Review article: Primary prophylaxis for portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 14, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 851-860

  Vlachogiannakos, J ^a   Goulis, J ^a   Patch, D ^a   Burroughs, A K ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NITRATE;

ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ESOPHAGUS VARICES BLEEDING; LIGATION; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MORTALITY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; STOMACH MUCOSA;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; FIBROSIS; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PORTAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; VARICOSE VEINS;

EID: 0033920484     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00778.x     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. 1 D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. The treatment of portal hypertension: A meta-analytic review. Hepatology 1995; 22: 332-54.
2. 2 Garcia-Tsao G, Groszmann RJ, Fisher RL, et al. Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding. Hepatology 1985; 5: 419-24.
3. 3 Christensen E, Faverholdt L, Schlichting P, et al. Aspects of natural history of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the effect of prednisolone. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 944-52.
4. 4 Pagliaro L, D'Amico G, Pasta L, et al. Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Natural history. In: Bosch J, Groszmann R, eds. Portal Hypertension. Pathophysiology and Treatment. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific, 1994: 72-92.
5. 5 Vorobioff J, Groszmann RJ, Picabea E, et al. Prognostic value of hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements in alcoholic cirrhosis: A 10-year prospective study. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 701-709.
6. 6 Cales P, Desmorat H, Vinel JP, et al. Incidence of large esophageal-varices in patients with cirrhosis - application to prophylaxis of 1st bleeding. Gut 1990; 31: 1298-1302.
7. 7 The Italian Liver Cirrhosis Project. Reliability of endoscopy in the assessment of variceal features. J Hepatol 1987; 4: 93-8.
8. 8 Cales P, Zabotto B, Meskens C, et al. Gastroesophageal endoscopic features in cirrhosis. Observer variability, interassociations, and relationship to hepatic dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 156-62.
9. 9 Garcia-Tsao G, Bordas J, Llach J, et al. Interobserver agreement in the endoscopic assessment of gastroesophageal varices (abstract). Hepatology 1998; 28: 454A.
10. 10 Graham DY, Smith JL. The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 800-9.
11. 11 Defranchis R. Prediction of the 1st variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal-varices - a prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 983-9.
12. 12 Grace ND, Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding: An AASLD single topic symposium. Hepatology 1998; 28: 868-80.
13. 13 Armonis A, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Hepatic venous pressure measurement: An old test as new progmostic marker in cirrhosis? Hepatology 1997; 25: 245-8.
14. 14 Markel C, Gatta A. Can we predict the 1st variceal bleeding in the individual patient with cirrhosis and esophageal-varices. J Hepatol 1991; 13: 378.
15. 15 Burroughs AK. The natural history of varices. J Hepatol 1993; 17(Suppl. 2): S10-13.
16. 16 Nevens F, Bustami R, Scheys I, Lesaffre E, Fevery J. Variceal pressure is a factor predicting the risk of a first variceal bleeding: A prospective cohort study in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1998; 27: 15-19.
17. 17 El Atti EA, Nevens F, Bogaerts K, Verbeke G, Fevery J. Variceal pressure is a strong predictor of variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis as well as in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Gut 1999; 45: 618-21.
18. 18 Rigau J, Bosch J, Bordas JM et al. Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure in cirrhosis: correlation with portal pressure and variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 873-80.
19. 19 D'Amico G, Luca A. Natural history. Clinical-haemodynamic correlations. Prediction of the risk of bleeding. Bailleres Clinical Gastroenterology 1997; 11: 243-56.
20. 20 Polio J, Hanson J, Sikuler E, et al. A critical assessment of a pressure sensitive capsule for endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1109-15.
21. 21 Kim T, Shijo H, Kokawa H, et al. Risk factors for hemorrhage from gastric fundal varices. Hepatology 1997; 25: 307-312.
22. 22 Dagradi AE. The natural history of esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: an endoscopic and clinical study. Am J Gastroenterol 1972; 57: 520-40.
