메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 87-96

Infections in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: What are they and how do we know?

Author keywords

BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage); Bronchoscopy; Protected brush; Sputum; Transtracheal aspirate

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL INFECTION; BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SPUTUM ANALYSIS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 0033927055     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-9844     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (6)

References (101)
  • 1
    • 0016592362 scopus 로고
    • Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of sputum
    • Murray PR, Washington JA. Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of sputum. Mayo Clin Proc 1975;50:339-344
    • (1975) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.50 , pp. 339-344
    • Murray, P.R.1    Washington, J.A.2
  • 2
    • 0028266805 scopus 로고
    • Detection of antibody-coated bacteria in expectorated sputum for diagnosis of lower respiratory infections
    • Matsumoto T, Kaku M, Tateda K, Furuya N, Hirakata Y, Yamaguchi K. Detection of antibody-coated bacteria in expectorated sputum for diagnosis of lower respiratory infections. Microbiol Immunol 1994;38:287-293
    • (1994) Microbiol Immunol , vol.38 , pp. 287-293
    • Matsumoto, T.1    Kaku, M.2    Tateda, K.3    Furuya, N.4    Hirakata, Y.5    Yamaguchi, K.6
  • 3
    • 0026097821 scopus 로고
    • The diagnostic utility of the antibody-coated bacteria test in intubated patients
    • Wunderink RG, Russell GB, Mezger E, Adams D, Popovich J Jr. The diagnostic utility of the antibody-coated bacteria test in intubated patients. Chest 1991;99:84-88
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 84-88
    • Wunderink, R.G.1    Russell, G.B.2    Mezger, E.3    Adams, D.4    Popovich J., Jr.5
  • 4
    • 0034012956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endotracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Cook DJ, Mandell LA. Endotracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2000; 117:195S-197S
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117
    • Cook, D.J.1    Mandell, L.A.2
  • 5
    • 0028929440 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of azithromycin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in acute purulent exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Beghi G, Berni F, Carratu L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of azithromycin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in acute purulent exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J Chemother 1995;7:146-152
    • (1995) J Chemother , vol.7 , pp. 146-152
    • Beghi, G.1    Berni, F.2    Carratu, L.3
  • 7
    • 0028012401 scopus 로고
    • Use of induced sputum specimens for microbiologic diagnosis of infections due to organisms other than Pneumocystis carinii
    • Fishman JA, Roth RS, Zanzot E, Enos EJ, Ferraro MJ. Use of induced sputum specimens for microbiologic diagnosis of infections due to organisms other than Pneumocystis carinii. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:131-134
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 131-134
    • Fishman, J.A.1    Roth, R.S.2    Zanzot, E.3    Enos, E.J.4    Ferraro, M.J.5
  • 8
    • 0022640207 scopus 로고
    • The usefulness of induced sputum in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Bigby TB, Margolskee C, Curtis JL, et al. The usefulness of induced sputum in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:515-518
    • (1986) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.133 , pp. 515-518
    • Bigby, T.B.1    Margolskee, C.2    Curtis, J.L.3
  • 9
    • 0031830036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pattern of micro-organisms and the efficacy of new macrolide in acute lower respiratory tract infections
    • Soepandi P, Mangunnegoro H, Yunus F, Gunawan J. The pattern of micro-organisms and the efficacy of new macrolide in acute lower respiratory tract infections. Respirology 1998;3:113-117
    • (1998) Respirology , vol.3 , pp. 113-117
    • Soepandi, P.1    Mangunnegoro, H.2    Yunus, F.3    Gunawan, J.4
  • 10
    • 0028270329 scopus 로고
    • Effect of sputum induction on arterial oxygen saturation and spirometry in HIV-infected patients
    • Leigh TR, Kirby K, Gazzard BG, Collins JV. Effect of sputum induction on arterial oxygen saturation and spirometry in HIV-infected patients. Eur Respir J 1994;7:453-458
    • (1994) Eur Respir J , vol.7 , pp. 453-458
    • Leigh, T.R.1    Kirby, K.2    Gazzard, B.G.3    Collins, J.V.4
  • 11
    • 0027287651 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of aerosolized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis
