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Heath M.C. Evolution of plant resistance and susceptibility to fungal parasites. Carroll G.C., Tudzynski P. The Mycota V, Part B, Plant Relationships. 1997;257-276 Springer, Berlin.
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Deficiency in phytoalexin production causes enhanced susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola
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The authors report that a phytoalexin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis was more susceptible to one necrotrophic fungal pathogen than another. The work provides rare proof that a nonspecific defense mechanism can act as a resistance mechanism in vivo, and that it acts differentially on different pathogens.
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Thomma B.P.H.J., Nelissen I., Eggermont K., Broekaert W.F. Deficiency in phytoalexin production causes enhanced susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Plant J. 19:1999;163-171. The authors report that a phytoalexin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis was more susceptible to one necrotrophic fungal pathogen than another. The work provides rare proof that a nonspecific defense mechanism can act as a resistance mechanism in vivo, and that it acts differentially on different pathogens.
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authors show that modifying different amino acids of the cysteine protease inhibitor independently abolished or enhanced the anti-fungal or protease inhibitory activity of the protein. This observation supports the concept that single nonspecific plant defenses may have a multiplicity of defensive functions and be subject to multiple selective pressures
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Joshi B.N., Sainani M.N., Bastawade B., Deshpande V.V., Gupta V.S., Ranjekar P.K. Pearl millet cysteine protease inhibitor. Evidence for the presence of two distinct sites responsible for anti-fungal and anti-feedent activities. Eur J Biochem. 265:1999;556-563. authors show that modifying different amino acids of the cysteine protease inhibitor independently abolished or enhanced the anti-fungal or protease inhibitory activity of the protein. This observation supports the concept that single nonspecific plant defenses may have a multiplicity of defensive functions and be subject to multiple selective pressures.
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Joshi, B.N.1
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Filippone M.P., Ricci J.D., de Marchese A.M., Farías R.N., Castagnaro A. Isolation and purification of a 316 Da preformed compound from strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) leaves active against plant pathogens. FEBS Lett. 459:1999;115-118.
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Potin P., Bouarab K., Küpper F., Kloareg B. Oligosaccharide recognition signals and defence reactions in marine plant-microbe interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2:1999;276-283.
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Characterization of the cryptogein binding sites on plant plasma membranes
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Biochemical characterization, radiation inactivation experiments, and covalent binding of elicitin to binding sites on plasma membranes were used to identify a glycoprotein-binding site on the plasma membranes of tobacco plants that were sensitive to the elicitor. They were also used to demonstrate elicitor-binding sites on the plasma membranes of Acerand Arabidopsis cells that were insensitive to the elicitor. These results suggest that binding sites for elicitors may be conserved among different plant species, irrespective of whether the plant cell shows a typical defense response
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Bourque S., Binet M-N., Ponshet M., Pugin A., Lebrun-Garcia A. Characterization of the cryptogein binding sites on plant plasma membranes. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;34699-34705. Biochemical characterization, radiation inactivation experiments, and covalent binding of elicitin to binding sites on plasma membranes were used to identify a glycoprotein-binding site on the plasma membranes of tobacco plants that were sensitive to the elicitor. They were also used to demonstrate elicitor-binding sites on the plasma membranes of Acerand Arabidopsis cells that were insensitive to the elicitor. These results suggest that binding sites for elicitors may be conserved among different plant species, irrespective of whether the plant cell shows a typical defense response.
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J Biol Chem
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Bourque, S.1
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11
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This paper reports that an elicitor from yeast and several commercial cellulolytic enzymes contain components that cause transmembrane ion fluxes in artificial lipid bilayers. The authors raise the possibility that some nonspecific elicitors may not require a receptor-based mechanism for their activity
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Klüsener B., Weiler E.W. Pore-forming properties of elicitors of plant defense reactions and cellulolytic enzymes. FEBS Lett. 459:1999;263-266. This paper reports that an elicitor from yeast and several commercial cellulolytic enzymes contain components that cause transmembrane ion fluxes in artificial lipid bilayers. The authors raise the possibility that some nonspecific elicitors may not require a receptor-based mechanism for their activity.
