Ecological energetics of the Puerto Rican Tody: Heterothermy, torpor, and intra-island variation

Ecology

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 990-1003

  Merola Zwartjes, Michele ^a,b   Ligon, J David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b THE NATURE CONSERVANCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Body temperature; Coraciiformes; Energetics; Heterothermy; Hypothermia; Metabolic rate; Puerto Rican Tody; Thermoregulation; Todus mexicanus; Torpor

Indexed keywords

METABOLISM; SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCE; THERMOREGULATION; TORPOR;

PUERTO RICO;

AVES; CORACIIFORMES; GALLIFORMES; TODIDAE; TODUS MEXICANUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0033936614     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0990:EEOTPR]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Ambrose, S. J., and S. D. Bradshaw. 1988. Seasonal changes in standard metabolic rates in the White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis (Acanthizidae) from arid, semi-arid and mesic environments. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 89A:79-83.
2. Ar, A., and Y. Piontkewitz. 1992. Nest ventilation explains gas composition in the nest-chamber of the European Bee-eater. Respiration Physiology 87:407-418.
3. Aschoff, J., and H. Pohl. 1970a. Der Ruheumsatz von Vögeln als Funktion der Tageszeit und der Körpergröße. Journal für Ornithologie 111:38-47.
4. Aschoff, J., and H. Pohl. 1970b. Rhythmic variations in energy metabolism. Federation Proceedings 29:1541-1552.
5. Bartholomew, G. A., T. R. Howell, and T. J. Cade. 1957. Torpidity in the White-throated Swift, Anna Hummingbird, and Poor-will. Condor 59:145-155.
6. Bartholomew, G. A., and C. H. Trost. 1970. Temperature regulation in the Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus). Condor 72:141-146.
7. Bartholomew, G. A., C. M. Vleck, and T. L. Bucher. 1983. Energy metabolism and nocturnal hypothermia in two tropical passerine frugivores, Manacus vitellinus and Pipra mentalis. Physiological Zoology 56:370-379.
8. Bartholomew, G. A., D. Vleck, and C. M. Vleck. 1981. Instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling in sphingid and saturnid moths. Journal of Experimental Biology 90:17-32.
9. Bech, C., and R. E. Reinertsen, editors. 1989. Physiology of cold adaptation in birds. Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.
10. Bennett, P. M., and P. H. Harvey. 1987. Active and resting metabolism in birds: allometry, phylogeny and ecology. Journal of Zoology, London 213:327-363.
11. Blackmore, F. H. 1969. The effect of temperature, photoperiod and molt on the energy requirements of the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 30:433-444.
12. Blem, C. R. 1976. Patterns of lipid storage and utilization in birds. American Zoologist 16:671-684.
13. Bligh, J., and K. G. Johnson. 1973. Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Journal of Applied Physiology 35: 941-961.
14. Boersma, P. D. 1986. Body temperature, torpor, and growth in chicks of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma furcata). Physiological Zoology 59:10-19.
15. Brigham, R. M. 1992. Daily torpor in a free-ranging goat-sucker, the Common Poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii). Physiological Zoology 65:457-472.
16. Brown, J. H., and A. C. Gibson. 1983. Biogeography. C.V. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
17. Bryant, D. M. 1983. Heat stress in tropical birds: behavioural thermoregulation during flight. Ibis 125:313-323.
18. Bryant, D. M., C. J. Hails, and P. Tatner. 1984. Reproductive energetics of two tropical bird species. Auk 101:25-37.
19. Bucher, T. L., and A. Worthington. 1982. Nocturnal hypothermia and oxygen consumption in manakins. Condor 84: 327-351.
20. Buttemer, W. A., L. B. Astheimer, W. W. Weathers, and A. M. Hayworth. 1987. Energy savings attending winter-nest use by Verdins (Auriparus flaviceps). Auk 104:531-535.