    • Ramsey BW, Dorkin HL, Eisenberg JD, et al. Efficacy of aerosolized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1740-1746
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 1740-1746
    • Ramsey, B.W.1    Dorkin, H.L.2    Eisenberg, J.D.3
  • 12
    • 0025230752 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of sputum Pseudomonas aeruginosa density by antibiotics improves lung function in cystic fibrosis more than do bronchodilators and chest physiotherapy alone
    • Regelmann WE, Elliott GR, Warwick WJ, Clawson CC. Reduction of sputum Pseudomonas aeruginosa density by antibiotics improves lung function in cystic fibrosis more than do bronchodilators and chest physiotherapy alone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:914-921
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.141 , pp. 914-921
    • Regelmann, W.E.1    Elliott, G.R.2    Warwick, W.J.3    Clawson, C.C.4
  • 13
    • 0033531143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis
    • Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group
    • Ramsey BW, Pepe MS, Quan JM, et al. Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:23-30
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 23-30
    • Ramsey, B.W.1    Pepe, M.S.2    Quan, J.M.3
  • 14
    • 0014208095 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic usefulness and safety of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies
    • Kalinske R, Parker RH, Brant D, et al. Diagnostic usefulness and safety of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies. N Engl J Med 1967;276:604-608
    • (1967) N Engl J Med , vol.276 , pp. 604-608
    • Kalinske, R.1    Parker, R.H.2    Brant, D.3
  • 15
    • 0015845443 scopus 로고
    • Percutaneous transtracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of anaerobic infection
    • Bartlett JG, Rosenblatt SM, Finegold SM. Percutaneous transtracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of anaerobic infection. Ann Intern Med 1973;79:535-540
    • (1973) Ann Intern Med , vol.79 , pp. 535-540
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Rosenblatt, S.M.2    Finegold, S.M.3
  • 16
    • 0017304812 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriologic diagnosis of acute pneumonia. Comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates
    • Davidson M, Tempest B, Palmer DL. Bacteriologic diagnosis of acute pneumonia. Comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates. JAMA 1976;235: 158-163
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 158-163
    • Davidson, M.1    Tempest, B.2    Palmer, D.L.3
  • 17
    • 0017407890 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies
    • Bartlett JG. Diagnostic accuracy of transtracheal aspiration bacteriologic studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115: 777-782
    • (1977) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.115 , pp. 777-782
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 18
    • 0020035736 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of tracheobronchial colonization in current cigarette smokers with chronic obstructive bronchitis
    • Irwin RS, Erickson AD, Pratter ME, et al. Prediction of tracheobronchial colonization in current cigarette smokers with chronic obstructive bronchitis. J Infect Dis 1982;145:234-241
    • (1982) J Infect Dis , vol.145 , pp. 234-241
    • Irwin, R.S.1    Erickson, A.D.2    Pratter, M.E.3
  • 19
    • 0016708915 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriologic findings in transtracheal aspirates from patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis
    • Bjerkestrand G, Digranes A, Schreiner A. Bacteriologic findings in transtracheal aspirates from patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. Scand J Resp Dis 1975;56: 201-207
    • (1975) Scand J Resp Dis , vol.56 , pp. 201-207
    • Bjerkestrand, G.1    Digranes, A.2    Schreiner, A.3
  • 20
    • 0027880292 scopus 로고
    • Invasive diagnostic approaches to pulmonary infiltrates
    • Ettinger NA. Invasive diagnostic approaches to pulmonary infiltrates. Semin Respir Infect 1993;8:168-176
    • (1993) Semin Respir Infect , vol.8 , pp. 168-176
    • Ettinger, N.A.1
  • 21
    • 0026232766 scopus 로고
    • Usefulness and risks of transtracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections
    • Sanchez-Mejorada G, Calva JJ, Ponce de Leon S, et al. Usefulness and risks of transtracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections. Rev Invest Clin 1991;43: 285-292
    • (1991) Rev Invest Clin , vol.43 , pp. 285-292
    • Sanchez-Mejorada, G.1    Calva, J.J.2    Ponce De Leon, S.3
  • 22
    • 0343888513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonbronchoscopic invasive diagnosis of pneumonia
