Elucidating the contributions of processing speed, executive ability, and frontal lobe volume to normal age-related differences in fluid intelligence

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 52-61

  Schretlen, David ^a   Pearlson, Godfrey D ^b   Anthony, James C ^b   Aylward, Elizabeth H ^b   Augustine, Ann M ^b   Davis, Amanda ^b   Barta, Patrick ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Brain MRI; Cognitive aging; Executive ability; Fluid intelligence; Frontal lobe; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; BRAIN SIZE; COGNITION; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTELLIGENCE; MALE; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TASK PERFORMANCE; THEORY; VELOCITY; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 0033952297     PISSN: 13556177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1355617700611062     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Albert, M.S. & Kaplan, E. (1980). Organic implications of neuropsychological deficits in the elderly. In L.W. Poon, J.L. Fozard, L.S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, & L.W. Thompson (Eds.), New directions in memory and aging: Proceedings of the George A. Talland Memorial Conference (pp. 403-432). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Anderson, S.W., Damasio, H., Jones, R.D., & Tranel, D. (1991). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 909-922.
3. Andreasen, N.C., Flashman, L., Flaum, M., Arndt, S., Swayze, V., O'Leary, D.S., Ehrhardt, J.C., & Yuh, W.T.C. (1994). Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1763-1769.
4. Axelrod, B.N., Woodard, J.L., Schretlen, D., & Benedict, R.H.B. (1996). Corrected estimates of WAIS-R short form reliability and standard error of measurement. Psychological Assessment, 8, 222-223.
5. Aylward, E.H., Augustine, A., Li, Q., Barta, P.E., & Pearlson, G.D. (1997a). Measurement of frontal lobe volume on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section, 75, 23-30.
6. Aylward, E.H., Li, Q., Stine, O.C., Ranen, N., Sherr, M., Barta, P.E., Bylsma, F.W., Pearlson, G.D., & Ross, C.A. (1997b). Longitudinal change in basal ganglia volume in patients with Huntington's disease. Neurology, 48, 394-399.
7. Baddeley, A. (1998). The central executive: A concept and some misconceptions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 523-526.
8. Barta, P.E., Dhingra, L., Royall, R., & Schwartz, E. (1997). Improving stereological estimates for the volume of structures identified in three-dimensional arrays of spatial data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 75, 111-118.
9. Benedict, R.H.B., Schretlen, D., & Bobholz, J.H. (1992). Concurrent validity of three WAIS-R short form in psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 4, 322-328.
10. Benton, A.L., Hamsher, K.deS., Varney, N.R., & Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Blair, J.R. & Spreen, O. (1989). Predicting premorbid IQ: A revision of the National Adult Reading Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 129-136.
12. Boone, K.B., Miller, B.L., Lesser, I.M., Hill, E., & D'Elia, L. (1990). Performance on frontal lobe tests in healthy, older individuals. Developmental Neuropsychology, 6, 215-223.
13. Botwinick, J. (1967). Cognitive processes in maturity and old age. New York: Springer.
14. Daigneault, S., Braun, C.M., & Whitaker, H.A. (1992). Early effects of normal aging on perseverative and nonperseverative prefrontal measures. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 99-114.
15. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). "Mini-Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
16. Folstein, S.E. (1989). Huntington's disease: A disorder of families. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
17. Fristoe, N.M., Salthouse, T.A., & Woodard, J.L. (1997). Examination of age-related deficits on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychology, 11, 428-436.
18. Haug, H. (1985). Are neurons of the human cortex really lost during aging? A morphometric examination. In J. Traber & W.H. Gispen (Eds.), Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (pp. 150-163). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
19. Heaton, R.K. (1981). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
20. Hertzog, C. (1989). Influences of cognitive slowing on age differences in intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 636-651.
21. Horn, J.L. & Cattell, R.B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107-129.
22. Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., Peterson, R.C., Kokmen, E., & Kurland, L.T. (1992). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R norms for ages 56 to 97. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6 (suppl.), 1-30.
23. Kimberg, D.Y. & Farah, M.J. (1993). A unified account of cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage: The role of working memory in complex, organized behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 411-438.
24. Libon, D.J., Glosser, G., Malamut, B.L, Kaplan, E., Goldberg, E., Swanson, R., & Sands, L.P. (1994). Age, executive functions, and visuospatial functioning in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology, 8, 38-43.
25. Madden D.J. & Hoffman, J.M. (1997). Application of positron emission tomography to age-related cognitive changes. In K.R.R. Krishnan & P.M. Doraiswamy (Eds.), Brain imaging in clinical psychiatry (pp. 575-613). New York: Marcel Dekker.
26. Mittenberg, W., Seidenberg, M., O'Leary, D.S., & DiGiulio, D.V. (1989). Changes in cerebral functioning associated with normal aging. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 91 8-932.
27. Nelson, H.E. (1976). A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex, 12, 313-324.
28. Raz, N. (1996). Neuroanatomy of the aging brain observed in vivo. In E.D. Bigler (Ed.). Neuroimaging II: Clinical applications (pp. 153-182). New York: Plenum Press.
29. Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F.M., Head, D., Dupuis, J.H., & Acker, J.D. (1998). Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychology, 12, 95-114.
30. Rey, A. (1993). Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy. J. Corwin & F.W. Bylsma (Trans.). Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 3-21. (Original work published 1941)
31. Roberts, R.J. & Pennington, B.F. (1996). An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12, 105-126.
32. Salthouse, T.A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing. Psychological Science, 2, 179-183.
33. Salthouse, T.A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
34. Schaie, K.W. (1983). The Seattle Longitudinal Study: A twenty-one year exploration of psychometric intelligence in adulthood. In K.W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp. 64-135). New York: Guilford Press.
35. Schaie, K.W. (1989). Perceptual speed in adulthood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychology and Aging, 4, 443-453.
36. Schaie, K.W. (1994). The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist, 49, 304-313.
37. Schretlen, D. (1997). The Brief Test of Attention professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
38. Schretlen, D. & Ivnik, R.J. (1996). Prorating IQ scores for older adults: Validation of a seven-subtest WAIS-R with the Mayo older Americans normative sample. Assessment, 3, 411-416.
39. Stuss, D.T. & Benson, D.F. (1986). The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press.
40. Van Gorp, W.G. & Mahler, M. (1990). Subcortical features of normal aging. In J.L. Cummings (Ed.), Subcortical dementia (pp. 231-250). New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Veroff, A.E. (1980). The neuropsychology of aging. Psychological Research, 41, 259-268.
42. Ward, L.C. (1990). Prediction of verbal, performance, and full scale IQs from seven subtests of the WAIS-R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 436-440.
43. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
44. West, R.L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 272-292.
45. Whelihan, W.M. & Lesher, E.L. (1985). Neuropsychological changes in frontal function with aging. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 371-380.
46. Wing, J.K., Sartorius, N., & Üstün, T.B. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) version 2.1. Geneva: World Health Organization.