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Klüsener, B.1
Weiler, E.W.2
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Desikan R., Clarke A., Atherfold P., Hancock J.T., Neill S.J. Harpin induced mitogen activated protein kinase activity during defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultures. Planta. 210:1999;97-103.
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0033200227
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Early nuclear events in plant defence signalling: Rapid gene activation by WRKY transcription factors
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Using in situ RNA hybridizations and transient expression studies, the parsley transcriptional activator WRKY1 was shown to mediate fungal elicitor-induced gene expression by binding to W-box elements, as well as binding to a specific arrangement of W-box elements in the WRKY1 promotor itself. This is the first in vivo functional characterization of the regulation of part of a nonspecific elicitor-induced gene activation cascade.
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Eulgem T., Rushton P.J., Schmelzer E., Hahlbrock K., Somssich I.E. Early nuclear events in plant defence signalling: rapid gene activation by WRKY transcription factors. EMBO J. 18:1999;4689-4699. Using in situ RNA hybridizations and transient expression studies, the parsley transcriptional activator WRKY1 was shown to mediate fungal elicitor-induced gene expression by binding to W-box elements, as well as binding to a specific arrangement of W-box elements in the WRKY1 promotor itself. This is the first in vivo functional characterization of the regulation of part of a nonspecific elicitor-induced gene activation cascade.
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Eulgem, T.1
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15
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0033136465
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Plants have a sensitive perception system for the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin
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Synthetic peptides comprising 15-22 amino acids of the most highly conserved domain within the amino terminus of eubacterial flagellin were shown to act as elicitors of defense responses in the cells of several plant species when present in nanomolar concentrations. This is the first report of a general bacterial component acting as a nonspecific elicitor of defense responses in plants
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Felix G., Duran J.D., Volko S., Boller T. Plants have a sensitive perception system for the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin. Plant J. 18:1999;265-276. Synthetic peptides comprising 15-22 amino acids of the most highly conserved domain within the amino terminus of eubacterial flagellin were shown to act as elicitors of defense responses in the cells of several plant species when present in nanomolar concentrations. This is the first report of a general bacterial component acting as a nonspecific elicitor of defense responses in plants.
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Plant J
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Felix, G.1
Duran, J.D.2
Volko, S.3
Boller, T.4
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16
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0040293366
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A single locus determines the sensitivity to bacterial flagellin in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Crosses between Arabidopsis ecotypes that are, or are not, sensitive to peptides corresponding to a conserved domain of eubacterial flagellin revealed that a dominant locus is responsible for sensitivity to this peptide. This locus maps to a chromosome region that contains a cluster of R genes, raising the possibility that nonspecific elicitors can be perceived by a recognition process similar to that involved in host resistance
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Gómez-Gómez L., Felix G., Boller T. A single locus determines the sensitivity to bacterial flagellin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 18:1999;277-284. Crosses between Arabidopsis ecotypes that are, or are not, sensitive to peptides corresponding to a conserved domain of eubacterial flagellin revealed that a dominant locus is responsible for sensitivity to this peptide. This locus maps to a chromosome region that contains a cluster of R genes, raising the possibility that nonspecific elicitors can be perceived by a recognition process similar to that involved in host resistance.
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Plant J
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Gómez-Gómez, L.1
Felix, G.2
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0032719162
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Why do pathogens carry avirulence genes?
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This paper reviews evidence that supports the hypothesis that because of horizontal gene transfer, bacterial avr genes may be maladapted pathogenicity genes in situations (host or nonhost) in which their function is gratuitous or detrimental
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Gabriel D.W. Why do pathogens carry avirulence genes? Physiol Mol Plant Pathol. 55:1999;205-214. This paper reviews evidence that supports the hypothesis that because of horizontal gene transfer, bacterial avr genes may be maladapted pathogenicity genes in situations (host or nonhost) in which their function is gratuitous or detrimental.