    • Dorca J. Nonbronchoscopic invasive diagnosis of pneumonia. Clin Pulm Med 1996;3:249-257
    • (1996) Clin Pulm Med , vol.3 , pp. 249-257
    • Dorca, J.1
  • 23
    • 0027421566 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture, or serology
    • Ostergaard L, Andersen PL. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture, or serology. Chest 1993;104:1400-1407
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1400-1407
    • Ostergaard, L.1    Andersen, P.L.2
  • 24
    • 0018571261 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia and meningitis following fiberoptic bronchoscopv
    • Alexander WJ, Baker GL, Hunker FD. Bacteremia and meningitis following fiberoptic bronchoscopv. Arch Intern Med 1979;139:580-583
    • (1979) Arch Intern Med , vol.139 , pp. 580-583
    • Alexander, W.J.1    Baker, G.L.2    Hunker, F.D.3
  • 26
    • 0031911394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of invasive and noninvasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A pilot study
    • Sanchez Nieto JM, Torres A, Garcia Cordoba F, et al. Impact of invasive and noninvasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:371-376
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 371-376
    • Sanchez Nieto, J.M.1    Torres, A.2    Garcia Cordoba, F.3
  • 27
    • 0027742167 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • el Ebiary M, Torres A, Gonzalez J, et al. Quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148: 1552-1557
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.148 , pp. 1552-1557
    • El Ebiary, M.1    Torres, A.2    Gonzalez, J.3
  • 28
    • 0029153764 scopus 로고
    • Role of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Jourdain B, Novara A, Joly Guillou ML, et al. Role of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:241-246
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 241-246
    • Jourdain, B.1    Novara, A.2    Joly Guillou, M.L.3
  • 29
    • 0029328288 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity and specificity of oropharyngeal suction versus bronchoalveolar lavage in identifying respiratory tract pathogens in children with chronic pulmonary infection
    • Avital A, Uwyyed K, Picard E, Godfrey S, Springer C. Sensitivity and specificity of oropharyngeal suction versus bronchoalveolar lavage in identifying respiratory tract pathogens in children with chronic pulmonary infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995;20:40-43
    • (1995) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.20 , pp. 40-43
    • Avital, A.1    Uwyyed, K.2    Picard, E.3    Godfrey, S.4    Springer, C.5
  • 30
    • 0018343421 scopus 로고
    • A fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture
    • Wimberly N, Faling LJ, Bartlett JG. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:337-343
    • (1979) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.119 , pp. 337-343
    • Wimberly, N.1    Faling, L.J.2    Bartlett, J.G.3
  • 31
    • 0026953753 scopus 로고
    • The standardization of bronchoscopic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Meduri GU, Chastre J. The standardization of bronchoscopic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1992;102:557S-564S
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102
    • Meduri, G.U.1    Chastre, J.2
  • 32
    • 0026954710 scopus 로고
    • The standardization of criteria for processing and interpreting laboratory specimens in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Baselski VS, el Torky M, Coalson JJ, Griffin JP. The standardization of criteria for processing and interpreting laboratory specimens in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1992;102:571S-579S
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102
    • Baselski, V.S.1    El Torky, M.2    Coalson, J.J.3    Griffin, J.P.4
  • 33
    • 0024529032 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheter and bronchoalveolar lavage
    • Xaubet A, Torres A, Marco F, Puig-De la Bellacasa J, Faus R, Agusti-Vidal A. Pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheter and bronchoalveolar lavage. Chest 1989;95: 130-135
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95 , pp. 130-135
    • Xaubet, A.1    Torres, A.2    Marco, F.3    Puig-De La Bellacasa, J.4    Faus, R.5    Agusti-Vidal, A.6
  • 34
    • 0026652856 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheters in HIV-infected patients with pulmonary infiltrates
    • Ferrer M, Torres A, Xaubet A, et al. Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheters in HIV-infected patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 1992;102:76-83
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , pp. 76-83
    • Ferrer, M.1    Torres, A.2    Xaubet, A.3
  • 35
