The Salafi movement in Jordan

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 219-240

  Wiktorowicz, Quintan ^a  

^a SHIPPENSBURG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL CHANGE; RELIGION; SOCIAL MOVEMENT;

JORDAN;

EID: 0033913964     PISSN: 00207438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800021097     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. For an overview of Salafi ideology by a Jordanian Salafi, see Ibrahim al-Asas, Al-Salaf wa Al-Salafiyun (Amman: Maktabat Wataniya, 1994).
2. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995);
3. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995);
4. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995);
5. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995);
6. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995);
7. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995); idem, "Jordanian Islamists and the Agenda for Women: Between Discourse and Practice," Middle Eastern Studies 32, 1 (1996): 140-58; and Quintan Wiktorowicz, "Islamists, the State, and Cooperation in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly 21, 4 (1999): 1-17.
8. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995); idem, "Jordanian Islamists and the Agenda for Women: Between Discourse and Practice," Middle Eastern Studies 32, 1 (1996): 140-58; and Quintan Wiktorowicz, "Islamists, the State, and Cooperation in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly 21, 4 (1999): 1-17.
9. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980); Beverley Milton-Edwards, "A Temporary Alliance with the Crown: The Islamic Response in Jordan," in Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991); Anne Sofie Roald, Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1994); Sabah El-Said, Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, policy paper no. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995); Lawrence Tal, "Dealing with Radical Islam: The Case of Jordan," Survival 37, 3 (1995): 1398-1456; Lisa Taraki, "Islam Is the Solution: Jordanian Islamists and the Dilemma of the Modern Woman," British Journal of Sociology 46, 4 (1995); idem, "Jordanian Islamists and the Agenda for Women: Between Discourse and Practice," Middle Eastern Studies 32, 1 (1996): 140-58; and Quintan Wiktorowicz, "Islamists, the State, and Cooperation in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly 21, 4 (1999): 1-17.
10. Linda Schull Adams, "Political Liberalization in Jordan: An Analysis of the State's Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood," Journal of Church and State 38, 3 (1996): 507-28; Hanna Y. Freij and Leonard C. Robinson, "Liberalization, the Islamists, and the Stability of the Arab State: Jordan as a Case Study," Muslim World 86, 1 (1996): 1-32; Glenn E. Robinson, "Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan," Middle East Journal 51, 3 (1997): 373-88.
11. Linda Schull Adams, "Political Liberalization in Jordan: An Analysis of the State's Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood," Journal of Church and State 38, 3 (1996): 507-28; Hanna Y. Freij and Leonard C. Robinson, "Liberalization, the Islamists, and the Stability of the Arab State: Jordan as a Case Study," Muslim World 86, 1 (1996): 1-32; Glenn E. Robinson, "Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan," Middle East Journal 51, 3 (1997): 373-88.
12. Linda Schull Adams, "Political Liberalization in Jordan: An Analysis of the State's Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood," Journal of Church and State 38, 3 (1996): 507-28; Hanna Y. Freij and Leonard C. Robinson, "Liberalization, the Islamists, and the Stability of the Arab State: Jordan as a Case Study," Muslim World 86, 1 (1996): 1-32; Glenn E. Robinson, "Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan," Middle East Journal 51, 3 (1997): 373-88.
13. ⊂at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, 1946-1996 (Amman: Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center, 1997). Two good sources for other material on the Islamist movement in Jordan are the al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center (www.ujrc-jordan.org) and the Middle East Studies Center (www.mesc.com.jo).
14. ⊂at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, 1946-1996 (Amman: Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center, 1997). Two good sources for other material on the Islamist movement in Jordan are the al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center (www.ujrc-jordan.org) and the Middle East Studies Center (www.mesc.com.jo).
15. ⊂at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, 1946-1996 (Amman: Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center, 1997). Two good sources for other material on the Islamist movement in Jordan are the al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center (www.ujrc-jordan.org) and the Middle East Studies Center (www.mesc.com.jo).
16. For an overview of the resource-mobilization approach in social-movement theory, see Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, ed., Social Movements in an Organizational Society (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1987).
17. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984).
18. Anthony Oberschall, Social Conflict and Social Movements (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1973).
