Silica, silicosis, and lung cancer: A response to a recent working group report

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 42, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 704-720

  Hessel, Patrick A ^a   Gamble, John F ^b   Gee, J Bernard L ^c   Gibbs, Graham ^d   Green, Francis H Y ^e   Morgan, W Keith C ^f   Mossman, Brooke T ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b EXXONMOBIL UPSTREAM RESEARCH COMPANY   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corp   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^f LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SILICON DIOXIDE;

ARTICLE; CARCINOGENICITY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MINING; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; RISK FACTOR; SILICOSIS;

EID: 0033929699     PISSN: 10762752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200007000-00005     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Klein C. Rocks, minerals and a dusty world. In: Guthrie GD, Mossman BT, eds. Reviews in Mineralogy. vol 28. Health Effects of Mineral Dusts. Chelsea: Book Crafters; 1993.
2. Heaney PJ, Banfield JA. Structure and chemistry of silica, metal oxides, and phosphates. In: Guthrie GD, Mossman BT, eds. Reviews in Mineralogy. vol 28. Health Effects of Mineral Dusts. Chelsea: Book Crafters; 1993.
3. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol 68. Lyon: IARC; 1997.
4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance Report 1992. Cincinnati: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1992. NIOSH Publication No. 91-1135.
5. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Work-Related Lung Disease Surveillance Report 1994. Cincinnati: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1994. NIOSH Publication No. 94-120.
6. Seaton A. Silicosis. In. Morgan WKC, Seaton A, eds. Occupational Lung Diseases. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995.
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Silica and some silicates. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. vol 42. Lyon: IARC; 1987.
8. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vols 1-42, suppl 7. Lyon: IARC; 1987.
9. McDonald C, Cherry N. Crystalline silica and lung cancer: the problem of conflicting evidence. Indoor Built Environ. 1999; 8:121-126.
10. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:295-300.
11. Hessel PA, Sluis-Cremer GK, Hnizdo E. Case-control study of silicosis, silica exposure, and lung cancer in white South African gold miners. Am J Ind Med. 1986;10:57-62.
12. Hessel PA, Sluis-Cremer GK, Hnizdo E. Silica exposure, silicosis, and lung cancer: a necropsy study. Br J Ind Med. 1990;47:4-9.
13. Hnizdo E, Sluis-Cremer GK. Silica exposure, silicosis, and lung cancer: a mortality study of South African gold miners. Br J Ind Med. 1991;48:53-60.
14. Reid PJ, Sluis-Cremer GK. Mortality of white South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med. 1996;53:11-16.
15. Hnizdo E, Murray J, Klempman S. Lung cancer in relation to exposure to silica dust, silicosis and uranium production in South African gold miners. Thorax. 1997;52:271-275.
16. McLaughlin JK, Jing-Qiong C, Dosemeci M, et al. A nested case-control study of lung cancer among silica exposed workers in China. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49:167-171.
17. Cherry NM, Burgess GL, Turner S, McDonald JC. Crystalline silica and risk of lung cancer in the potteries. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55:779-785.
18. Anjekovich DA, Shy CM, Brown MH, Janszen DB, Levine RJ, Richardson RB. Mortality of iron foundry workers III. Lung cancer case-control study. J Occup Med. 1994;36:1301-1309.
19. Amandus HE, Castellan RM, Shy C, Heineman EF, Blair A. Reevaluation of silicosis and lung cancer in North Carolina dusty trades workers. Am J Ind Med. 1992;22:147-153.
20. Partanen T, Pukkala E, Vainio H, Kurppa K, Koskinen H. Increased incidence of lung and skin cancer in Finnish silicotic patients. J Occup Med. 1994;36:616-622.
21. Case BW, Dufresne A, Richardson L, et al. Lung-retained dose following occupational exposure to silica. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1995;10:1031-1036.
22. Guenel P, Hojberg G, Lynge E. Cancer incidence among Danish stone workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1989;15: 265-270.
23. Gillam J, Dement J, Lemen R, Wagoner J, Archer V, Blejer H. Mortality patterns among hard rock gold miners exposed to an asbestiform mineral. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1976;271:336-344.
24. McDonald JC, Gibbs GW, Liddell FDK, McDonald AD. Mortality after long exposure to cummingtonite-grunerite. Am Rev Kespir Dis. 1978;118:271-277.
25. Brown DP, Kaplan SD, Zumwalde RD, Kaplowitz M, Archer VE. Retrospective cohort mortality study of underground gold mine workers. In: Goldsmith DF, Winn DM, Shy CM, eds. Silica, Silicosis and Cancer. New York: Praeger; 1986: 335-350.
26. Dong P, Xu G, Sun Y, Hua P. Lung cancer among workers exposed to silica dust in Chinese refractory plants. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1995;21(suppl 2): 69-72.
27. Merlo F, Costantini M, Reggiardo G, Ceppi M, Puntoni R. Lung cancer risk among refractory brick workers exposed to crystalline silica: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiology. 1991;2:299-305.