    • 0021710220 scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the ventilated patient
    • Chastre J, Viau F, Brun P, et al. Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the ventilated patient. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:924-929
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.130 , pp. 924-929
    • Chastre, J.1    Viau, F.2    Brun, P.3
  • 36
    • 0028091355 scopus 로고
    • Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Comparison with immediate postmortem pulmonary biopsy
    • Torres A, el Ebiary M, Padro L, et al. Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Comparison with immediate postmortem pulmonary biopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:324-331
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.149 , pp. 324-331
    • Torres, A.1    El Ebiary, M.2    Padro, L.3
  • 37
    • 0026629810 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four methods for assessing airway bacteriology in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients
    • Middleton R, Broughton WA, Kirkpatrick MB. Comparison of four methods for assessing airway bacteriology in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Med Sci 1992;304:239-245
    • (1992) Am J Med Sci , vol.304 , pp. 239-245
    • Middleton, R.1    Broughton, W.A.2    Kirkpatrick, M.B.3
  • 38
    • 0034095975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protected-specimen brush technique in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Baughman RP. Protected-specimen brush technique in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2000; 117:2035-2068
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 2035-2068
    • Baughman, R.P.1
  • 39
    • 0025131819 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients
    • Fagon JY, Chastre J, Trouillet JL, et al. Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1004-1008
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 1004-1008
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Trouillet, J.L.3
  • 40
    • 0029085092 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush
    • Monso E, Ruiz J, Rosell A, et al. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152: 1316-1320
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 1316-1320
    • Monso, E.1    Ruiz, J.2    Rosell, A.3
  • 41
    • 0033053411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for lower airway bacterial colonization in chronic bronchitis
    • Monso E, Rosell A, Bonet G, et al. Risk factors for lower airway bacterial colonization in chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 1999;13:338-342
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 338-342
    • Monso, E.1    Rosell, A.2    Bonet, G.3
  • 42
    • 0033018960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predisposing factors in bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive lung disease
    • Zalacain R, Sobradillo V, Amilibia J, et al. Predisposing factors in bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive lung disease. Eur Respir J 1999;13:343-348
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 343-348
    • Zalacain, R.1    Sobradillo, V.2    Amilibia, J.3
  • 43
    • 0030923196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy subjects and chronic lung disease: A bronchoscopic study
    • Cabello H, Torres A, Celis R, et al. Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy subjects and chronic lung disease: A bronchoscopic study. Eur Respir J 1997;10: 1137-1144
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 1137-1144
    • Cabello, H.1    Torres, A.2    Celis, R.3
  • 44
    • 0028294686 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative study of the bronchial bacterial flora in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Martinez JA, Rodriguez E, Bastida T, Buges J, Torres M. Quantitative study of the bronchial bacterial flora in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 1994; 105:976
    • (1994) Chest , vol.105 , pp. 976
    • Martinez, J.A.1    Rodriguez, E.2    Bastida, T.3    Buges, J.4    Torres, M.5
  • 45
    • 0033072891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Wilson R. Bacterial infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999;13:233-235
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 233-235
    • Wilson, R.1
  • 46
    • 0029088320 scopus 로고
    • Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including vancomycin: Establishment of endemicity in a university medical center
    • Morris JGJ, Shay DK, Hebden JN, et al. Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including vancomycin: Establishment of endemicity in a university medical center. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:250-259
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.123 , pp. 250-259
