Shadow players: Ecotourism development, corruption and state politics in Belize

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 549-565

  Duffy, Rosaleen ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; DRUGS TRADE; ECOTOURISM; INFORMAL SECTOR;

BELIZE;

EID: 0033942165     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713701038     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. W Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
2. J F Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London: Longman, 1993 ; and Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, p 8.
3. J F Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London: Longman, 1993 ; and Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, p 8.
4. Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, p 3.
5. Ibid, pp 23-26.
6. M Blomstrom & B Hettne, Development Theory in Transition: The Dependency Debate and Beyond: Third World Responses, London: Zed Books, 1984, pp 81-91.
7. Reno, Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, pp 23-26.
8. J Moran, 'Patterns of corruption and development in East Asia,' Third World Quarterly, 20 (3), 1999 pp 569-587.
9. M H Khan, 'A typology of corrupt transactions in developing countries', IDS Bulletin, 27(2), 1996, pp 12-21.
10. World Bank, 'Reducing corruption'. World Bank Policy and Research Bulletin, 8(3), 1997.
11. M P Hampton & M Levi, 'Fast spinning into oblivion? Recent developments in money-laundering policies and offshore finance centres', Third World Quarterly, 20(3), 1999, p 651.
12. S D Morris, 'Corruption and the Mexican political system: continuity and change', Third World Quarterly, 20 (3), 1999, p 630.
13. R S Gelbard, The Globalisation of the Drug Trade, address at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Dublin, 1996; and R S Gelbard, The Threat of Transnational Organised Crime and Illicit Narcotics, statement before the UN General Assembly, New York, 1997.
14. R S Gelbard, The Globalisation of the Drug Trade, address at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Dublin, 1996; and R S Gelbard, The Threat of Transnational Organised Crime and Illicit Narcotics, statement before the UN General Assembly, New York, 1997.
15. W Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat', paper presented at the 'Security 94' conference held at the Institute of Strategic Studies and the Security Association of South Africa, University of Pretoria, 1995 See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, pp 1-2; and Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Money Laundering and Financial Crimes, Washington DC. US Department of State, 1998.
16. W Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat', paper presented at the 'Security 94' conference held at the Institute of Strategic Studies and the Security Association of South Africa, University of Pretoria, 1995 See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, pp 1-2; and Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Money Laundering and Financial Crimes, Washington DC. US Department of State, 1998.
17. W Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat', paper presented at the 'Security 94' conference held at the Institute of Strategic Studies and the Security Association of South Africa, University of Pretoria, 1995 See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, pp 1-2; and Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Money Laundering and Financial Crimes, Washington DC. US Department of State, 1998.
18. M P Hampton, 'Where currents meet: the offshore interface between corruption, offshore finance centres and economic development', IDS Bulletin, 27 (2), 1996, pp 78-87. See also Offshore Times, (Panama City) Winter 1997 (Belize Issue). The Offshore Times is published by the Offshore Association of Central America and the Caribbean, based in Panama. Also Belize Offshore Centre Brochure, produced by Cititrust International.
19. M P Hampton, 'Where currents meet: the offshore interface between corruption, offshore finance centres and economic development', IDS Bulletin, 27 (2), 1996, pp 78-87. See also Offshore Times, (Panama City) Winter 1997 (Belize Issue). The Offshore Times is published by the Offshore Association of Central America and the Caribbean, based in Panama. Also Belize Offshore Centre Brochure, produced by Cititrust International.
20. Interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, 21 January 1998, Caye Caulker. See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Money Laundering and Financial Crimes; and Hampton, 'Where currents meet'.
21. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, pp 1-2.
22. 'Shadow over Tory Treasurer', The Times (UK) 13 July 1999.
23. 'A "mugging" and its consequences', The Times, 14 July 1994; and 'British diplomat tells Tories to launch Ashcroft enquiry,' The Times, 16 July 1999.
24. 'A "mugging" and its consequences', The Times, 14 July 1994; and 'British diplomat tells Tories to launch Ashcroft enquiry,' The Times, 16 July 1999.