21. Calder, W. A., and J. Booser. 1973. Hypothermia of Broad-tailed Hummingbirds during incubation in nature with ecological correlations. Science 180:751-753.
22. Calder, W. A., and J. R. King. 1974. Thermal and caloric relations of birds. Pages 259-413 in D. S. Farner and J. R. King, editors. Avian Biology, Volume IV. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
23. Calvesbert, R. J. 1974. The climate of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands. Pages 453-480 in U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climates of the States, Volume 1. Water Information Center, Port Washington, New York, USA.
24. Carey, C. 1996. Female reproductive energetics. Pages 324-374 in C. Carey, editor. Avian energetics and nutritional ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
25. Carpenter, F. L., and M. A. Hixon. 1988. A new function for torpor: fat conservation in a wild migrant hummingbird. Condor 90:373-378.
26. Chaplin, S. B. 1976. The physiology of hypothermia in the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 112:335-344.
27. Chaplin, S. B. 1982. The energetic significance of huddling behavior in common Bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus). Auk 99:424-430.
28. Cheke, R. A. 1971. Temperature rhythms in some African montane sunbirds. Ibis 113:500-506.
29. Cooper, S. J., and D. L. Swanson. 1994. Seasonal acclimatization of thermoregulation in the Black-capped Chickadee. Condor 96:638-646.
30. Dawson, A., and P. D. Howe. 1983. Plasma corticosterone in wild Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) immediately following capture and in relation to body weight during the annual cycle. General and Comparative Endocrinology 51:303-308.
31. Dawson, W. R. 1974. Appendix: Conversion factors for units used in symposium. Page 334 in R. A. Paynter, Jr., editor. Avian energetics. Publication of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Number 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
32. Dawson, W. R., and J. W. Hudson. 1970. Birds. Pages 223-310 in G. C. Whittow, editor. Comparative physiology of thermoregulation. Volume 1. Academic Press, London, UK.
33. Dawson, W. R., and T. P. O'Connor. 1996. Energetic features of avian thermoregulatory responses. Pages 85-124 in C. Carey, editor. Avian energetics and nutritional ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
34. Dawson, W. R., and K. Schmidt-Nielsen. 1964. Terrestrial animals in dry heat: desert birds. Pages 481-492 in D. B. Dill, editor. Handbook of physiology. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C., USA.
35. Dmi'el, R., and D. Tel-Tzur. 1985. Heat balance of two starling species (Sturnus vulgaris and Onychognathus tristrami) from temperate and desert habitats. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 155:395-402.
36. du Plessis, M. A., and J. B. Williams. 1994. Communal cavity roosting in Green Woodhoopoes: consequences for energy expenditure and the seasonal pattern of mortality. Auk 111: 292-299.
37. Emlen, S. T. 1990. White-fronted Bee-eaters: helping in a colonially nesting species. Pages 489-526 in P. B. Stacy and W. B. Koenig, editors. Cooperative breeding in birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
38. Feduccia, A. 1980. The age of birds. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
39. Feduccia, A. 1996. The origin and evolution of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
40. Fry, C. H., K. Fry, and A. Harris. 1992. Kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
41. Gelineo, S. 1969. Heat production in birds in summer and winter. Srpska Adademija Nauka, Belgrade. Bulletin T. XLVI de l'Academie Serbe des Sciences Mathematiques et Naturelles 12:99-105.
42. Gill, F. B. 1973. Intra-island variation in the Mascarene White-eye Zosterops borbonica. Ornithological Monographs Number 12. American Ornithologists' Union, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
43. Griswold, O. 1959. Blithe, beautiful, tiny, and the first Tody to be exhibited alive! Animal Kingdom 62:98-105.
44. Haftorn, S. 1972. Hypothermia of tits in the Arctic winter. Ornis Scandinavica 3:153-166.
45. Hails, C. J. 1983. The metabolic rate of tropical birds. Condor 85:61-65.
46. Hainsworth, F. R., B. G. Collins, and L. L. Wolf. 1977. The function of torpor in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 50:215-222.