    • Morris, J.G.J.1    Shay, D.K.2    Hebden, J.N.3
  • 47
    • 0028209423 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of direct examination of the protected specimen brush in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Marquette CH, Wallet F, Neviere R, et al. Diagnostic value of direct examination of the protected specimen brush in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 1994;7: 105-113
    • (1994) Eur Respir J , vol.7 , pp. 105-113
    • Marquette, C.H.1    Wallet, F.2    Neviere, R.3
  • 48
    • 0026085885 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in tuberculosis and fungal infections
    • Baughman RP, Dohn MN, London RG, Frame PT. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in tuberculosis and fungal infections. Chest 1991;99:92-97
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 92-97
    • Baughman, R.P.1    Dohn, M.N.2    London, R.G.3    Frame, P.T.4
  • 49
    • 0027460906 scopus 로고
    • Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in assessing pneumonia in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients
    • Sternberg RI, Baughman RP, Dohn MN, First MR. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in assessing pneumonia in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Am J Med 1993;95:358-364
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.95 , pp. 358-364
    • Sternberg, R.I.1    Baughman, R.P.2    Dohn, M.N.3    First, M.R.4
  • 51
    • 0023234544 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing bacterial respiratory infection by bronchoalveolar lavage
    • Kahn FW, Jones JM. Diagnosing bacterial respiratory infection by bronchoalveolar lavage. J Infect Dis 1987;155: 862-869
    • (1987) J Infect Dis , vol.155 , pp. 862-869
    • Kahn, F.W.1    Jones, J.M.2
  • 52
    • 0027751406 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia
    • Cantral DE, Tape TG, Reed EC, Spurzem JR, Rennard SI, Thompson AB. Quantitative culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Am J Med 1993;95:601-607
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.95 , pp. 601-607
    • Cantral, D.E.1    Tape, T.G.2    Reed, E.C.3    Spurzem, J.R.4    Rennard, S.I.5    Thompson, A.B.6
  • 53
    • 0029055820 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard
    • Marquette CH. Copin MC, Wallet F, et al. Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151: 1878-1888
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1878-1888
    • Marquette, C.H.1    Copin, M.C.2    Wallet, F.3
  • 54
    • 0027510423 scopus 로고
    • Specificity of endotracheal aspiration, protected specimen brush, and bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Torres A, Martos A, Puig de la Bellacasa J, et al. Specificity of endotracheal aspiration, protected specimen brush, and bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:952-957
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 952-957
    • Torres, A.1    Martos, A.2    Puig De La Bellacasa, J.3
  • 55
    • 0033512089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia in imnumocompromised and immunocompetent patients requiring mechanical ventilation
    • Conrado CE, Rashkin MC, Baughman RP. Pneumonia in imnumocompromised and immunocompetent patients requiring mechanical ventilation. J Bronchology 1999;6: 78-83
    • (1999) J Bronchology , vol.6 , pp. 78-83
    • Conrado, C.E.1    Rashkin, M.C.2    Baughman, R.P.3
  • 56
    • 0028153329 scopus 로고
    • The continuing utility of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
    • Baughman RP, Dohn MN, Frame PT. The continuing utility of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Am J Med 1994;97:515-522
    • (1994) Am J Med , vol.97 , pp. 515-522
    • Baughman, R.P.1    Dohn, M.N.2    Frame, P.T.3
  • 57
    • 0025061107 scopus 로고
    • Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage to separate bronchial and alveolar samples
    • Rennard SI, Ghafouri M, Thompson AB, et al. Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage to separate bronchial and alveolar samples. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:208-217
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.141 , pp. 208-217
    • Rennard, S.I.1    Ghafouri, M.2    Thompson, A.B.3
  • 58
    • 0022385772 scopus 로고
    • Effect of bronchial lavage volume on cellular and protein recovery
    • Lain S, Leriche JC, Kijek K, Phillips S. Effect of bronchial lavage volume on cellular and protein recovery. Chest 1985;88:856-859
    • (1985) Chest , vol.88 , pp. 856-859
    • Lain, S.1    Leriche, J.C.2    Kijek, K.3    Phillips, S.4
  • 59
    • 0025255103 scopus 로고
    • Lower respiratory tract lactoferrin and lysozyme arise primarily in the airways and are elevated in association with chronic bronchitis