25. 'A "mugging" and its consequences'; 'Clamour grows for full scale enquiry', The Times, 16 July 1999.
26. 'Some of these rumours about Ashcroft cast a shadow over his reputation', The Times, 15 July 1999; 'The whiff of the casbah lingers', The Times, 13 July 1999; 'He is off to Bournemouth and will be lobbying our politicians; The Times, 13 July 1999; 'Ashcroft sought aid from ministers to promote business interests abroad Guardian (UK), 15 July 1999; and 'Tory anger over Ashcroft leaks', Guardian, 14 July 1999.
27. 'Some of these rumours about Ashcroft cast a shadow over his reputation', The Times, 15 July 1999; 'The whiff of the casbah lingers', The Times, 13 July 1999; 'He is off to Bournemouth and will be lobbying our politicians; The Times, 13 July 1999; 'Ashcroft sought aid from ministers to promote business interests abroad Guardian (UK), 15 July 1999; and 'Tory anger over Ashcroft leaks', Guardian, 14 July 1999.
28. 'Some of these rumours about Ashcroft cast a shadow over his reputation', The Times, 15 July 1999; 'The whiff of the casbah lingers', The Times, 13 July 1999; 'He is off to Bournemouth and will be lobbying our politicians; The Times, 13 July 1999; 'Ashcroft sought aid from ministers to promote business interests abroad Guardian (UK), 15 July 1999; and 'Tory anger over Ashcroft leaks', Guardian, 14 July 1999.
29. 'Some of these rumours about Ashcroft cast a shadow over his reputation', The Times, 15 July 1999; 'The whiff of the casbah lingers', The Times, 13 July 1999; 'He is off to Bournemouth and will be lobbying our politicians; The Times, 13 July 1999; 'Ashcroft sought aid from ministers to promote business interests abroad Guardian (UK), 15 July 1999; and 'Tory anger over Ashcroft leaks', Guardian, 14 July 1999.
30. 'Some of these rumours about Ashcroft cast a shadow over his reputation', The Times, 15 July 1999; 'The whiff of the casbah lingers', The Times, 13 July 1999; 'He is off to Bournemouth and will be lobbying our politicians; The Times, 13 July 1999; 'Ashcroft sought aid from ministers to promote business interests abroad Guardian (UK), 15 July 1999; and 'Tory anger over Ashcroft leaks', Guardian, 14 July 1999.
31. 'Caribbean jaunt landed MPs in hot water', Guardian, 23 July 1999 ; 'Fury as MPs' trip to Belize revealed', Guardian, 23 July 1999; and 'Tory MP defends Ashcroft trip', Guardian, 24 July 1999.
32. 'Caribbean jaunt landed MPs in hot water', Guardian, 23 July 1999 ; 'Fury as MPs' trip to Belize revealed', Guardian, 23 July 1999; and 'Tory MP defends Ashcroft trip', Guardian, 24 July 1999.
33. 'Caribbean jaunt landed MPs in hot water', Guardian, 23 July 1999 ; 'Fury as MPs' trip to Belize revealed', Guardian, 23 July 1999; and 'Tory MP defends Ashcroft trip', Guardian, 24 July 1999.
34. 'Drugs Agency has Ashcroft on its files', Times, 17 July 1999; and 'Drip drip of disclosures, Guardian, 22 July 1999.
35. 'Drugs Agency has Ashcroft on its files', Times, 17 July 1999; and 'Drip drip of disclosures, Guardian, 22 July 1999.
36. '100 million wiped off shares,' Guardian, 27 July 1999; 'Ashcroft blocks US documents', Guardian, 5 October 1999; 'Peace in our Times', Guardian, 13 December 1999; and 'Dramatic end of Ashcroft and Times libel', Guardian, 9 December 1999.
37. '100 million wiped off shares,' Guardian, 27 July 1999; 'Ashcroft blocks US documents', Guardian, 5 October 1999; 'Peace in our Times', Guardian, 13 December 1999; and 'Dramatic end of Ashcroft and Times libel', Guardian, 9 December 1999.