23. 23 Goulis J, Patch D, Burroughs AK. The role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal bleeding. Lancet 1999; 353: 139-42.
24. 24 Robbins J. Estimators of the Mantel-Haenszel variance consistent in both sparse data and large strata limiting models. Biometrics 1986; 42: 311-23.
25. 25 Der Simonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clin Trials 1986; 7: 177-188.
26. 26 Conn HO, Lindermuth WW, May CJ, Ramsby GR. Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1965; 272: 1255-63.
27. 27 Jackson FC, Perrin EB, Smith AG, Dagradi AE, Nadal HM. A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. II. Survival analysis of the prophylactic operation. Am J Surg 1968; 115: 22-42.
28. 28 Resnick RH, Chalmers TC, Ishihara AM, et al. A controlled study of the prophylactic portacaval shunt. A final report. Ann Intern Med 1969; 70: 675-88.
29. 29 Conn HO, Lindenmuth WW, May CJ, Ramsby GR. Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis. Medicine (Baltimore.) 1972; 51: 27-40.
30. 30 Inokuchi K. Improved survival after prophylactic portal nondecompression surgery for esophageal-varices - a randomized clinical-trial. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1-6.
31. 31 Paquet KJ. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerosing treatment of the esophageal wall in varices - a prospective controlled randomized trial. Endoscopy 1982; 14: 4-5.
32. 32 Witzel L, Wolbergs E, Merki H. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal-varices - a prospective controlled-study. Lancet 1985; 1: 773-5.
33. 33 Koch H, Binmoeller KF, Grimm H, Soehendra N, Henning H, Oehler G. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices: Long term results of a prospective study. Endoscopy 1994; 26: 729-33.
34. 34 Kobe E, Zipprich B, Schentke KU, Nilius R. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal-varices - a prospective randomized trial. Endoscopy 1990; 22: 245-8.
35. 35 Wordehoff D, Spech HJ. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of esophageal-varices - results of a prospective, randomized long-term trial over 7 years. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1987; 112: 947-51.
36. 36 Santangelo WC, Dueno MI, Estes BL, Krejs GJ. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of large esophageal-varices. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 814-8.
37. 37 Sauerbruch T, Wotzka R, Kopcke W, et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy before the 1st episode of variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 8-15.
38. 38 Piai G, Cipolletta L, Claar N, et al. A prospective controlled randomized study of prophylactic sclerotherapy of esophageal-varices prior to 1st hemorrhage. It J Gastroenterol 1986; 18: 223.
39. 39 Potzi R, Bauer P, Reichel W, Kerstan E, Renner F, Gangl A. Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal-varices in liver-cirrhosis - a multicenter prospective controlled randomized trial in vienna. Gut 1989; 30: 873-9.
40. 40 Russo A, Giannone G, Magnano A, Passanisi G, Longo C. Prophylactic sclerotherapy in nonalcoholic liver-cirrhosis - preliminary-results of a prospective controlled randomized trial. World J Surg 1989; 13: 149-53.
41. 41 Andreani T, Poupon RE, Balkau BJ, et al. Preventive therapy of 1st gastrointestinal-bleeding in patients with cirrhosis - results of a controlled trial comparing propranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1413-9.
42. 42 Triger DR, Smart HL, Hosking SW, Johnson AG. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal-varices - long-term results of a single-center trial. Hepatology 1991; 13: 117-23.
43. 43 Gregory PB. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal-varices in men with alcoholic liver-disease - a randomized, single-blind, multicenter clinical-trial. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1779-84.
44. 44 De Franchis R, Primignani M, Arcidiacono PG, et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy (St) in high-risk cirrhotics selected by endoscopic criteria. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1989; 101: 1087-93.
45. 45 The PROVA Study Group. Prophylaxis of first hemorrhage from esophageal varices by sclerotherapy, propranolol or both in cirrhotic patients: a randomized multicenter trial. Hepatology 1991; 14: 1016-24.