19. Jo Freeman, "The Origins of the Women's Liberation Movement," American Journal of Sociology 78 (1970): 792-811.
20. William A. Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1975).
21. Ibid., 108.
22. Luther P. Gerlach and Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970); Pamela E. Oliver, "Bringing the Crowd Back In: The Nonorganizational Elements of Social Movements," in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol. 11, ed. Louis Kriesberg (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, ed. John Keane and Paul Mier (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); idem, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identity," Sociological Quarterly 37, 4 (1996): 627-44. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
23. Luther P. Gerlach and Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970); Pamela E. Oliver, "Bringing the Crowd Back In: The Nonorganizational Elements of Social Movements," in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol. 11, ed. Louis Kriesberg (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, ed. John Keane and Paul Mier (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); idem, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identity," Sociological Quarterly 37, 4 (1996): 627-44. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
24. Luther P. Gerlach and Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970); Pamela E. Oliver, "Bringing the Crowd Back In: The Nonorganizational Elements of Social Movements," in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol. 11, ed. Louis Kriesberg (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, ed. John Keane and Paul Mier (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); idem, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identity," Sociological Quarterly 37, 4 (1996): 627-44. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
25. Luther P. Gerlach and Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970); Pamela E. Oliver, "Bringing the Crowd Back In: The Nonorganizational Elements of Social Movements," in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol. 11, ed. Louis Kriesberg (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, ed. John Keane and Paul Mier (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); idem, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identity," Sociological Quarterly 37, 4 (1996): 627-44. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
26. Luther P. Gerlach and Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970); Pamela E. Oliver, "Bringing the Crowd Back In: The Nonorganizational Elements of Social Movements," in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol. 11, ed. Louis Kriesberg (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, ed. John Keane and Paul Mier (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); idem, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identity," Sociological Quarterly 37, 4 (1996): 627-44. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
27. Luther P. Gerlach and Virginia H. Hine, People, Power, Change: Movements of Social Transformation (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1970); Pamela E. Oliver, "Bringing the Crowd Back In: The Nonorganizational Elements of Social Movements," in Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, vol. 11, ed. Louis Kriesberg (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, ed. John Keane and Paul Mier (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); idem, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); Matthew Schneirov and Jonathan David Geczik, "Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identity," Sociological Quarterly 37, 4 (1996): 627-44. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
28. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61.
29. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
30. Steven M. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 61. For a further application of the "social movement community" concept, see Verta Taylor and Nancy E. Whittier, "Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and Randy Stoecher, "Community, Movement, Organization: The Problem of Identity Convergence in Collective Action," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 111-30.
31. Buechler, Women's Movements in the United States, 42.
32. See Melucci, Nomads of the Present. 15 See, for example, Karl Dieter Opp and Christiane Gern, "Dissident Groups, Personal Networks and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989," American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 659-80; Cathy Lisa Schneider, Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's Chile (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Mara Loveman, "High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina," American Journal of Sociology 104, 2 (1998): 477-525; and Dingxin Zhao, "Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization During the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing," American Journal of Sociology 103, 6 (1998): 1493-1529.
33. See Melucci, Nomads of the Present. 15 See, for example, Karl Dieter Opp and Christiane Gern, "Dissident Groups, Personal Networks and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989," American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 659-80; Cathy Lisa Schneider, Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's Chile (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Mara Loveman, "High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina," American Journal of Sociology 104, 2 (1998): 477-525; and Dingxin Zhao, "Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization During the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing," American Journal of Sociology 103, 6 (1998): 1493-1529.
34. See Melucci, Nomads of the Present. 15 See, for example, Karl Dieter Opp and Christiane Gern, "Dissident Groups, Personal Networks and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989," American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 659-80; Cathy Lisa Schneider, Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's Chile (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Mara Loveman, "High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina," American Journal of Sociology 104, 2 (1998): 477-525; and Dingxin Zhao, "Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization During the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing," American Journal of Sociology 103, 6 (1998): 1493-1529.
35. See Melucci, Nomads of the Present. 15 See, for example, Karl Dieter Opp and Christiane Gern, "Dissident Groups, Personal Networks and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989," American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 659-80; Cathy Lisa Schneider, Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's Chile (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Mara Loveman, "High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina," American Journal of Sociology 104, 2 (1998): 477-525; and Dingxin Zhao, "Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization During the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing," American Journal of Sociology 103, 6 (1998): 1493-1529.
36. See Melucci, Nomads of the Present. 15 See, for example, Karl Dieter Opp and Christiane Gern, "Dissident Groups, Personal Networks and Spontaneous Cooperation: The East German Revolution of 1989," American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 659-80; Cathy Lisa Schneider, Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's Chile (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Mara Loveman, "High-Risk Collective Action: Defending Human Rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina," American Journal of Sociology 104, 2 (1998): 477-525; and Dingxin Zhao, "Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization During the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing," American Journal of Sociology 103, 6 (1998): 1493-1529.
37. Steven Pfaff, "Collective Identity and Informal Groups in Revolutionary Mobilization: East Germany in 1989," Social Forces 75, 1 (1996): 99.
38. Jiping Zuo and Robert D. Benford, "Mobilization Processes and the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement," Sociological Quarterly 36, 1 (1995): 131-56.
39. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
40. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
41. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
42. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
43. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
44. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
45. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
46. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
47. Ira M. Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); idem, "Hierarchies and Social Networks: A Comparison of Chinese and Islamic Societies," in Conflicts and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. F. J. Wakemann (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Samih K. Farsoun, "Family Structure and Society in Modern Lebanon," in Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, ed. Louise Sweet (Garden City, N.Y.: National History, 1970); Ernest Gellner and John Waterbury, ed., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); Guilain Denoeux, Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993); Diane Singerman, Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics, and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, 1977-1990 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); idem, "Un-Civil Society: The Politics of the 'Informal People,'" Third World Quarterly 18, 1 (1997): 53-72; and Sato Tsugitaka, ed., Islamic Urbanism in Human History: Political Power and Social Networks (London: Keagan Paul International, 1997).
48. Singerman, Avenues of Participation.
49. Bayat, Street Politics.
50. Denoeux, Urban Unrest.
51. The first Salafi movement was the Wahhabi movement, which swept the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-18th century. The contemporary Salafi surge, however, is generally tied to the late 1960s.
52. Because the Salafis operate through informal social networks, as discussed later in the article, it is difficult to estimate the size of the movement. Unlike a social movement predicated on formal organizations, the Salafis do not maintain membership lists or records of participants. Although Salafis themselves estimate that the movement is as large as the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, which is usually deemed the largest Islamic group in the kingdom, precise numbers are impossible to determine. During my fieldwork, however, it became readily apparent that Salafis are numerous and ubiquitous throughout Jordan. My primary informant kept a black book with Salafis' phone numbers and put me in touch with Salafis all over the kingdom. In virtually every neighborhood in the large cities, there are clusters of Salafis. Interviews with non-Salafi Islamists confirmed this impression.
53. These new militant groups include Muhammad's Army and the Vanguards of Islamic Youth. For more on militant groups in Jordan, see Beverley Milton-Edwards, "Climate of Change in Jordan's Islamist Movement," in Islamic Fundamentalism, ed. Abdel Salam Sidahmed and Anoushiravan Ehteshami (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996).
54. Jordan Times, 29 September 1996.
55. Four of the men responsible confessed that their actions were inspired byjihadi writers such as Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Jordan Times, 18 August 1997).
56. Ibid., 11 May 1998, 23 May 1998.
57. For more on takfir, see Ibrahim Karawan, Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, ed. John L. Esposito, s.v. "Takfir" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 4:178-79.
58. For the reformist Salafi interpretation of takfir, see Ahmad Fareed, On the Issue of Takfir (Suffolk, U.K.: Jamiiat Ihyaa Minhaaj Al-Sunnah, 1997).
59. Ali Hasan al-Halabi, "Tarbiyah: The Key to Victory," Al-Ibanah 2 (1995): 15-19. The most thorough discussion of tarbiya and Islamic movements is in Roald, Tarbiya. 31 Interview with Salim al-Hilali, Amman, 2 April 1997.
60. The reformist Salafi group benefits from a sponsorship of discourse. The Saudi regime and other governments promote this variant of Salafi thought, as opposed to radical interpretations, in an effort to prevent the emergence of a more dangerous and challenging Salafi discourse that could undermine state control. Through financial assistance and publication support, the Saudis provide reform-oriented Salafis with resources to propagate their interpretation. This support allows its proponents to act as full-time scholars without economic burdens.
61. ⊃s-Sunnah Society of North America, 1995), 2.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., 3-4.
64. Al-Halabi, "Tarbiyah," 16.
65. For Ibn Taymiyya's interpretation of jihad and its effect on contemporary Islamic movements, see John O. Voll, "Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan," in Fundamentalisms Observed, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 353-54; Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh, trans. Jon Rothschild (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 191-222; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), 94-107. For a Salafi perspective on Ibn Taymiyya, see al-Halabi, Fundamentals of Commanding Good and Forbidding Evil.
66. For Ibn Taymiyya's interpretation of jihad and its effect on contemporary Islamic movements, see John O. Voll, "Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan," in Fundamentalisms Observed, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 353-54; Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh, trans. Jon Rothschild (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 191-222; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), 94-107. For a Salafi perspective on Ibn Taymiyya, see al-Halabi, Fundamentals of Commanding Good and Forbidding Evil.
67. For Ibn Taymiyya's interpretation of jihad and its effect on contemporary Islamic movements, see John O. Voll, "Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan," in Fundamentalisms Observed, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 353-54; Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh, trans. Jon Rothschild (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 191-222; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), 94-107. For a Salafi perspective on Ibn Taymiyya, see al-Halabi, Fundamentals of Commanding Good and Forbidding Evil.
68. For Ibn Taymiyya's interpretation of jihad and its effect on contemporary Islamic movements, see John O. Voll, "Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan," in Fundamentalisms Observed, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 353-54; Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh, trans. Jon Rothschild (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 191-222; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), 94-107. For a Salafi perspective on Ibn Taymiyya, see al-Halabi, Fundamentals of Commanding Good and Forbidding Evil.