28. Costello J, Graham WGB. Vermont granite workers mortality study. Am J Ind Med. 1988;13:483-497.
29. Costello J, Castellan RM, Swecker GS, Kullman GJ. Mortality of a cohort of US workers employed in the crushed stone industry, 1940-1980. Am J Ind Med. 1995;27:625-640.
30. Cherry N, Burgess G, McNamee R, Turner S, McDonald C. Initial finding from a cohort mortality study of British pottery workers. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 1995;10:1042-1045.
31. Beadle DG, Harris E, Sluis-Cremer GK. The relationship between the amount of dust breathed and the incidence of silicosis. In: Shapiro HA, ed. Pneumoconiosis. Proceedings of the International Conference, Johannesburg, 1969. London: Oxford University Press: 1970:473-477.
32. Steenland K, Brown D. Mortality study of gold miners exposed to silica and nonasbestiform amphibole minerals: an update with 14 more years of follow-up. Am J Ind Med. 1995;27:217-229.
33. de Klerk NH. Musk AW. Silica, compensated silicosis, and lung cancer in Western Australian goldminers. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55:243-248.
34. Boffetta P, Sali D, Kolstad H, et al. Mortality of short-term workers in two international cohorts. J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40:1120-1126.
35. Guberon E, Usel M. Unusual mortality pattern among short term workers in the perfumery industry in Geneva. Br J Ind Med. 1987;44:595-601.
36. Lamm SH, Levine MS, Starr JA, et al. Analysis of excess lung cancer risk in short-term employees. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127:1202-1209.
37. Cherry N. Burgess N, Turner S, McDonald JC. Cohort mortality study on Staffordshire pottery workers: II. nested case referent analysis on lung cancer. In: Cherry NM, Ogden TL, eds. Inhaled Particle VIII, Occupational and Environmental Implications for Human Health. Cambridge: Elsevier Science; 1997:26-30.
38. Checkoway H, Heyer NJ, Demers PA, Breslow NE. A Cohort Mortality Study of Workers in the Diatomaceous Earth Industry. A Final Report Submitted to the International Diatomite Producers Association. Seattle: University of Washington; 1992.
39. Checkoway H, Heyer NJ, Demers PA, Breslow NE. Mortality among workers in the diatomaceous earth industry. Br J Ind Med. 1993;50:586-597.
40. Checkoway H, Heyer NJ, Demers PA, Gibbs GW. Reanalysis of mortality from lung cancer among diatomaceous earth industry workers, with consideration of potential confounding by asbestos exposure. Occup Environ Med. 1996;53:645-647.
41. Checkoway H, Heyer NJ, Seixas NS, et al. Silica, Silicosis and Lung Cancer in Diatomite Workers. Final Report to NIOSH. Seattle: University of Washington; 1996.
42. Checkoway H, Heyer NJ, Seixas NS, et al. Dose-response associations of silica with non-malignant respiratory disease and lung cancer in the diatomaceous earth industry. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 145:680-688.
43. Axelson O. Aspects of confounding in occupational health epidemiology. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1978;4:85-88.
44. Gibbs GW, Christensen DR. The Asbestos Exposure of Workers in the Manville Diatomaceous Earth Plant. Final Report to the International Diatomite Producers Association. Lompoc: IDPA; 1994.
45. Dement JM, Brown DP, Okun A. Follow-up of chrysotile asbestos textile workers: cohort mortality and case-control analyses. Am J Ind Med. 1994;26: 431-447.
46. Gibbs GW. Re dose-response associations of silica with non-malignant respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in the diatomaceous earth industry [Letter]. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:307.
47. Mirliss M. Re dose-response associations of silica with nonmalignant respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in the diatomaceous earth industry [Letter]. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148: 307-308.
48. Anjekovich DA, Mathew RM, Richardson RB, Levine RJ. Mortality of iron foundry workers: I. Overall findings. J Occup Med. 1990;32:529-540.
49. Ulm K, Waschulzik B, Ehnes H, et al. Silica dust and lung cancer in the German stone, quarrying, and ceramics industries: results of a case-control study. Thorax. 1999;54:347-351.
50. International Labour Organisation. International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. Geneva: ILO; 1980.
51. Carta P, Cocco PL, Casula D. Mortality from lung cancer among Sardinian patients with silicosis. Br J Ind Med. 1991; 48:122-129.
52. Checkoway H, Hughes JM, Weill H, et al. Crystalline silica exposure, radiological silicosis, and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers. Thorax. 1999;54:56-59.
53. Modus TK, Chen RA, Kinsley KB, et al. A comparison of pneumoconiosis interpretation between Chinese and American readers and classifications. J Tong Med Univ. 1991;11:225-229.
54. Cohen BH, Graves CG, Levy DA, et al. A common familial component in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 1977;ii:523-526.
55. Skillrud DM, Offord KP, Miller D. Higher risk of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, matched, controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:503-507.
56. Tockman MS, Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Donithan MG. Airways obstruction and the risk for lung cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:512-518.
57. Anthonisen NR. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from multicenter clinical trials. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;140:S95-S99.
58. Amandus HE, Shy C, Wing S, Blair A, Heineman EF. Silicosis and lung cancer in North Carolina dusty trades workers. Am J Ind Med. 1991;20:57-70.