46. 46 Saggioro A, Pallini P, Chiozzini G, Nardin M, Ancilotto F. Prophylactic sclerotherapy - a controlled-study (abstract). Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: S504.
47. 47 Fleig WE, Stange EF, Wordehoff D, et al. Prophylactic (Ps) Vs therapeutic sclerotherapy (Ts) In cirrhotic-patients with large esophageal-varices and no previous hemorrhage - a randomized clinical-trial. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1242 (Abstract).
48. 48 Strauss E, Desa MG, Albano A, Lacet CC, Leite MO, Maffei RA. A randomized controlled trial for the prevention of the 1st upper gastrointestinal-bleeding due to portal-hypertension in cirrhosis - sclerotherapy or propranolol versus control-groups. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1395 (Abstract).
49. 49 Planas R, Boix J, Dominguez M, et al. Prophylactic sclerosis of esophageal varices (EV). Prospective trial. J Hepatol 1989; 9: S73 (Abstract).
50. 50 Paquet KJ, Kalk JF, Klein CP, Gad HA. Prophylactic sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices in high risk cirrhotic patients selected by endoscopic and haemodynamic criteria: a randomised single centre controlled trial. Endoscopy 1994; 26: 734-40.
51. 51 Pagliaro L, D'Amico G, Sorensen TIA, et al. Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of nonsurgical treatment. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 59-70.
52. 52 Fardy JM, Laupacis A. A meta-analysis of prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 1938-48.
53. 53 Perezayuso RM, Pique JM, Bosch J, et al. Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 1431-4.
54. 54 Reichen J. Liver function and pharmacological considerations in pathogenesis and treatment of portal hypertension. Hepatology 1990; 11: 1066-78.
55. 55 Bosch J, Mastai R, Kravetz D, et al. Effects of propranolol on azygos blood flow and hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1984; 6: 1200-05.
56. 56 Garcia-Pagan JC, Navasa M, Rivera F, et al. Lymphocyte β-2-adrenoceptors and plasma catecholamines in patients with cirrhosis. Relationship with the haemodynamic response to propranolol. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 2015-23.
57. 57 Pascal JP, Cales P. Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 856-861.
58. 58 Ideo G, Bellati G, Fesce E, Grimoldi D. Nadolol can prevent the 1st gastrointestinal-bleeding in cirrhotics - a prospective, randomized study. Hepatology 1988; 8: 6-9.
59. 59 Lebrec D, Poynard T, Capron JP, et al. Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal-bleeding in patients with cirrhosis - a randomized trial. J Hepatol 1988; 7: 118-125.
60. 60 Pasta L. Propranolol prevents 1st gastrointestinal-bleeding in non-ascitic cirrhotic-patients - final report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Hepatol 1989; 9: 75-83.
61. 61 Conn HO, Grace ND, Bosch J, et al. Propranolol in the prevention of the 1st hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices - a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Hepatology 1991; 13: 902-12.
62. 62 Colman J, Jones P, Finch C, Dudley F. Propranolol in the prevention of variceal hemorrhage in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1990; 8: 1395 (Abstract).
63. 63 Goulis J, Burroughs AK. Portal hypertensive bleeding: prevention and treatment. In: McDonald J, Burroughs AK, Feagan B, eds. Evidence Based Gastroenterology and Hepatology. London: BMJ Books, 1999; 389-426.
64. 64 Poynard T, Cales P, Pasta L, et al. Beta-adrenergic antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal-bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal-varices - an analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from 4 randomized clinical-trials. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1532-8.
65. 65 De Franchis R. Developing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1996; 25: 390-4.
66. 66 Grace ND, Conn HO, Groszmann RJ, et al. Propranolol for prevention of 1st esophageal variceal hemorrhage (Evh) - A lifetime commitment. Hepatology 1990; 12: 407 (Abstract).