    • Thompson AB, Bohling T, Payvandi F, Rennard SI. Lower respiratory tract lactoferrin and lysozyme arise primarily in the airways and are elevated in association with chronic bronchitis. J Lab Clin Med 1990;115:148-158
    • (1990) J Lab Clin Med , vol.115 , pp. 148-158
    • Thompson, A.B.1    Bohling, T.2    Payvandi, F.3    Rennard, S.I.4
  • 60
    • 4243219674 scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of IgA and IgG in bronchial samples of patients with lung cancer
    • Pina EM, Keeton DA, Baughman RP. Predictive value of IgA and IgG in bronchial samples of patients with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:A846
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151
    • Pina, E.M.1    Keeton, D.A.2    Baughman, R.P.3
  • 61
    • 0021926551 scopus 로고
    • Effect of changing instilled volume for bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with interstitial lung disease
    • Dohn MN, Baughman RP. Effect of changing instilled volume for bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132: 390-392
    • (1985) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.132 , pp. 390-392
    • Dohn, M.N.1    Baughman, R.P.2
  • 63
    • 0030768159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower airway inflammation in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis
    • Armstrong DS, Grimwood K, Carlin JB, et al. Lower airway inflammation in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156: 1197-1204
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , pp. 1197-1204
    • Armstrong, D.S.1    Grimwood, K.2    Carlin, J.B.3
  • 64
    • 0028015883 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in cystic fibrosis patients with stable, clinically mild lung disease suggest ongoing infection and inflammation
    • Konstan MW, Hilliard KA, Norvell TM, Berger M. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in cystic fibrosis patients with stable, clinically mild lung disease suggest ongoing infection and inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:448-454
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 448-454
    • Konstan, M.W.1    Hilliard, K.A.2    Norvell, T.M.3    Berger, M.4
  • 65
    • 0024552406 scopus 로고
    • The bacteriology of bronchiectasis in Hong Kong investigated by protected catheter brush and bronchoalveolar lavage
    • Pang JA, Cheng A, Chan HS, Poon D, French G. The bacteriology of bronchiectasis in Hong Kong investigated by protected catheter brush and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:14-17
    • (1989) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.139 , pp. 14-17
    • Pang, J.A.1    Cheng, A.2    Chan, H.S.3    Poon, D.4    French, G.5
  • 66
    • 0032792527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and immunoregulatory effects of toxithromycin therapy for chronic respiratory tract infection
    • Nakamura H, Fujishima S, Inoue T, et al. Clinical and immunoregulatory effects of toxithromycin therapy for chronic respiratory tract infection. Eur Resp J 1999;13: 1371-1379
    • (1999) Eur Resp J , vol.13 , pp. 1371-1379
    • Nakamura, H.1    Fujishima, S.2    Inoue, T.3
  • 67
    • 0027312408 scopus 로고
    • The bronchitis index. A semiquantitative visual scale for the assessment of airways inflammation
    • Thompson AB, Huerta G, Robbins RA, et al. The bronchitis index. A semiquantitative visual scale for the assessment of airways inflammation. Chest 1993;103:1482-1488
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 1482-1488
    • Thompson, A.B.1    Huerta, G.2    Robbins, R.A.3
  • 68
    • 0026590534 scopus 로고
    • Local immune components in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Costabel U, Maier K, Teschler H, Wang YM. Local immune components in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 1992;59(suppl 1):17-19
    • (1992) Respiration , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 17-19
    • Costabel, U.1    Maier, K.2    Teschler, H.3    Wang, Y.M.4
  • 69
    • 0028577611 scopus 로고
    • Airways inflammation in subjects with chronic bronchitis who have never smoked
    • Lusuardi M, Capelli A, Cerutti CG, Spada EL, Donner CF. Airways inflammation in subjects with chronic bronchitis who have never smoked. Thorax 1994;49:1211-1216
    • (1994) Thorax , vol.49 , pp. 1211-1216
    • Lusuardi, M.1    Capelli, A.2    Cerutti, C.G.3    Spada, E.L.4    Donner, C.F.5
  • 70
    • 0030933120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased bronchoalveolar granulocytes and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Balbi B, Bason C, Balleari E, et al. Increased bronchoalveolar granulocytes and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 1997;10:846-850
    • (1997) Eur Respir J , vol.10 , pp. 846-850
