The media, the police, and southern white migrant identity in Chicago, 1955-1970

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 329-349

  Roger, Guy ^a  

^a TEXAS LUTHERAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; MEDIA ROLE; POLICE FORCE; URBAN SOCIETY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033914801     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614420002600303     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Chicago Daily Tribune, March 3, 1957.
2. Interview with Raleigh Campbell, former director of the Chicago Southern Center, 1964-1966, August 5, 1995.
3. Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston: Little Brown, 1951). John Bodner, The Transplanted (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987). David Ward, Poverty, Ethnicity and the American City, 1840-1925 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
4. Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston: Little Brown, 1951). John Bodner, The Transplanted (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987). David Ward, Poverty, Ethnicity and the American City, 1840-1925 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
5. Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston: Little Brown, 1951). John Bodner, The Transplanted (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987). David Ward, Poverty, Ethnicity and the American City, 1840-1925 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
6. On the African American experience, see for example, James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
7. Unlike migrant groups that can be tracked by race or surname, southern whites remain nearly invisible in census and other traditional primary sources. As a result, oral histories, local newspapers and municipal reports make up the bulk of the primary sources in this article. Because the population of Uptown (the Chicago neighborhood studied here) was more than 98 percent white, place-of-origin data from the census were particularly useful to support the oral histories.
8. Lewis Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1945). Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community among Southern Migrants to Chicago" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1966). Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row).
9. Lewis Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1945). Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community among Southern Migrants to Chicago" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1966). Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row).
10. Lewis Killian, "Southern White Laborers in Chicago's West Side" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1945). Edwin S. Harwood, "Work and Community among Southern Migrants to Chicago" (unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1966). Todd Gitlin and Nanci Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago (New York: Harper & Row).
11. James Gregory, American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
12. See the discussion in Robert M. Ireland, Little Kingdoms: The Counties of Kentucky (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
13. See the discussion in Jacqueline Jones, The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
14. For a comparative example, see Jones, The Dispossessed, and Jack Temple Kirby Rural Worlds Lost: The American South. 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1987).
15. Chicago Fact Book Consortium, Local Community Fact Book (Chicago: Department of Sociology University of Illinois, 1985).
16. Jones, The Dispossessed, 239.
17. "When Whites Migrate from the South, "U.S. News and World Report, October 14, 1963, 70.
18. "Appalachians in a Hostile World, "Charleston Gazette-Mail, October 9, 1966.
19. Robert Park, The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York: Harper, 1920). Morris Janowitz, The Community Press in an Urban Setting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
20. Robert Park, The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York: Harper, 1920). Morris Janowitz, The Community Press in an Urban Setting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
21. See Henry D. Shapiro, Appalachia on Our Mind: The Southern Mountains and Mountaineers in the American Consciousness. 1870-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1978) chap. 3.
22. Norma Lee Browning, "Girl Reporter Visits Jungles of Hillbillies, "Chicago Daily Tribune, March 3, 1957, and "New Breed of Migrants City Problem, "Chicago Daily Tribune, March 4, 1957.
23. Norma Lee Browning, "Girl Reporter Visits Jungles of Hillbillies, "Chicago Daily Tribune, March 3, 1957, and "New Breed of Migrants City Problem, "Chicago Daily Tribune, March 4, 1957.
24. Browning, "Girl Reporter."
25. " 'James the Knife' from Alabama to Stay Here 30 Days, "Uptown News, July 5, 1961.
26. " 'Murder Won't Out, ' Paper Concludes after Investigation, "Uptown News, May 21, 1957.
27. Browning, "Girl Reporter."
28. "Brawl Ends in Blood When Man is Sliced With Bolo Knife, "Edgewater Uptown News, February 28, 1961.
29. "South Carolinian Jumps Bail After Assault Charge, "Edgewater Uptown News, March 28, 1961. "3 Slug Mother and Hit Children, "Edgewater Uptown News, April 11, 1961.