38. '100 million wiped off shares,' Guardian, 27 July 1999; 'Ashcroft blocks US documents', Guardian, 5 October 1999; 'Peace in our Times', Guardian, 13 December 1999; and 'Dramatic end of Ashcroft and Times libel', Guardian, 9 December 1999.
39. '100 million wiped off shares,' Guardian, 27 July 1999; 'Ashcroft blocks US documents', Guardian, 5 October 1999; 'Peace in our Times', Guardian, 13 December 1999; and 'Dramatic end of Ashcroft and Times libel', Guardian, 9 December 1999.
40. 'A new class of trafficker' The Economist, 11-19 September 1999, p 66.
41. Morris, 'Corruption and the Mexican political system', Third World Quarterly, p 630.
42. Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat'. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, pp 1-2; Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997; Money Laundering and Financial Crimes. In addition, see S Calvani, E Guia & J L Lemahieu, 'Drug resistance rating: an innovative approach for measuring a country's capacity to resist illegal drugs', Third World Quarterly, 18(4) pp 659-672.
43. Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat'. See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, pp 1-2; Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997; Money Laundering and Financial Crimes. In addition, see S Calvani, E Guia & J L Lemahieu, 'Drug resistance rating: an innovative approach for measuring a country's capacity to resist illegal drugs', Third World Quarterly, 18(4) pp 659-672.
44. Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat'. See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, pp 1-2; Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997; Money Laundering and Financial Crimes. In addition, see S Calvani, E Guia & J L Lemahieu, 'Drug resistance rating: an innovative approach for measuring a country's capacity to resist illegal drugs', Third World Quarterly, 18(4) pp 659-672.
45. Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat'. See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, pp 1-2; Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997; Money Laundering and Financial Crimes. In addition, see S Calvani, E Guia & J L Lemahieu, 'Drug resistance rating: an innovative approach for measuring a country's capacity to resist illegal drugs', Third World Quarterly, 18(4) pp 659-672.
46. S C Stonich, J H Sorensen & A Hundt, 'Ethnicity, class and gender in tourism development: the case of the Bay Islands, Honduras', Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(1), 1995, pp 21-24; and The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean, London: Cassell, 1996, pp 90-101.
47. S C Stonich, J H Sorensen & A Hundt, 'Ethnicity, class and gender in tourism development: the case of the Bay Islands, Honduras', Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(1), 1995, pp 21-24; and The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean, London: Cassell, 1996, pp 90-101.
48. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
49. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
50. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
51. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
52. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
53. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
54. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 1; 'Whose colony is this anyway?' Guardian, 17 June 1997; 'US Pressure in drug fight rankles some', Amandala, 19 January 1997; 'Colombia and Mexico sign agreement to cooperate in anti-drug fight', Amandala, 9 February 1997; and 'Drug traffic increasing in the Caribbean', San Pedro Sun, 12 December 1997. For further discussion of the global nature of the drugs trade see P B Stares, Global Habit: The Drug Problem in a Borderless World, Washington, DC. Brookings Institution, 1996. See also B Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories, Miskito Coast, RAAN, Nicaragua' in S Stevens (ed), Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997, pp 193-224.
55. 'Belize caught in the middle of a drug war' Amandala, 3 August 1997; and Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories', pp 193-224.
56. 'Belize caught in the middle of a drug war' Amandala, 3 August 1997; and Nietschmann, 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories', pp 193-224.
57. 'Belize by sea: much coast little guard', Amandala, 26 September 1997; and anonymous interviewees.
58. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Country Certifications, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, p 1. See also 'Defendants in Belize's biggest cocaine bust walk', Amandala, 28 September 1997; 'Colombian drug trafficker pays fine, exits prison', Amandala, 5 October 1997; and 'Bad baby Belize says US', Amandala, 9 March 1997.
59. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Country Certifications, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, p 1. See also 'Defendants in Belize's biggest cocaine bust walk', Amandala, 28 September 1997; 'Colombian drug trafficker pays fine, exits prison', Amandala, 5 October 1997; and 'Bad baby Belize says US', Amandala, 9 March 1997.
60. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Country Certifications, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, p 1. See also 'Defendants in Belize's biggest cocaine bust walk', Amandala, 28 September 1997; 'Colombian drug trafficker pays fine, exits prison', Amandala, 5 October 1997; and 'Bad baby Belize says US', Amandala, 9 March 1997.
61. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Country Certifications, Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1998, p 1. See also 'Defendants in Belize's biggest cocaine bust walk', Amandala, 28 September 1997; 'Colombian drug trafficker pays fine, exits prison', Amandala, 5 October 1997; and 'Bad baby Belize says US', Amandala, 9 March 1997.
62. Calvani, Guia & Lemahieu, 'Drug resistance rating', pp 659-672.
63. 'Belize by sea: much coast little guard'. This was confirmed by a number of interviewees who shall remain anonymous.
64. Anonymous interviewees. This was a claim regularly made against the new owners of Blackbird Caye Resort and Manta Resort, which had previously been developed by Ray Lightburn, Ken Leslie and Al Dugan.
65. Tory MP reported to ombudsman as Belize affair widens Guardian, 22 July 1999; and 'Mr Ashcroft's patronage', Guardian, 22 July 1999.
66. Tory MP reported to ombudsman as Belize affair widens Guardian, 22 July 1999; and 'Mr Ashcroft's patronage', Guardian, 22 July 1999.
67. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America, p 2.
68. Anonymous interviewees.
69. Anonymous interviewees. See also Andreas, 'In focus: US drug control policy', US Foreign Policy in Focus.
70. M McField, S Wells & J Gibson (eds) State of the Coastal Zone Report, Belize, 1995, Belize City: Coastal Zone Management Programme/UNDP/GEF, 1996, p 97; BTB, Tourism: A Historical Reference, a Challenge to the Future, from a BTB Perspective, Belize City: BTB, [1993]? interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 21 January 1998; 'Ectourism to become the fastest growing segment in world tourism', San Pedro Sun, 31 October 1997; and 'Tourist arrivals increase second quarter', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997.
71. M McField, S Wells & J Gibson (eds) State of the Coastal Zone Report, Belize, 1995, Belize City: Coastal Zone Management Programme/UNDP/GEF, 1996, p 97; BTB, Tourism: A Historical Reference, a Challenge to the Future, from a BTB Perspective, Belize City: BTB, [1993]? interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 21 January 1998; 'Ectourism to become the fastest growing segment in world tourism', San Pedro Sun, 31 October 1997; and 'Tourist arrivals increase second quarter', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997.
72. M McField, S Wells & J Gibson (eds) State of the Coastal Zone Report, Belize, 1995, Belize City: Coastal Zone Management Programme/UNDP/GEF, 1996, p 97; BTB, Tourism: A Historical Reference, a Challenge to the Future, from a BTB Perspective, Belize City: BTB, [1993]? interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 21 January 1998; 'Ectourism to become the fastest growing segment in world tourism', San Pedro Sun, 31 October 1997; and 'Tourist arrivals increase second quarter', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997.
73. M McField, S Wells & J Gibson (eds) State of the Coastal Zone Report, Belize, 1995, Belize City: Coastal Zone Management Programme/UNDP/GEF, 1996, p 97; BTB, Tourism: A Historical Reference, a Challenge to the Future, from a BTB Perspective, Belize City: BTB, [1993]? interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 21 January 1998; 'Ectourism to become the fastest growing segment in world tourism', San Pedro Sun, 31 October 1997; and 'Tourist arrivals increase second quarter', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997.
74. Belize Tourism Board, Belize Tourism Statistics, Section 1, Belize City: BTB, 1995.
75. Interview with Dwight Neal, Director, Marine Research Centre, University of Belize (UCB), 24 January 1998, Calabash Caye; interview with Mito Paz, Director, Green Reef, 2 February 1998, San Pedro; interview with James Azueta, Marine Protected Areas Co-ordinator, Fisheries Department, 9 February 1998, Belize City; interview with Mike Fairweather, Resort Developer, 13 January 1998, Calabash Caye; and 'Where have all the sardines gone?', Son Pedro Sun, 30 May 1997.