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Physiol Mol Plant Pathol
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Gabriel, D.W.1
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Bolwell G.P. Role of active oxygen species and NO in plant defence responses. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2:1999;287-294.
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Heath M.C. Apoptosis, programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response. Eur J Plant Pathol. 104:1998;117-124.
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Heath, M.C.1
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Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced capability to detoxify reactive oxygen intermediates are hyperresponsive to pathogen infection
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Ion leakage was examined in plants treated with high oxygen pressure and in transgenic tobacco plants expressing antisense RNA for ascorbate peroxidase or catalase; plants were inoculated with a bacterial pathogen of beans. This is one of the few in planta demonstrations of a role for ROS in the expression of a nonhost hypersensitive response
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Mittler R., Herr E.H., Orvar B.L., van Camp W., Willekens H., Inzé D., Ellis B.E. Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced capability to detoxify reactive oxygen intermediates are hyperresponsive to pathogen infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;14165-14170. Ion leakage was examined in plants treated with high oxygen pressure and in transgenic tobacco plants expressing antisense RNA for ascorbate peroxidase or catalase; plants were inoculated with a bacterial pathogen of beans. This is one of the few in planta demonstrations of a role for ROS in the expression of a nonhost hypersensitive response.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Mittler, R.1
Herr, E.H.2
Orvar, B.L.3
Van Camp, W.4
Willekens, H.5
Inzé, D.6
Ellis, B.E.7
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0032534468
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Activation of cysteine proteases in cowpea plants during the hypersensitive response - A form of programmed cell death
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D' Silva I., Poirier G.G., Heath M.C. Activation of cysteine proteases in cowpea plants during the hypersensitive response - a form of programmed cell death. Exp Cell Res. 245:1998;389-399.
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Poirier, G.G.2
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L and Ced-9 inhibit cell death in tobacco plants
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The authors report that the expression of a mammalian or a nematode suppressor of programmed cell death in tobacco plants results in reduced cell death in response to UV-B irradiation, paraquat treatment, or virus infection. This is one of a number of reports published in 1999 suggesting that components of the programmed cell death in animals may function in plant cells. These reports also suggest that the hypersensitive response seen in examples of both host and nonhost resistance to microbial pathogens may be regulated in a similar manner to death caused by abiotic stresses
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L and Ced-9 inhibit cell death in tobacco plants. Curr Biol. 9:1999;775-778. The authors report that the expression of a mammalian or a nematode suppressor of programmed cell death in tobacco plants results in reduced cell death in response to UV-B irradiation, paraquat treatment, or virus infection. This is one of a number of reports published in 1999 suggesting that components of the programmed cell death in animals may function in plant cells. These reports also suggest that the hypersensitive response seen in examples of both host and nonhost resistance to microbial pathogens may be regulated in a similar manner to death caused by abiotic stresses.
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Bax-induced cell death in tobacco is similar to the hypersensitive response
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It is shown that the expression of a death-promoting mammalian gene triggers cell death and the accumulation of the defense-associated protein PR1 when expressed in tobacco from a virus vector. The hypothesis that the gene activates an endogenous cell-death program is supported by the fact that this death is blocked by a protein phosphatase inhibitor, as is virus-induced hypersensitive cell death
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Lacomme C., Santa Cruz S. Bax-induced cell death in tobacco is similar to the hypersensitive response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;7956-7961. It is shown that the expression of a death-promoting mammalian gene triggers cell death and the accumulation of the defense-associated protein PR1 when expressed in tobacco from a virus vector. The hypothesis that the gene activates an endogenous cell-death program is supported by the fact that this death is blocked by a protein phosphatase inhibitor, as is virus-induced hypersensitive cell death.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Lacomme, C.1
Santa Cruz, S.2
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