59. Kurppa K, Gudbergsson H, Hannunkari I, et al. Lung cancer among silicotics in Finland. In: Goldsmith DF, Winn DM, Shy CM, et al, eds. Silica, Silicosis and Cancer. New York: Praeger: 1986;311-319.
60. Daniel LN, Mao Y, Saffiotti U. Oxidative DNA damage by crystalline silica. Free Rad Biol Med. 1993;14:463-472.
61. Daniel LN, Mao Y, Wang T-CL, et al. DNA strand breakage, thymine glycol production, and hydroxyl radical generation induced by different samples of crystalline silica in vitro. Environ Res. 1995; 71:60-73.
62. Iyer R, Hamilton RF, Li L, Holian A. Silica-induced apoptosis mediated via scavenger receptor in human alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996;141:84-92.
63. Sobti RC, Bhardwaj DK. Cytogenetic damage and occupational exposure. 1. Exposure to stone dust. Environ Res. 1991;56:25-30.
64. Driscoll KE, Carter JM, Howard BW, et al. Pulmonary inflammatory, chemokine, and mutagenic responses in rats after subchronic inhalation of carbon black. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996;136:372-380.
65. Driscoll KE, Deyo LC, Carter JM, Howeard BW, Hassenbein DG, Bertram TA. Effects of particle exposure and particle-elicited inflammatory cells on mutation in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18:423-430.
66. Dagle GE, Wehner AP, Clarke ML, Buschbom RL. Chronic inhalation exposure of rats to quartz. In: Goldsmith DF, Winn DM, Shy CM, eds. Silica, Silicosis and Cancer. New York: Praeger; 1986:255-266.
67. Groth DH, Stettler LE, Burg JR, Busey WM, Grang GC, Wong L. Carcinogenic effects of antimony trioxide and antimony ore concentrate in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1986;18:607-626.
68. Holland LM, Gonzales M, Wilson JS, Tillery MI. Pulmonary effects of shale dust in experimental animals. In: Wagner WL, Rom WN, Merchant JA, eds. Health Issues Related to Metal and Nonmetallic Mining. Boston: Butterworths; 1983: 485-496.
69. Holland LM, Wilson IS, Tillery MI, Smith DM. Lung cancer in rats exposed to fibrogenic dusts. In: Goldsmith DF, Winn DM, Shy CM, eds. Silica, Silicosis and Cancer. New York: Praeger; 1986: 267-270.
70. Muhle H, Takenaka S, Mohr U, Dasenbrock C, Mermelstein R. Lung tumor induction upon long-term low-level inhalation of crystalline silica. Am J Ind Med. 1989;15:343-346.
71. Saffiotti U, Williams AO, Lambert ND, Kaighn ME, Mao Y, Shi X. Carcinogenesis by crystalline silica: animal, cellular and molecular studies. In: Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Wallace WE, eds. Silica and Silica-Induced Lung Diseases. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1996;345-381.
72. Spiethoff A, Wesch H, Wegener K, Klimisch H-J. The effects of Thorotrast and quartz on the induction of lung tumors in rats. Health Phys. 1992;63:101-110.
73. McNeill DA, Chrisp CE, Fisher GL. Pulmonary adenomas in A/J mice treated with silica. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1990;13: 87-92.
74. Pratt PC. Lung dust content and response in guinea pigs inhaling three forms of silica. Arch Environ Health. 1983;38: 197-204.
75. Saffiotti U. Lung cancer induction by silica in rats, but not in mice and hamsters: species differences in epithelial and granulomatous reactions. In: Seemayer NH, Hadnagy W, eds. Environmental Hygiene II. New York: Springer Verlag; 1990;235-238.
76. Saffiotti U. Lung cancer induction by crystalline silica. In: D'Amato R, Slaga TJ, Farland WH, Henry C, eds. Relewince of Animal Studies to the Evaluation of Human Cancer Risk. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1992:51-69.
77. Wagner MMF, Wagner JC, Davies R, Griffiths DM. Silica-induced malignant histiocytic lymphoma: incidence linked with strain of rat and type of silica. Br J Cancer. 1980;41:908-917.
78. Bryson G, Bischoff F, Stauffer RD. A comparison of chrysotile and tridymite at the intrathoracic site in male Marsh mice [Abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1974;15:6.
79. Mauderly JL. Relevance of particle-induced rat lung tumors for assessing lung carcinogenic hazard and human lung cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(suppl 5):1337-1346.
80. Kuschner M. The J Bums Amberson Lecture, the causes of lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968;98:573-590.
81. Schultz M. Comparative pathology of dust-induced pulmonary lesions: significance of animal studies to humans. J Inhalation Toxicol. 1996;8:433-456.
82. Mauderly JL, Cheng YS, Snipes MB. Particle overload in toxicological studies: friend or foe? J Aerosol Med. 1990;3: S169-S187.
83. Morrow PE. Dust overloading of the lungs: update and appraisal. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992;113:1-12.
84. US Surgeon General. Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer and Chronic Disease in the Workplace. Washington: US Department of Health and Human Services (Public Health Service); 1985: 101-135.