76. G Ellis, 'Tourism and the environment: some observations on Belize, Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on the State of the Belize Environment, Belmopan: DoE, 1995, pp 305-307.
77. Anonymous interviewee.
78. 'Dive ship damages Belize barrier reef', Amandala, 13 July 1999; and 'Rembrandt Van Rijn, Fantome offered "options",' Amandala, 10 August 1997.
79. 'Dive ship damages Belize barrier reef', Amandala, 13 July 1999; and 'Rembrandt Van Rijn, Fantome offered "options",' Amandala, 10 August 1997.
80. 'Windjammer Ltd apologises for reef destruction, Amandala, 10 August 1997; and 'MTE sanctions reef crunching vessels', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997.
81. 'Windjammer Ltd apologises for reef destruction, Amandala, 10 August 1997; and 'MTE sanctions reef crunching vessels', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997.
82. Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report, San Pedro, Belmopan: DoE, 1998.
83. Interview with Mito Paz, Director, Green Reef, 2 February 1998, San Pedro; interview with Tony Calderon, Park Ranger, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Alberto Patt, Biologist, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 2 February 1998, San Pedro. See also 'Gypsy Queen goes aground on the reef', San Pedro Sun, 14 November 1997.
84. Anonymous interviewees. See also 'Gypsy Queen goes aground on the reef.'
85. Interview with Malcolm Hitchcock, Fido's Bar, 5 February 1997, San Pedro.
86. 'Gypsy Queen goes aground on the reef.'
87. Anonymous interviewees.
88. Interview with Victoria Collins, Editor of the San Pedro Sun, 23 December 1997, San Pedro; and 'Lamanai room declaration issued by BTIA, Audubon and others', San Pedro Sun, 22 August 1997.
89. Interview with Victoria Collins, Editor of the San Pedro Sun, 23 December 1997, San Pedro; and 'Lamanai room declaration issued by BTIA, Audubon and others', San Pedro Sun, 22 August 1997.
90. Anonymous interviewees.
91. G Godfey, Ambergris Caye: Paradise with a Past, Belize: Cubola Productions, 1998, pp 23-28.
92. Green Reef, Contacts, San Pedro, Belize: Green Reef, undated.
93. Interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 21 January 1998; and interview with Ellen McRae, CariSearch Ltd, Siwa-Ban Foundation and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 3 January 1998.
94. San Pedro Town Valuation Roll 1996-2001: Town Core and South of Town Core. See also 'Open forum - a closer look at Sunset Coves, by UDP San Pedro branch, Jan Pedro Sun, 28 November 1997.
95. 'Sunset Coves Ltd sold,' Amandala, 21 December 1997.
96. McField, Wells & Gibson, State of the Coastal Zone, pp 88-93; interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998. Belize City: interview with Tony Calderon, Park Ranger, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; and, 'First phase of North Ambergris Caye development to start with Basil Jones airstrip says BIS press release, NACDC chairman,' San Pedro Sun, 13 June 1997.
97. McField, Wells & Gibson, State of the Coastal Zone, pp 88-93; interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998. Belize City: interview with Tony Calderon, Park Ranger, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; and, 'First phase of North Ambergris Caye development to start with Basil Jones airstrip says BIS press release, NACDC chairman,' San Pedro Sun, 13 June 1997.
98. San Pedro Town Valuation Roll 1996-2001: Town Core and South of Town Core; and San Pedro. Town Valuation Roll 1996-2001: North of Town Core. James Blake, a Belizean, was one of the other large land owners on the island. Also, interview with Chocolate, Chocolate's Manatee Tours, 19 January 1998. Caye Caulker.
99. Anonymous interviewees.
100. Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: San Pedro, Belmopan, Belize; 1998; and Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: Caye Chapel, Belmopan, Belize, 1998.
101. Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: San Pedro, Belmopan, Belize; 1998; and Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: Caye Chapel, Belmopan, Belize, 1998.
102. PUP, Set Belize Free: Manifesto of the PUP, 1998-2003, p. 25.
103. Interview with Ellen McRae, Cari-Search, Ltd. Siwa-Ban Foundation and BTIA, 3 January 1998, Caye Caulker; interview with Chocolate, Tour Guide, Chocolate's Manatee Tours, 15 December 1997. Caye Caulker.
104. Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: San Pedro: interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998; Belize City.
105. Anonymous interviewees. This was mentioned by a number of people who were interviewed, particularly those on Caye Caulker whose livelihoods had been directly affected by dredging.
106. Anonymous interviewee.
107. 'Mr Ashcroft's patronage.'
108. 'Dolphin International helps football club', San Pedro Sun, 14 February 1997; 'Dolphin international donates paint for beautification project, San Pedro Sun, 18 July 1997, 'Dolphin International donates to the Reina De La Costa,' San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997. For further discussion of the different types of human-dolphin interaction for tourism, see D Perrine, 'Divers and dolphins', Sport Diver Magazine 6(1), 1998, pp 40-47.
109. 'Dolphin International helps football club', San Pedro Sun, 14 February 1997; 'Dolphin international donates paint for beautification project, San Pedro Sun, 18 July 1997, 'Dolphin International donates to the Reina De La Costa,' San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997. For further discussion of the different types of human-dolphin interaction for tourism, see D Perrine, 'Divers and dolphins', Sport Diver Magazine 6(1), 1998, pp 40-47.
110. 'Dolphin International helps football club', San Pedro Sun, 14 February 1997; 'Dolphin international donates paint for beautification project, San Pedro Sun, 18 July 1997, 'Dolphin International donates to the Reina De La Costa,' San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997. For further discussion of the different types of human-dolphin interaction for tourism, see D Perrine, 'Divers and dolphins', Sport Diver Magazine 6(1), 1998, pp 40-47.
111. 'Dolphin International helps football club', San Pedro Sun, 14 February 1997; 'Dolphin international donates paint for beautification project, San Pedro Sun, 18 July 1997, 'Dolphin International donates to the Reina De La Costa,' San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997. For further discussion of the different types of human-dolphin interaction for tourism, see D Perrine, 'Divers and dolphins', Sport Diver Magazine 6(1), 1998, pp 40-47.
112. San Pedro Sun, 25.7.97, 'Cangrejo Caye Educational Experience Ltd applies for duty free tax exemption', 25 July 1997.
113. 'Dolphin International receives lending commitment ... meeting held with First Company', San Pedro Sun, 27 June 1997 and 'Letter from William (Mike) Campbell Dolphin International Development Ltd', San Pedro Sun, 4 July 1997.
114. 'Dolphin International receives lending commitment ... meeting held with First Company', San Pedro Sun, 27 June 1997 and 'Letter from William (Mike) Campbell Dolphin International Development Ltd', San Pedro Sun, 4 July 1997.
115. Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor. San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998, Belize City. See also 'BETA concerned about Cangrejo Caye Project', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997; and 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park', 27 June 1997 .
116. Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor. San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998, Belize City. See also 'BETA concerned about Cangrejo Caye Project', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997; and 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park', 27 June 1997 .
117. Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor. San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998, Belize City. See also 'BETA concerned about Cangrejo Caye Project', San Pedro Sun, 8 August 1997; and 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park', 27 June 1997 .
118. Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor, San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; 'Lamanai room declaration issued by BTIA Audubon and others'; and 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park.'
119. Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor, San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; 'Lamanai room declaration issued by BTIA Audubon and others'; and 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park.'
120. Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor, San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; 'Lamanai room declaration issued by BTIA Audubon and others'; and 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park.'
121. Interview with Victoria Collins, Editor, San Pedro Sun, 22 December 1997, San Pedro.
122. Anonymous Interviewees.
123. Interview with Al Westby, Housing and Planning Department, 31 December 1998, San Pedro.