69. These arrests were not publicized by the media but were well known within the Salafi movement. During my research, I spent a great deal of time with a graduate student who was arrested in Salt during one of the crackdowns.
70. A good example is one Salafi who is not involved in militant operations but has published a book entitled Al-Umma wa Al-Sulta, which critiques current Arab systems of power. The book condones the use of force as a method of change. The book was published in Lebanon, and copies were confiscated by Jordanian authorities, although I later found a copy in an Islamic bookstore. This Salafi was detained by the mukhābārāt for two days and was released only after he used wasta, or personal connections.
71. Ali Hasan al-Halabi, interview by author, 26 October 1996.
72. This reading of al-Bani's motives was proposed by several Salafis from the "second wave" whom I interviewed and interacted with during my fieldwork. Despite al-Bani's reputation, a group of Salafis rejected the first fatwa and left al-Bani's circle of followers to pursue their own objectives. Although al-Bani is a renowned scholar of hadith, he is not widely respected in figh, and his fatwas have little impact beyond the Salafi movement. His weakness in fiqh made it easier for this group to oppose the spirit of the initial fatwa against organizations.
73. See Wiktorowicz, "Islamists, the State, and Cooperation."
74. See Quintan Wiktorowicz, "Civil Society as Social Control: State Power in Jordan," Comparative Politics (forthcoming).
75. ⊂Ali Hasan al-Halabi, interview by author, 26 October 1996.
76. Shaykh Huthayfa, interview by author, 25 March 1997.
77. Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 20.
78. For the use of social networks in social movement recruitment, see, for example, Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, "Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects," American Journal of Sociology 85, 6 (1980): 1376-95; David A. Snow, Louis A. Zurcher, Jr., and Dheldon Ekland-Olson, "Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment," American Sociological Review 45, 5 (1980): 787-801; and Doug McAdam and Ronnelle Paulsen, "Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 640-67.
79. For the use of social networks in social movement recruitment, see, for example, Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, "Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects," American Journal of Sociology 85, 6 (1980): 1376-95; David A. Snow, Louis A. Zurcher, Jr., and Dheldon Ekland-Olson, "Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment," American Sociological Review 45, 5 (1980): 787-801; and Doug McAdam and Ronnelle Paulsen, "Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 640-67.
80. For the use of social networks in social movement recruitment, see, for example, Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, "Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects," American Journal of Sociology 85, 6 (1980): 1376-95; David A. Snow, Louis A. Zurcher, Jr., and Dheldon Ekland-Olson, "Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment," American Sociological Review 45, 5 (1980): 787-801; and Doug McAdam and Ronnelle Paulsen, "Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 640-67.
81. Tabligh has been translated in various ways, but implies a missionary purpose. For the various definitions, see Muhammad Khalil Masud, Oxford Encyclopedia, ed. Esposito, vol. 4, s.v. "Tabligh." For the Jamaat Tabligh, see Ahmad Mumtaz, Oxford Encyclopedia, ed. Esposito, vol. 4, s.v. "Tablighi Jamaat."
82. Tabligh has been translated in various ways, but implies a missionary purpose. For the various definitions, see Muhammad Khalil Masud, Oxford Encyclopedia, ed. Esposito, vol. 4, s.v. "Tabligh." For the Jamaat Tabligh, see Ahmad Mumtaz, Oxford Encyclopedia, ed. Esposito, vol. 4, s.v. "Tablighi Jamaat."
83. ⊂wā. In a few instances, both Jordanian academics and non-Salafi Islamists conflated Tabligh with the Salafi movement.
84. A good comparison is with the Pentecostal and Black Power movements discussed in Gerlach and Hine, People, Power, Change.
85. The claim that a person is not knowledgeable is used as an insult within the Salafi movement and as a polemic tool to discredit particular Salafi perspectives.
86. Although al-Bani published through Saudi companies, he was reputedly independent of Saudi influence. This is most likely due to the fact that after al-Bani taught at Medina University, he was banned from the country because some of his former students participated in the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque.
87. This group includes jihadi scholars who do not enjoy the financial success of reformists. As a result of scarce resources and their radical message, jihadi scholars maintain small followings.
88. Gerlach and Hine, People, Power, Change, 161.
89. Ibid., 46.
90. See Quintan Wiktorowicz, "State Power and the Regulation of Islam in Jordan," Journal of Church and State, 41, 4 (1999): 677-96.
91. Most of the tapes deal with the basic principles of Salafi thought. For example, see Suleiman al-Audah, Hadith hawl Manhaj al-Salaf (Amman: Tasjilat Bayt al-Maqdis al-Islamiyya, n.d.).
92. For the concept "imagined community," see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991).
93. These Islamic bookshops sell mass quantities of religious tapes in addition to written materials.
94. Meluci, Nomads of the Present.