47. Hainsworth, F. R., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis. Science 168:368-369.
48. Hiebert, S. 1990. Energy costs and temporal organization of torpor in the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorous rufus). Physiological Zoology 63:1082-1097.
49. Hiebert, S. 1993. Seasonal changes in body mass and use of torpor in a migratory hummingbird. Auk 110:787-797.
50. Hill, R. W. 1972. Determination of oxygen consumption by use of the paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. Journal of Applied Physiology 33:261-263.
51. Howard, R., and A. Moore. 1991. A complete check-list of the birds of the world. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
52. Hudson, J. W., and S. L. Kimzey. 1966. Temperature regulation and metabolic rhythms in populations of the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 17:203-217.
53. James, F. C. 1970. Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate. Ecology 51:365-390.
54. Johnson, D. H., G. L. Krapu, K. J. Reinecke, and D. G. Jorde. 1985. An evaluation of condition indices for birds. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:569-575.
55. Kendeigh, S. C. 1961. Energy of birds conserved by roosting in cavities. Wilson Bulletin 73:140-147.
56. Kendeigh, S. C., and C. R. Blem. 1974. Metabolic adaptation to local climate in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 48A:175-187.
57. Kendeigh, S. C., V. R. Dol'nik, and V. M. Gavrilov. 1977. Avian energetics. Pages 127-204 in J. Pinowski and S. C. Kendeigh, editors. Granivorous birds in ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
58. Kepler, A. K. 1972. A comparative study of Todies (Aves, Todidae), with emphasis on the Puerto Rican Tody, Todus mexicanus. Dissertation. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
59. Kepler, A. K. 1977. Comparative study of Todies (Todidae), with emphasis on the Puerto Rican Tody Todus mexicanus. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Number 16, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
60. King, J. R. 1972. Adaptive periodic fat storage by birds. Pages 201-217 in K. H. Voous, editor. Proceedings of the XVth International Ornithological Congress. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.
61. King, J. R. 1973. Energetics of reproduction in birds. Pages 78-107 in D. S. Farner, editor. Breeding biology of birds. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
62. Kissner, K. J., and R. M. Brigham. 1993. Evidence for the use of torpor by incubating and brooding Common Poor-wills (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii). Omis Scandinavica 24: 333-334.
63. Krüger, K., R. Prinzinger, and K.-L. Schuchmann. 1982. Torpor and metabolism in hummingbirds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 73A:679-689.
64. Lasiewski, R. C. 1963. Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active and flying hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 36:122-140.
65. Lasiewski, R. C., W. R. Dawson, and G. A. Bartholomew. 1970. Temperature regulation in the Little Papuan Frogmouth, Podargus ocellatus. Condor 72:332-338.
66. Lasiewski, R. C., S. H. Hubbard, and W. R. Moberly. 1964. Energetic relationships of a very small passerine bird. Condor 66:212-220.
67. Lasiewski, R. C., and R. J. Lasiewski. 1967. Physiological responses of the Blue-throated and Rivoli's Hummingbirds. Auk 84:34-48.
68. Lasiewski, R. C., W. W. Weathers, and M. H. Bernstein. 1967. Physiological responses of the Giant Hummingbird, Patagona gigas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 23:797-813.
69. Ligon, J. D. 1970. Still more responses of the poor-will to low temperatures. Condor 72:496-497.
70. Ligon, J. D. 1993. The role of phylogenetic history in the evolution of contemporary avian mating and parental care systems. Current Ornithology 10:1-46.
71. Ligon, J. D., C. Carey, and S. H. Ligon. 1988. Cavity roosting, philopatry, and cooperative breeding in the Green Woodhoopoe may reflect a physiological trait. Auk 105:123-127.
72. Lustick, S. 1970. Energy requirements of molt in cowbirds. Auk 8:742-746.
73. Lustick, S., and J. Adams. 1977. Seasonal variation in the effects of wetting on the energetics and survival of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 56:173-177.