    • Balbi, B.1    Bason, C.2    Balleari, E.3
  • 71
    • 0032111783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to measure airway inflammation: Bronchoalveolar lavage and airway biopsies
    • Adelroth E. How to measure airway inflammation: Bronchoalveolar lavage and airway biopsies. Can Respir J 1998;5(suppl A):18A-21A
    • (1998) Can Respir J , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Adelroth, E.1
  • 72
    • 0028343354 scopus 로고
    • Cell proliferation in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics and chronic bronchitics
    • Demoly P, Simony Lafontaine J, Chanez P, et al. Cell proliferation in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics and chronic bronchitics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150: 214-217
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.150 , pp. 214-217
    • Demoly, P.1    Simony Lafontaine, J.2    Chanez, P.3
  • 73
  • 74
    • 0029084854 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations
    • Ball P. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations. Chest 1995;108:43S-52S
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108
    • Ball, P.1
  • 76
    • 0031466262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to COPD - The role of infection
    • Niederman MS. Introduction to COPD - the role of infection. Chest 1997;112:301S-302S
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112
    • Niederman, M.S.1
  • 77
    • 0024507561 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and aetiology of acute respiratory diseases: Results of a longterm surveillance programme
    • Tumova B, Heinz F, Syrucek L, et al. Occurrence and aetiology of acute respiratory diseases: Results of a longterm surveillance programme. Acta Virol 1989;33:50-62
    • (1989) Acta Virol , vol.33 , pp. 50-62
    • Tumova, B.1    Heinz, F.2    Syrucek, L.3
  • 78
    • 0027424929 scopus 로고
    • Impact of respiratory virus infection in patients with chronic chest disease
    • Wiselka MJ, Kent J, Cookson JB, Nicholson KG. Impact of respiratory virus infection in patients with chronic chest disease. Epidemiol Infect 1993;111:337-346
    • (1993) Epidemiol Infect , vol.111 , pp. 337-346
    • Wiselka, M.J.1    Kent, J.2    Cookson, J.B.3    Nicholson, K.G.4
  • 79
    • 0027242075 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of episodes of acute asthma and acute bronchitis in general practice 1976-87
    • Ayres JG, Noah ND, Fleming DM. Incidence of episodes of acute asthma and acute bronchitis in general practice 1976-87. Br J Gen Pract 1993;43:361-364
    • (1993) Br J Gen Pract , vol.43 , pp. 361-364
    • Ayres, J.G.1    Noah, N.D.2    Fleming, D.M.3
  • 80
    • 0006273776 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viral infections in hospitalized patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Lamy ME, Puthier-Simon F, Debacker-Williame E. Respiratory viral infections in hospitalized patients with chronic bronchitis. Chest 1974;63:336
    • (1974) Chest , vol.63 , pp. 336
    • Lamy, M.E.1    Puthier-Simon, F.2    Debacker-Williame, E.3
  • 81
    • 0014544984 scopus 로고
    • Viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of chronic lung disease
    • McNamara MJ, Phillips IA, Williams OB. Viral and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969;100:19
    • (1969) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.100 , pp. 19
    • McNamara, M.J.1    Phillips, I.A.2    Williams, O.B.3
  • 82
    • 0026317782 scopus 로고
    • Infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Beaty CD, Grayston JT, Wang SP, et al. Infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1408-1410
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 1408-1410
    • Beaty, C.D.1    Grayston, J.T.2    Wang, S.P.3
  • 84
    • 0031728911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: Ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d
    • Bronchitis Study Group
    • Anzueto A, Niederman MS, Tillotson GS. Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: Ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. Bronchitis Study Group. Clin Ther 1998;20:885-900
    • (1998) Clin Ther , vol.20 , pp. 885-900
    • Anzueto, A.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Tillotson, G.S.3
  • 85
    • 0017118324 scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Smith CB, Kanner RE, Golden CA, Renzetti AD. Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 1976;1: 1253-1255
    • (1976) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1253-1255
    • Smith, C.B.1    Kanner, R.E.2    Golden, C.A.3    Renzetti, A.D.4
  • 87
    • 0000176252 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to Haemophillus influenzae in chronic bronchitis
    • Glynn AA. Antibodies to Haemophillus influenzae in chronic bronchitis. BMJ 1959;2:911-914