30. "South Carolinian Jumps Bail After Assault Charge, "Edgewater Uptown News, March 28, 1961. "3 Slug Mother and Hit Children, "Edgewater Uptown News, April 11, 1961.
31. "Doesn't Pay to Play Rough Here, "Edgewater Uptown News, March 6, 1962. "Walk Ends as Gunmen Take Cash, "Edgewater Uptown News, September 24, 1963. "Trucker Robbed of $2, 000 by Teen, "Edgewater Uptown News, February 26, 1963.
32. "Doesn't Pay to Play Rough Here, "Edgewater Uptown News, March 6, 1962. "Walk Ends as Gunmen Take Cash, "Edgewater Uptown News, September 24, 1963. "Trucker Robbed of $2, 000 by Teen, "Edgewater Uptown News, February 26, 1963.
33. "Doesn't Pay to Play Rough Here, "Edgewater Uptown News, March 6, 1962. "Walk Ends as Gunmen Take Cash, "Edgewater Uptown News, September 24, 1963. "Trucker Robbed of $2, 000 by Teen, "Edgewater Uptown News, February 26, 1963.
34. "Town Hall Chief Defends Migrants, "Edgewater Uptown News, February 13, 1962.
35. Harry H. Woodward, "The Southern White Migrant in Lakeview, "Lakeview Citizen's Council, 1962.
36. For a description of the type of offenses included in the categories, see ibid., Appendix 3 Table 4.
37. Bert Schloss, "The Uptown Community and the Southern White In-Migrant, "unpublished report, Chicago Commission on Human Relations, 1957.
38. Gitlin and Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago.
39. Interview with Kenny Dotson, June 20, 1994.
40. Interview with Campbell.
41. Interview with Virginia Bowers, March 18, 1994.
42. Interview with Helen Elam, December 18, 1994.
43. This was reported widely in Gitlin and Hollander, Uptown: Poor Whites in Chicago Another account emerged during interviews for this article about the police planting drugs on a local clergyman who worked with southern white youth, to remove him from the neighborhood.
44. Interview with Donald Powell, June 28, 1994.
45. Interviewee wished to remain anonymous.
46. "Appalachians in a Hostile World, "Charleston Gazette-Mail, October 9, 1966.
47. Interviewee wished to remain anonymous.
48. Interview with Campbell.
49. Interview with Sergeant Robert Johnson, Chicago Police Department, February 14, 1994.
50. Interview with Campbell.
51. For an example from the Mexican American community and the use of the term "moral panic, "see Joan Moore, Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
52. "Keep Booze Sales Down, "Edgewater Uptown News, June 4, 1964.
53. Transcript of a community meeting held in connection with the opening of the Chicago Southern Center, November 7, 1963. Southern Appalachian Archives, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.
54. "Retired Warrior Battles Abandoned Cars in 48th, "Edgewater Uptown News, August 20, 1963.
55. "War on Junk Autos Launched in Uptown, "Edgewater Uptown News, March 22, 1966.
56. Minutes to a meeting on the opening of the Chicago Southern Center. Southern Appalachian Archives, Box 284-3, Hutchinson Library, Berea College.
57. Interview with Bowers.
58. "Newcomers Key to Our Future, "Edgewater Uptown News, December 17, 1963.
59. Interview with Tom Moore, April 20, 1994.
60. Interview with Elam.
61. Interview with Campbell.
62. Bert Schloss, "The Uptown Community."
63. Interview with Violet McKnight, June 22, 1994.
64. Interview with Sarah Dotson, September 8, 1994.
65. Interview with Bowers.
66. Arthur Shostak, Blue Collar Aristocrat (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964). Perry Duis, The Saloon and Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1820-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983). Elijah Anderson, A Place on the Corner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
67. Arthur Shostak, Blue Collar Aristocrat (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964). Perry Duis, The Saloon and Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1820-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983). Elijah Anderson, A Place on the Corner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
68. Arthur Shostak, Blue Collar Aristocrat (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964). Perry Duis, The Saloon and Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1820-1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983). Elijah Anderson, A Place on the Corner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
69. Interview with Elam.
70. For a discussion of the bodegas, see Virginia Sanchez-Korrol, From Colonia to Community (Berkeley: University of California Press).
71. Interview with Fred Lickerman, former director of the Robert R. McCormick Boys Club, April 5, 1994.
72. Interview with Billy Belcher, September 20, 1995.
73. "Southern Whites Too Proud to Ask for Help Here, "Chicago Daily News, August 13, 1959. "Appalachian Migrants Fail to Benefit from Antipoverty Drive, "Wall Street Journal, September 30, 1965.
74. "Southern Whites Too Proud to Ask for Help Here, "Chicago Daily News, August 13, 1959. "Appalachian Migrants Fail to Benefit from Antipoverty Drive, "Wall Street Journal, September 30, 1965.
75. David E. Whisnant, Modernizing the Mountaineer (Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1980), 21-3.
76. "Shutdown Reasons Refuted, "Edgewater Uptown News, June 8, 1971, 1.
77. Interview with Campbell.
78. For a discussion of Mexican American identity in Los Angeles, see George Sanchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity Culture and Identity in Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).