74. Mourer-Chauviré, C. 1986. Les Caprimulgiformes et les Coraciiformes de l'Éocène et de L'Oligocène des phosphorites du Quercy et description de deux genres nouveaux de Podargidae et Nyctibiidae. Pages 2047-2055 in H. Ouellet, editor. Acta XIX International Ornithological Congress, Volume II. University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Canada.
75. Odum, H. T., G. Drewry, and J. R. Kline. 1970. Climate at El Verde 1963-1966. Pages B347-B417 in H. T. Odum and R. F. Pigeon, editors. A tropical rainforest: a study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Division of Technical Information, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
76. Olson, S. L. 1976. Oligocene fossils bearing on the origin of the Todidae and Momotidae (Aves: Coraciiformes). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 27:111-119.
77. Oniki, Y. 1975. Temperatures of some Puerto Rican birds, with note of low temperatures in Todies. Condor 77:344.
78. Paladino, F. V. 1986. Transient nocturnal hypothermia in White-crowned Sparrows. Ornis Scandinavica 17:78-80.
79. Payne, R. B. 1972. Mechanisms and control of molt. Pages 103-155 in D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parkes, editors. Avian Biology, Volume II. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
80. Peters, J. L. 1945. Check-list of the birds of the world. Volume V. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
81. Pinowski, J., and S. C. Kendeigh, editors. 1977. Granivorous birds in ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
82. Pohl, H., and G. C. West. 1973. Daily and seasonal variation in metabolic response to cold during rest and forced exercise in the Common Redpoll. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 45A:851-867.
83. Prinzinger, R., R. Göppel, A. Lorenz, and E. Kulzer. 1980. Body temperature and metabolism in the Red-backed Mousebird (Colius castanotus) during fasting and torpor. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 69A:689-692.
84. Prinzinger, R., I. Lübben, and K.-L. Schuchmann. 1989. Energy metabolism and body temperature in 13 sunbird species (Nectariniidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 92A:393-402.
85. Prinzinger, R., A. Pressmar, and E. Schleucher. 1991. Body temperature in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 99A:499-506.
86. Recher, H. F. 1970. Population density and seasonal changes of the avifauna in a tropical forest before and after gamma irradiation. Pages E69-E93 in H. T. Odum and R. F. Pigeon, editors. A tropical rainforest: a study of irradiation and ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Division of Technical Information, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
87. Reinertsen, R. E. 1983. Nocturnal hypothermia and its energetic significance for small birds living in the arctic and subarctic regions. A review. Polar Research 1:269-284.
88. Reinertsen, R. E. 1986. Hypothermia in northern passerine birds. Pages 419-426 in H. C. Heller, X. J. Musacchia, and L. C. H. Wang, editors. Living in the cold: physiological and biochemical adaptations. Elsevier, New York, New York, USA.
89. Reinertsen, R. E. 1988. Behavioral thermoregulation in the cold: the energetic significance of microclimate selection. Pages 2681-2689 in H. Ouellet, editor. Acta XIX International Ornithological Congress. University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Canada.
90. Reinertsen, R. E. 1996. Physiological and ecological aspects of hypothermia. Pages 125-157 in C. Carey, editor. Avian energetics and nutritional ecology. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
91. Ricklefs, R. E. 1974. Energetics of reproduction in birds. Pages 152-297 in R. A. Paynter, Jr., editor. Avian energetics. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Number 15, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
92. Root, T. 1988. Energy constraints on avian distributions and abundances. Ecology 69:330-339.
93. Ruby, N. F., R. J. Nelson, P. Licht, and I. Zucker. 1993. Prolactin and testosterone inhibit torpor in Siberian hamsters. American Journal of Physiology 264:R123-R128.
94. Sable Systems. 1994. DATACAN V field data acquisition and analysis software, Version 5.2. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
95. Scholander, P. F., R. Hock, V. Walters, and L. Irving. 1950a. Adaptation to cold in arctic and tropical mammals and birds in relation to body temperature, insulation, and basal metabolic rate. Biological Bulletin 99:259-271.