    • (1959) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 911-914
    • Glynn, A.A.1
  • 88
    • 0026746409 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Murphy TF, Sethi S. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146: 1067-1083
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.146 , pp. 1067-1083
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Sethi, S.2
  • 89
    • 0020552575 scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae
    • Musher DM, Kubitschek KR, Crennan J, Baughn RE. Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:444-450
    • (1983) Ann Intern Med , vol.99 , pp. 444-450
    • Musher, D.M.1    Kubitschek, K.R.2    Crennan, J.3    Baughn, R.E.4
  • 90
    • 0025103855 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial colonisation of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis
    • Butt HL, Clancy RL, Cripps AW, et al. Bacterial colonisation of the respiratory tract in chronic bronchitis. Aust N Z J Med 1990;20:35-38
    • (1990) Aust N Z J Med , vol.20 , pp. 35-38
    • Butt, H.L.1    Clancy, R.L.2    Cripps, A.W.3
  • 91
    • 0029620334 scopus 로고
    • Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract
    • Doern GV. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract. Am J Med 1995;99:3S-7S
    • (1995) Am J Med , vol.99
    • Doern, G.V.1
  • 92
    • 0032994953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (United States and Canada, 1997)
    • Doern GV, Jones RN, Pfaller MA, Kugler K. Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43: 385-389
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 385-389
    • Doern, G.V.1    Jones, R.N.2    Pfaller, M.A.3    Kugler, K.4
  • 93
    • 0025130196 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Jorgensen JH, Doern GV, Maher LA, Howell AW, Redding JS. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2075-2080
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 2075-2080
    • Jorgensen, J.H.1    Doern, G.V.2    Maher, L.A.3    Howell, A.W.4    Redding, J.S.5
  • 95
    • 0028050090 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial bronchitis and bronchiectasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Verghese A, al Samman M, Nabhan D, Naylor AD, Rivera M. Bacterial bronchitis and bronchiectasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1994;154: 2086-2091
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 2086-2091
    • Verghese, A.1    Al Samman, M.2    Nabhan, D.3    Naylor, A.D.4    Rivera, M.5
  • 96
    • 0025954884 scopus 로고
    • A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections
    • Hirata Dulas CA, Stein DJ, Guay DR, Gruninger RP, Peterson PK. A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39: 979-985
    • (1991) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.39 , pp. 979-985
    • Hirata Dulas, C.A.1    Stein, D.J.2    Guay, D.R.3    Gruninger, R.P.4    Peterson, P.K.5
  • 97
    • 0031728911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: Ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. Versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d
    • Bronchitis Study Group
    • Anzueto A, Niederman MS, Tillotson GS. Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: Ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. Bronchitis Study Group. Clin Ther 1998; 20:885-900
    • (1998) Clin Ther , vol.20 , pp. 885-900
    • Anzueto, A.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Tillotson, G.S.3
  • 98
    • 0000065832 scopus 로고
    • Bacteriology of lower-respiratory-tract secretions, sputum, and upper-respiratory-tract secretions in "normals" and chronic bronchitis
    • Lees AW, McNaught W. Bacteriology of lower-respiratory-tract secretions, sputum, and upper-respiratory-tract secretions in "normals" and chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1959;1:1112-1115
    • (1959) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1112-1115
    • Lees, A.W.1    McNaught, W.2
  • 100
    • 0343017046 scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in the epidemiology of pneumococcal infection
    • Finland M. Recent advances in the epidemiology of pneumococcal infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1942;21: 307-344
    • (1942) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.21 , pp. 307-344
    • Finland, M.1
  • 101
    • 0006367417 scopus 로고
    • The bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract and sputum of working men
    • Miller DL, Jones R. The bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract and sputum of working men. J Pathol Bacteriol 1964;87:182-186
    • (1964) J Pathol Bacteriol , vol.87 , pp. 182-186
    • Miller, D.L.1    Jones, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.