraphy of the La Sal Mountains, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 324.
101. Ruddiman, W.F., Kutzbach, J.E., 1991. Plateau uplift and climatic change. Sci. Am. 264, 66-75.
102. Schaack, C.G., 1970. A flora of the arctic-alpine vascular plants of the San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Unpubl. Thesis. Northern Arizona Univ., 107 pp.
103. Schmutz, E.M., Michaels, C.C., Judd, B.I., 1967. Boysag Point, a relict area on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon in Arizona. J. Range Manage. 20, 363-369.
104. Shafer, D.S., 1989. The Timing of Late Quaternary Monsoon Precipitation Maxima in the Southwest United States. Unpubl. Thesis, Univ. Arizona, 234 pp.
105. Sharpe, S.E., 1991. Late-Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation Change in Arches National Park, Grand County, Utah and Dinosaur National Monument, Moffat County, Colorado. Unpubl. Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ., 95 pp.
106. Shreve, F., 1942. The Vegetation of Arizona. In: Kearney, T.H., Peebles, R.H. (Eds.), Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona. USDA Misc. Publ. 423, 10-23.
107. 12C Ratios in Pleistocene and Holocene Wood. Unpubl. Thesis, Univ. Arizona.
108. Smith, F.A., Betancourt, J.L., 1998. Response of bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) to late Quaternary climatic change on the Colorado Plateau. Quat. Res. 50, 1-11.
109. Smith, F.A., Betancourt, J.L., Brown, J.H., 1995. Evolution of body size in the woodrat over the past 25,000 years of climate change. Science 270, 2012-2014.
110. Smith, S.J., Dehler, C.M., Lucchitta, I., Davis, S.W., Hanks, T.C., Finkel, R.L., 1996. A Late Pleistocene and early Holocene pollen record from Oak Alcove, Rainbow Plateau, Utah. AMQUA Abstr. Prog. 14, 129.
111. Spaulding, W.G., Petersen, K.L., 1980. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleoecology of Cowboy Cave. In: Jennings, J.D. (Ed.), Cowboy Cave. Univ. Utah Anthropol. Pap. 104, 163-177.
112. Spencer, R.J., Baedecker, M.J., Eugster, H.P., Forester, R.M., Goldhaber, M.B., Jones, B.F., Kelts, K., Mckenzie, J., Madsen, D.B., Rettig, S.L., Rubin, M., Bowser, C.J., 1984. Great Salt Lake, and precursors, Utah: the last 30,000 years. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 86, 321-334.
113. 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, 215-230.
114. Stute, M.J., Clark, F., Schlosser, P., Broecker, W.S., 1995. A 30,000 yr continental paleotemperature record derived from noble gases dissolved in groundwater from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Quat. Res. 43, 209-220.
115. Tang, M., Reiter, E.R., 1984. Plateau monsoons of the Northern Hemisphere: a comparison between North America and Tibet. Mon. Weather Rev. 112, 617-637.
116. Thompson, R.S., 1990. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate in the Great Basin. In: Betancourt, J.L., Van Devender, T.R., Martin, P.S. (Eds.), Packrat Middens: the Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 200-239.
117. Thompson, R.S., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P.J., Hamson, S.P., Spaulding, W.G., 1993. Climatic changes in the western United States since 18,000 yr B.P. In: Wright Jr., H.E., Kutzbach, J.E., Webb, T., III, Ruddiman, W.F., Street-Perrott, F.A., Bartlein, P.J. (Eds.), Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 468-513.
118. Thouveny, N., Creer, K.M., Williamson, D., 1993. Geomagnetic moment variations in the last 70,000 years, impact on production of cosmogenic isotopes. Global Planet. Change 7, 157-172.
119. Thunnell, R., Mortyn, P.G., 1995. Glacial climate instability in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Nature 376, 504-506.
120. Turner, R.M., 1982. Great Basin desertscrub. Desert Plants 4, 145-155.
121. Van Devender, T.R., Mead, J.I., 1976. Late Pleistocene and modern plant communities of Shinumo Creek and Peach Springs Wash, Lower Grand Canyon, Arizona. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 11, 16-22.
122. Van Devender, T.R., Spaulding, W.G., 1979. Development of vegetation and climate in the southwestern United States. Science 204, 701-710.
123. Van Devender, T.R., Thompson, R.S., Betancourt, J.L., 1987. Vegetation history of the deserts of southwestern North America; the nature and timing of the Late Wisconsin-Holocene transition. In: Ruddiman, W.F., Wright Jr., H.E., (Eds.), North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 323-352.
124. 12C ratios of Pinus flexilis needles during last glacial-interglacial cycle. Science 264, 239-243.
125. Weber, W.A., Wittman, R.C., 1996. Colorado Flora: Western Slope. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, 496 pp.
126. Welsh, S.L., Atwood, N.D., Higgens, L.C., Goodrich, S., 1987. A Utah Flora. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 9, 894 pp.
127. Weng, C., Jackson, S.T., 1999. Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 153 (in press).
128. Whiteside, M.C., 1965. Paleoecological studies of Potato Lake and its environs. Ecology 46, 807-816.
129. Whittaker, R.H., 1970. Communities and Ecosystems. Macmillan, New York, 385 pp.
130. Withers, K., Mead, J.I., 1993. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate in the Escalante River basin on the central Colorado Plateau. Great Basin Nat. 53, 145-161.
131. Wright Jr., H.E., Bent, A.M., 1968. Vegetation bands around Dead Man Lake, Chuska Mountains, New Mexico. Am. Midl. Nat. 79, 8-30.
132. Wright Jr., H.E., Bent, A.M., Hansen, B.S., Maher Jr., L.J., 1973. Present and past vegetation of the Chuska Mountains, northwestern New Mexico. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 84, 1155-1180.