67. 67 Teran JC, Imperiale TF, Mullen KD, Tavill AS, McCullough J. Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A cost effectiveness analysis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 473-82.
68. 68 Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1081-91.
69. 69 Groszmann RJ, Bosch J, Grace ND, et al. Haemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a 1st variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1401-07.
70. 70 Feu F, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J, et al. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis [see comments]. Lancet 1995; 346: 1056-9.
71. 71 Merkel C, Marin R, Enzo E, et al. Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale (GTIP). Lancet 1996; 348: 1677-81.
72. 72 Merkel C, Marin R, Sacerdoti D, et al. Long-term results of a clinical trial of nadolol with or without isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2000; 31: 324-9.
73. 73 Angelico M, Carli L, Piat C, Gentile S, Capocaccia L. Effects of isosorbide-5-mononitrate compared with propranolol on first bleeding and long-term survival in cirrhosis [see comments]. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 1632-9.
74. 74 Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Manolakopoulos S, et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol versus propranolol alone in the primary prevention of bleeding in high risk cirrhotic patients with oesophageal varices. A prospective multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; in press.
75. 75 Laine L, Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 280-7.
76. 76 Sarin SK, Guptan RC, Jain AK, Sundaram KR. A randomized controlled trial of endoscopic variceal band ligation for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 337-342.
77. 77 Lay CS, Tsai YT, Teg CY, et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high-risk esophageal varices. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1346-50.
78. 78 Lo GH, Lai KH, Chen JS, Lin CK, Hsu PI, Chiang HT. Prophylactic banding ligation of high-risk esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective, randomized trial. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 451-6.
79. 79 Svoboda P, Kantorova I, Ochmann J, Kozumplik L, Marsova J. A prospective randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy versus ligation in the prophylactic treatment of high risk esophageal varices. Surg Endosc 1999; 13: 580-4.
80. 80 Chen CY, Chang TT. Prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) for esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1240(Abstract).
81. 81 Gameel K, Waked I, Saleh S, Sallam M, Abdel-Fattah S. Prophylactic endoscopic variceal band ligation (EVL) versus sclerotherapy (ES) for the prevention of variceal bleeding: an interim report of a prospective randomized controlled trial in schistosomal portal hypertension. Hepatology 1995; 22: 251(Abstract).
82. 82 Sarin SK, Lamba GS, Kumar M, Mishra A, Murthy NS. Comparison of endoscopie ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 988-93.
83. 83 De BK, Ghoshal UC, Das T, Santra A, Biswas PK. Endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleed: Preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 220-4.
84. 84 Lui HF, Stanley AJ, Forrest EH, et al. Primary prophylaxis of variceal haemorrhage: A randomized controlled trial comparing band ligation, propranolol and isosorbide mononitrate. Hepatology 1999; 30: 318(Abstract).
85. 85 Burroughs AK, Patch D. Primary prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1033-5.
86. 86 Gotoh Y, Iwakiri R, Sakata Y, et al. Evaluation of endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylactic therapy for bleeding of oesophageal varices: A prospective, controlled trial compared with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 241-4.
87. 87 Sarin SK, Groszmann RJ, Mosca PG, et al. Propranolol ameliorates the development of portal-systemic shunting in a chronic murine schistosomiasis model of portal hypertension. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1032-6.
88. 88 Lin HC, Soubrane O, Cailmail S, Lebrec D. Early chronic administration of propranolol reduces the severity of portal hypertension and portal-systemic shunting in conscious portal-vein stenosed rats. J Hepatol 1991; 13: 213-9.
89. 89 Cales P, Oberti F, Payen JL, et al. Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11: 741-5.
90. 90 Plevris JN, Elliot R, Mills PR, et al. Effect of propranolol on prevention of first variceal bleed and survival in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8: 63-70.
91. 91 Escorsell A, Ferayorni L, Bosch J, et al. The portal pressure response to β-blockade is greater in cirrhotic patients without varices than in those with varices. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 2012-6.