96. Scholander, P. F., R. Hock, V. Walters, F. Johnson, and L. Irving. 1950b. Heat regulation in some arctic and tropical mammals and birds. Biological Bulletin 99:237-257.
97. Schuchmann, K.-L., and D. Schmidt-Marloh. 1979. Temperature regulation in non-torpid hummingbirds. Ibis 121: 354-356.
98. Serventy, D. L. 1970. Torpidity in the White-backed Swallow. Emu 70:27-28.
99. Siegel, H. S. 1980. Physiological stress in birds. BioScience 30:529-534.
100. Skutch, A. F. 1961. The nest as a dormitory. Ibis 103a:50-70.
101. Skutch, A. F. 1989. Birds asleep. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA.
102. Southwick, E. E. 1980. Seasonal thermoregulatory adjustments in White-crowned Sparrows. Auk 97:76-85.
103. Swanson, D. K. 1991. Seasonal adjustments in metabolism and insulation in the Dark-eyed Junco. Condor 93:538-545.
104. Terborgh, J., and J. Faaborg. 1973. Turnover and ecological release in the avifauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Auk 90:759-779.
105. Trost, C. H. 1972. Adaptations of Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) to hot environments. Auk 89:506-527.
106. Udvardy, M. D. F. 1955. Body temperature of parids in the arctic winter. Ornis Fennica 32:101-107.
107. Veghte, J. H., and C. F. Herreid. 1965. Radiometric determination of feather insulation and metabolism of arctic birds. Physiological Zoology 38:267-275.
108. Vleck, C. M., and D. Vleck. 1979. Metabolic rate in five tropical bird species. Condor 81:89-91.
109. Walsberg, G. E. 1985. Physiological consequences of microhabital selection. Pages 389-413 in M. L. Cody, editor. Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
110. Walsberg, G. E. 1986. Thermal consequences of roost site selection: the relative importance of three modes of heat conservation. Auk 103:1-7.
111. Warren, J. W. 1960. Temperature fluctuations in the Smooth-billed Ani. Condor 62:293-294.
112. Weathers, W. W. 1979. Climatic adaptation in avian standard metabolic rate. Oecologia 42:81-89.
113. Weathers, W. W. 1981. Physiological thermoregulation in heat-stressed birds: consequences of body size. Physiological Zoology 54:345-361.
114. Weathers, W. W., and D. F. Caccamise. 1978. Seasonal acclimatization to temperature in Monk Parakeets. Oecologia 35:173-183.
115. Wetmore, A. 1916. Birds of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 326:1-140.
116. Whittow, G. C. 1986. Regulation of body temperature. Pages 221-252 in P. D. Sturkie, editor. Avian physiology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
117. Williams, J. B., M. A. du Plessis, and W. R. Siegfried. 1991. Green Woodhoopoes (Phoeniculus purpureus) and obligate cavity roosting provide a test of the thermoregulatory insufficiency hypothesis. Auk 108:285-293.
118. Wingfield, J. C., and D. S. Farner. 1993. Endocrinology of reproduction in wild species. Pages 163-327 in D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parkes, editors. Avian Biology, Volume IX. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
119. Witt, H.-H., K.-L. Schuchmann, and R. Sutton. 1981. Zur biologie des jamaikanischen Grüntodi Todus todus. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 32:103-110.
120. Wolf, L. L., and F. R. Hainsworth. 1972. Environmental influence on regulated body temperature in torpid hummingbirds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 41A: 167-173.
121. Yarbrough, C. G. 1971. The influence of distribution and ecology on the thermoregulation of small birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 39A:235-266.
122. Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
123. Zwartjes, P. W. 1999. Genetic variability in the endemic vireos of Puerto Rico and Jamaica contrasted with the continental White-eyed Vireo. Auk 116:964-975.